盐池增荒漠区草畜资源协调发展PRED工程综合效益评价

讨论了ＰＲＥＤ工程建设的资源效益，经济效益，生态环境效益和社会效益，在此分析的基础上应用综合评价方法对工程的这４种效益以及综合效益进行了定量化的综合评价，进而建立灰色系统模型预测了工程建设的延续效益。     

论土地整理项目综合效益评价

分析了目前土地整理综合效益评价中存在的缺陷和问题，运用多目标决策的数学方法在土地整理项目综合效益评价模式，使土地整理综合效益评价科学化和定量化。     

草原建设工程项目效益评价的准则层指标

针对如何进行草原建设工程项目综合效益评价,提出了草原建设工程项目综合效益(包括生态效益、经济效益、环境效益、社会效益、景观效益)的五效益理论,并把这五种效益作为草原建设工程项目效益评价的准则层指标,阐述了五效益理论、评价内容及五种效益之间的关系。     

作物轮作复种模式综合评价的AHP模型设计与应用

应用层次分析法构建了作物轮作复种模式综合评价的ＡＨＰ模型，对参试的２１个轮作复种模式的综合生产效益进行了评价，在评价分析的基础上，进而对２１个轮作复种模式按综合生产效益水平进行聚类与优选，筛选出了在试验条件下综合生产效益优势较明显的若干优化作物组合模式。     

干旱半干旱区退耕还林还草工程效益综合评价——以榆中县为例

综合评价退耕还林还草生态工程的效益,是该工程持续推进的重要内容。国内退耕还林还草工程综合效益的评价均以大尺度为主,而基于县域尺度的评价较少。本研究以干旱半干旱地区的榆中县为例,通过构建小尺度退耕还林还草工程综合效益评价指标体系,定量评估了该县韦营乡退耕还林还草的生态、经济、社会效益。结果表明,韦营乡退耕还林还草工程的综合效益分值为70.85,较好;生态效益分值为74.8,较好;经济效益分值为55.5,一般;社会效益分值为78.2,较好。     

乌审旗草原生态建设效益评价方法及其指标体系研究

以内蒙古乌审旗为例，研究并建立了草地生态建设综合效益评价方法及指标体系，以期为全面开展草原生态建设综合效益评价提供依据。     

农林复合经营综合效益评价方法研究综述

本文首先阐释了农林复合经营的概念,其次论述了农林复合经营所产生的综合效益,以及评价这些综合效益的方法,最后得出结论认为要想得到正确的评价和满意的结论,有时需将几种方法结合起来使用。     

退牧还草工程综合效益评价指标体系及实证研究

退牧还草是国家改善草原生态环境和促进牧区社会经济持续发展的重大战略举措,退牧还草工程综合效益评价体系研究对国家生态政策调整及其绩效评价具有重要意义.运用AHP方法,构建了以工程设计、工程管理、生态补偿、参与式监测体系建设为主要内容,融合经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的西北退牧还草生态工程的综合评价体系,并确定了指标权重.采用多层次模糊综合评价方法,分析了高寒草原区、山地干旱草原区、山地荒漠草原区和农牧交错区的退牧还草工程综合效益.     

防波堤国民经济评价分析

防波堤工程是港口重要的基础设施,建成后不仅可以改善通航条件、还可以增加港口有效作业天数、提高港口的综合通过能力、增强该区域的开发力度,但其自身不产生效益,无法进行财务评价,因此需进行国民经济评价,本文以长兴岛北港区防波堤的国民经济评价为例,论述了防波堤工程的国民经济评价方法.     

禁牧政策的生态经济效益——以盐池县为例

为定量评价禁牧政策下盐池县草地沙漠化逆转过程的综合效益,本研究选取了对沙漠化正逆发展过程影响较大的自然和社会经济影响指标,应用层次分析法构建模型,模拟研究了目前盐池县所实施的禁牧政策对草地沙漠化逆转过程的影响程度,并进行定量化的初步评价。研究结果表明,完全禁牧后,盐池县草地沙漠化逆转过程的综合效益明显优于自由放牧情景,生态效益、经济效益与社会效益均呈升高趋势,表明禁牧政策基本实现了预期效果,但禁牧政策同时也带来许多问题,后禁牧时代草地应如何管理值得进一步研究。     

生态工程前后三江源草地产草量与载畜压力的变化分析

三江源生态保护和建设工程对生态系统的恢复具有重要作用,其对草地生态系统的影响也成为关注的热点。本文基于GLO-PEM模型和载畜压力指数,对比分析了三江源地区实施生态工程前后草地产草量和载畜压力的变化。结果表明,工程实施后的2005-2012年8年的草地平均产草量为694 kg/hm²,比工程实施前1988-2004年17年的平均产草量(533 kg/hm²)提高了30.31%,减畜措施实施后的2003-2012年10年的平均载畜压力指数为1.46,比1988-2002年15年平均载畜压力指数(2.49)下降了36.1%。草地产草量的提高和载畜压力的减轻,主要归因于生态保护和建设工程的实施以及气候变化。其中,生态工程对草地生态系统的恢复已初见成效。     

甘德县“天然草地植被恢复与建设项目“实施情况报告

甘德县天然草地植被恢复与建设试点项目施实一年来,经各方努力圆满完成了建设任务,经检查验收,认为项目实施情况良好,工程质量合格,基本达到了项目建设要求。     

Mortality in farmed mink: systematic collection versus arbitrary submissions for diagnostic investigation

The distribution of diagnoses of mortality in mink submitted to the Danish Veterinary Laboratory (DVL) for diagnostic investigation in the calendar year 1997 was compared with the diagnoses of mortality in all dead mink collected at 4 selected farms (project farms) during the same period. A total of 1,015 submitted mink and 1,149 mink from the 4 project farms were subjected to post mortem investigation. The average size (breeding stock) of the project farms was larger than Danish farms on average. However, the distribution of colour types of the mink was comparable. The seasonal distribution of the material from project farms and that of the submissions were approximately the same. Differences in the distribution of diagnoses as well as recovered microorganisms were found, however, mainly related to the proportion of gastro-intestinal disorders and E. coli respectively. These proportions were negatively correlated. Overall the results showed that extrapolating diagnostic results of laboratory submissions to the population of farmed mink may be problematic, and more reliable methods for disease surveillance must be considered.     

贵德县农区绵羊育肥效益调查

贵德县是青海省海南州国际农发基金农业综合开发项目区之一。农区绵羊育肥为农业综合开发项目中１８个子项目之一。该项目于１９９５年６月组织实施，历时三年，经调查监测表明：１９９８年项目户人均纯收入达１０９３．９３元，较项目前的５７８．４０元增加５１５．５３元，提高８９．１３％，经济效益十分明显。     

加强产业基地建设 引领现代蚕业发展

通过对近年来浙江省特色优势农产品蚕桑生产基地项目的资金投入、执行、实施、建设成效及项目管理主要做法进行分析,认为基地项目建设是保障蚕业发展规划实施,引领现代蚕业发展的重要载体,并提出了下一步省级资金项目重点扶持环节与方向。     

Outcome mapping for fostering and measuring change in risk management behaviour among urban dairy farmers in Nairobi, Kenya

A study was undertaken to investigate and mitigate the risk from zoonotic Cryptosporidium associated with dairy farming in Dagoretti division, Nairobi, Kenya. Outcome mapping (OM), a relatively new tool for planning and evaluation, was used to foster and then monitor changes in farmer management of health risks. Elements of the OM framework, including the vision, mission and expected progress markers, were developed in participatory sessions and a set of progress markers was used for monitoring behaviour change in farmers participating in the project (the boundary partners). Behaviour change (the outcome challenge) was supported by a range of awareness and educational campaigns, working with strategic partners (extension agents and administrative leaders). The farmers the project worked with made considerable progress according to the markers; they demonstrated an understanding of cryptosporidiosis, established or maintained clean and well drained cattle sheds, and took conscious effort to reduce possible infection. Farmers who did not participate in the project (non-contact farmers) were found to be less advanced on the progress marker indicators. Non-contact farmers who carried out risk-reducing practices had done so independently of the project team. The administration leaders, as strategic partners, had a positive attitude towards the project and confidence in their ability to support project objectives. The study demonstrates the utility of OM in helping to identify and support behavioural change.     

Outcome mapping for fostering and measuring change in risk management behaviour among urban dairy farmers in Nairobi,Kenya

A study was undertaken to investigate and mitigate the risk from zoonotic Cryptosporidium associated with dairy farming in Dagoretti division, Nairobi, Kenya. Outcome mapping (OM), a relatively new tool for planning and evaluation, was used to foster and then monitor changes in farmer management of health risks. Elements of the OM framework, including the vision, mission and expected progress markers, were developed in participatory sessions and a set of progress markers was used for monitoring behaviour change in farmers participating in the project (the boundary partners). Behaviour change (the outcome challenge) was supported by a range of awareness and educational campaigns, working with strategic partners (extension agents and administrative leaders). The farmers the project worked with made considerable progress according to the markers; they demonstrated an understanding of cryptosporidiosis, established or maintained clean and well drained cattle sheds, and took conscious effort to reduce possible infection. Farmers who did not participate in the project (non-contact farmers) were found to be less advanced on the progress marker indicators. Non-contact farmers who carried out risk-reducing practices had done so independently of the project team. The administration leaders, as strategic partners, had a positive attitude towards the project and confidence in their ability to support project objectives. The study demonstrates the utility of OM in helping to identify and support behavioural change.     

Economics of Prophylaxis against Peste des Petits Ruminants and Gastrointestinal Helminthosis in Small Ruminants in North Cameroon

Data on reproduction and mortality were collected over one year from 5100 sheep and 13 300 goats in treated and control flocks. The treated animals received vaccination against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and anthelmintics twice a year. Productivity parameters (fecundity and mortality rates) obtained with and without prophylaxis were fitted into a benefit–cost economic analysis model and run for project lifespans varying from one to five years. At a 7% discount rate, the overall benefits for a project lifespan of five years were estimated as over 15 million FCFA and 11 million FCFA for sheep and goats, respectively. The benefit–cost ratio ranged from 2.26 to 3.27 in goats and 3.01 to 4.23 in sheep, depending on the project lifespan. It was concluded that PPR and gastrointestinal helminthosis are important causes of economic losses in small ruminants in Cameroon. A national or even a regional vaccination campaign against PPR and strategic anthelmintic treatment of small ruminants are recommended.     

退牧还草实施过程中存在的问题及政策建议

通过实地调研四川、云南、甘肃和青海等4省的退牧还草工程实施,并在此基础上,总结出了4省项目实施过程中存在的主要问题,如配套资金难以落实、管理机构尚未健全、牧民生态意识有待提高等,进而提出增加退牧还草工程投入、创新财政资金投入,转变畜牧业生产方式和实施草原承包经营权有序流转等一系列政策建议。     

Forage seed production and trade as a pathway out of poverty in the smallholder sector: lessons from the Zimbabwe Crop Livestock Integration for Food Security (ZimCLIFS) project

The major challenge to adoption of improved forage technologies in the smallholder farming sector is poor accessibility to seed of improved cultivars. Since 2012, the Zimbabwe Crop Livestock Integration for Improved Food Security (ZimCLIFS) project set out to address such challenges through research-for-development initiatives. The main objective was to demonstrate the potential viability of a pasture seed business using a lead farmer approach, farmer-to-farmer technology dissemination, innovation platforms and field demonstrations. Snapshot surveys were used to map forage seed distribution pathways within and outside project areas. Total land area planted to forages from the 2012/13 to 2014/15 seasons increased by 147% from 14.6 ha. In 2013, Mucuna pruriens (mucuna), Lablab purpureus (lablab) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) seed produced was 2 250 kg, 120 kg and 4 450 kg, respectively, and by the third season, total yield increased by 163%. Seed diffusion was within and beyond project boundaries, with mucuna (67%) and lablab (43%) seed produced in the 2013/14 season being distributed outside the project area. Highest amounts received by some farmers were US$800 and US$750 for lablab and mucuna, respectively. It was concluded that there is scope to develop formal pasture seed businesses to increase rural industrialisation and provide a pathway out of poverty in the smallholder sector.