利用ISSR标记进行菜用大豆和普通大豆的分类

ISSR标记技术因具有很高的多肽性而被广泛应用于遗传多样性研究.进行菜用大豆品种多样性研究将有助于育种家进行杂交亲本的合理选配.采用ISSR标记技术对37个菜用大豆品种(系)和13个普通大豆品种(系)进行了分类研究.结果表明:50个ISSR引物中有11个引物没有多肽性,其他39个引物共产生132条谱带,其中81条多肽性谱带,占61.4%.引物扩增的谱带数在l～7条之间,大小为830～3530 bp.每个引物平均扩增的谱带数和多肽性带数分别为3.3和2.1.聚类分析结果表明,可将供试的50个品种划分为3个类组,扁茎大豆Taikadai-zu单独一组,7个普通大豆(多数为中国选育)划归为B组,C组由日本菜用大豆和4个普通大豆组成.C组还可以划分成若干亚组,同一亚组的品种具有相似的性状,比如有一亚组的品种均是褐脐、茶色种皮、白花、不易炸荚.系选的品种和原始品种在分类图中也显示出其密切的亲缘关系.基于ISSR标记的分类可以反映菜用大豆的遗传关系,菜用大豆和普通大豆之间存在遗传多样性,合理保存菜用大豆种质将有助于未来大豆品质改良计划.     

利用分子标记评价大豆种质的研究进展

中国农业科学院品种资源研究所大豆分子生物学实验室“九五”期间承担了大豆重要基因的分子标记和利用生物技术创造农作物特异新种质等国家科技攻关项目。经地三年的研究,已完成大豆耐盐性基因的分子标记,并申请了国家专利。在抗大豆花叶病毒病（ＳＭＶ）基因标记、大豆遗传多样性评价、分子标记辅助育种和种质创新等方面也取得重要进展。     

大豆分子标记研究进展

本文详细介绍了近年来有关大豆ＲＦＬＰ研究的最新进展，对大豆ＲＦＬＰ的研究方法及其在遗传育种中的应用进行了评述。     

大豆SSR分子标记的创制及其应用

ＳＳＲ标记（ＳｕｉｍｐｌｅＳｅｑｕｅｎｃｅＲｅｐｅａｔ）具有均匀,随机、广泛地分布于大豆基因组,比ＲＦＬＰ及ＲＡＰＤ分子标记具多态性,呈孟德尔式遗传,共显性等特点。这一标记目前已广泛地应用于大豆分子遗传图谱的构建,分子标记辅助选择,遗传多样性及遗传距离分析,品种鉴别等,随着新的ＳＳＲ株记的面世,遗传图谱更为饱和,这一标记的应用将具有前景,本文介绍了制作ＳＳＲ标记的过程,概述了ＳＳＲ在大豆上的应用进     

利用ISSR标记评价黑龙江和吉林小粒大豆品种遗传多样性

为评价黑龙江省和吉林省小粒大豆品种的遗传多样性,从100个ISSR引物中筛选出多态性好的引物10个,对来自吉林省与黑龙江省的24份小粒大豆品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:10个ISSR引物多态性信息含量为0.211 2~0.310 3,平均为0.249 6。ISSR标记指数为1.093 8~4.954 9,平均为2.890 3。24份小粒大豆的DICE相似系数为0.666 7~0.926 2,整体平均相似系数为0.794 3。吉林省小粒大豆品种之间的遗传相似系数范围(0.690 7~0.926 0)大于黑龙江小粒大豆品种之间的遗传相似系数范围(0.744 2~0.925 0)。聚类分析将供试材料分为4个类群,类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅱ均为吉林省小粒大豆品种,类群Ⅲ可以分为2个亚群。主坐标分析与聚类分析的结果基本一致。本研究结果可为小粒大豆遗传改良提供参考。     

大豆分子标记及辅助选择育种技术的发展

分子标记、QTL的研究和辅助选择应用已经得到很大的发展,一批与大豆形态性状、产量性状、品质性状、生态性状、抗生物胁迫性状相关的QTL在国内外均有报道.但近年来分子标记和QTL研究在比较发达的国家已经转向功能标记(FMs:EST-SSR、SNP和候选基因)的研究,相继肩动大豆EST计戈呼和大豆功能基因组计划,以期使功能基因和性状直接联系起来,目前已经取得了显著成效.而我国目前分子标记和QTL的研究还主要集中在利用随机标记(RMs:RAPD、SSR和AFLP)对性状进行研究.该文就国内外大豆分子标记和分子标记辅助育种及分子育种技术发展动态和发展中存在的主要问题做一概述.     

大豆抗病基因定位的分子标记研究进展

综述现代分子标记技术在大豆疫霉根腐病、细菌性斑点病、花叶病毒病、灰斑病、孢囊线虫、瘁死综合症等病害抗病基因定位中的最新进展,并指出抗病基因的群聚分布现象。     

利用ISSR标记鉴别玉米品种的初步研究

采用CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)法从10个玉米品种种子胚中提取全基因组DNA,用正交实验法优化ISSR-PCR反应体系,筛选扩增条带清晰的引物,然后用所筛引物对10个玉米品种DNA扩增,分析其扩增带纹差异,找出能够鉴别10个玉米品种的合适引物。研究结果表明:①优化的ISSR-PCR反应参数为:1.5mmol/LMg2 、0.375mmol/LdNTP、0.5μmol/L引物、2.5UTaqDNA聚合酶;②从40条ISSR引物筛选出11条扩增条带清晰、多态性较高的引物,它们共扩增出101条条带;③利用引物UBC808能将10个供试玉米样品区分开。     

大豆耐盐性种质的分子标记辅助鉴定及其利用研究

大豆耐盐种质的鉴定对于促进大豆耐盐育种具有重要作用。本文利用已获得的大豆耐盐性基因的共显性PCR标记，对选自于国家作物种质库的59份耐盐和盐敏感种质加以鉴定，同时进行了田间耐盐性重复鉴定，并对种质库耐盐性记载结果、田间耐盐性重复鉴定结果与分子标记鉴定结果进行比较，从中选出田间耐盐性重复鉴定结果与分子标记鉴定结果一致的耐盐种质42份，分析了这些种质间的遗传多样性，为大豆处质资源的改良及耐盐遗传育种中的亲本选配提供了理论依据，同时对分子标记应用于种质鉴定和育种实践进行了有益的尝试。     

大豆分子标记研究新进展

随着功能基因组学和高通量测序技术的发展和应用,以分子标记辅助选择育种和转基因育种为主要手段的生物育种技术越来越引起大豆育种家的重视。特别是伴随着新技术手段(如e QTL分析、GWAS分析、RNA-seq等)的发展,分子标记和QTL研究越来越趋向于高通量新标记开发、QTL精细定位以及新分析方法的应用等方面,进而推动了优质、多抗大豆新品种的培育,加快了大豆育种进程。为此,就2013年国内外大豆分子标记技术及其应用研究进展进行综述。     

不同来源大豆品种籽粒品质的比较研究

以辽宁20年代、辽宁当代以及与辽宁近纬度的美国俄亥俄州当代育成的亚有限结荚习性大豆品种各4个为试材,研究了不同来源大豆品种籽粒品质的差异,以及不同磷酸二铵施肥水平对大豆籽粒品质的影响.结果表明:就试验采用的品种而言,俄亥俄州立大学更注重籽粒脂肪含量的改良,而且遗传获得较大,而辽宁省育成的新品种其脂肪含量也比老品种稍高一些,蛋白质含量则有所下降.就品种来说,老品种Mukden的品质最好,蛋脂总含量高达64.7%,辽宁新品种中辽豆12号最好,俄亥俄新品种中OhioFG1最好.蛋白质含量以Mukden含量最高,达44.85%,脂肪含量以Darby含量最高,为21.39%.与不施肥相比,150 kg/hm2、300 kg/hm2磷酸二铵施肥处理会使各品种的蛋白质含量得到提高,脂肪含量有所降低,从不同来源品种组平均值来看,施用磷酸二铵300 kg/hm2的处理,大豆籽粒的蛋白质含量高于150 kg/hm2处理,脂肪含量则与之相反.     

High Carbon Requirements for Seed Production in Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Abstract

In soybeans, increase in the dry weight of seed (IWS) during the seed-filling period (SFP) is nearly half that of the whole plant (IWP). Hence, the contributions of assimilate during SFP to seed growth in soybeans is apparently lower than that in other cereal crops. However, analysis of the assimilate budget for seed production based on dry matter could be misleading in soybeans because the carbon (C) contents of seed and that of other organs are different due to the differences in lipid and protein content and respiration loss in each organ results in underestimation of the C contribution to seed production. In field soybeans, irrespective of shading and thinning, IWS/IWP and harvest index (HIW) for dry weight were slightly lower than ICS/ICP and HIC for C, respectively. Of the ¹³C fed at the vegetative stage and early SFP, 3.4% and 16.4%, respectively were accumulated in the seed, 0.9% and 28.2%, respectively, in the pod shell and 26.8% and 37.8%, respectively were respired before maturity. Ninety-six percent of seed C was assimilated during the SFP. Respiratory loss of ¹³C fed at the early SFP was larger than that from ¹³C at the vegetative stage, showing that seed production requires much more C than leaf or stem growth. These results suggest that the difference in C contents between plant organs has little effect on the estimation of assimilate partition into soybean seeds based on dry matter, and high respiration loss for seed growth reduces the partition of dry matter into seeds.     

大豆光合日变化的不同类型及其影响因素

用同一品种在不同生育期,不同季节、不同天气以及不同生长条件下研究了大豆的光合日变化。大豆的光合日变化随气候条件,生长环境以及大豆的生育期不同而变化,不遵循一种固定不变的模式,概括起来有单峰型、双峰型、波动型和平缓型四种不同类型。大豆在春、夏、秋三季均能产生午休,土壤水分亏缺使午休加重,在结荚期以前条件适宜的情况下,大豆不易产生午休,此后随着生育期的进展,大豆午休加重,鼓粒期大豆的午休最为严重。     

草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆光合特性日变化的影响

在大田条件下,采用随机区组设计,研究了不同用量草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆(RR1)光合特性日变化的影响。结果表明:(1)在未喷施草甘膦情况下,抗草甘膦大豆(RR1)的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)日变化均呈单峰曲线,峰值分别出现在10∶00、12∶00和10∶00。RR1叶片叶绿素含量指数(CCI)的日变化呈先降低后升高趋势,14∶00左右最低。水分利用效率(WUE)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随着时间的推移均呈波浪式变化,WUE在6∶00、10∶00和16∶00有3个小峰,而Ci在6∶00最高。(2)喷施草甘膦后,RR1光合特性的日变化趋势总体与未喷药前相似。Pn和CCI随草甘膦用量的增加呈降低趋势;但当草甘膦用量大于4.48 L.hm-2时,CCI和Pn显著下降。12∶00以前(包含12∶00),除低用量(1.12 L.hm-2)的草甘膦促进RR1的Gs外,各用量抑制了RR1的Tr和Gs;而12∶00以后,草甘膦却促进了RR1的Tr和Gs。草甘膦增加了RR1的Ci,而大于2.24 L.hm-2的草甘膦却降低了RR1的WUE。表明光强和草甘膦会影响大豆的光合特性和叶绿素含量。     

大豆抗旱种质的鉴定及其与根系的关系

从辽宁省主要推广品种中选出20份优异种质资源,依据株高、叶面积指数、茎、叶生物量为指标,采用平均隶属函数值方法鉴定了大豆苗期耐旱性.结果从供试材料中共筛选出大豆生长前期较强耐旱型(2级)品种2个,干旱较敏感型(4级)品种3个,中间型(3级)品种15个.大豆的平均耐旱隶属函数值与干旱胁迫下的相对根表面积、相对根生物量分别...     

氮素对不同来源大豆氮代谢相关指标的影响

在田间条件下,以12个不同来源大豆品种为试验材料,采用二因素裂区设计,研究了不同大豆品种间叶片氮代谢相关指标的差异,以及氮素对叶片氮代谢相关指标的影响.结果表明:氮肥处理对不同来源大豆品种叶片氮代谢指标影响不同,不同生育时期大豆对氮肥的反应也有所差别.施肥处理会降低开花期辽宁当代品种叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性;中等肥力处理(100 kg hm-2)会提高结荚期俄亥俄当代品种叶片的GS活性,而高肥处理则会降低该酶的活性;辽宁当代品种和辽宁老品种叶片GS活性随着施氮量的提高而降低.在鼓粒期,中等肥力处理会提高俄亥俄当代品种和辽宁当代品种叶片的GS活性,而施肥处理会降低辽宁老品种的GS活性.在开花期,三组不同来源品种叶片的硝态氮含量均随着施氮水平的提高而增加.施肥处理能显著提高叶片的氨态氮含量.     

大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merrill根系研究进展

从野生大豆Glycine soja与载培大豆Glycine max(L.)Merrill根系的区别，根系生长与产量关系。不同特性大豆根系性状的比较，根系生理生化特性，根系遗传及环境条件和栽培措施对大豆根系的影响6个方面比较详细地概括了大豆根系的研究现状，提出了今后进一步深入研究的方向。     

Root Growth of Two Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Cultivars Grown under Different Groundwater Level Conditions

Abstract

Soybean yield is low in the fields with a low groundwater level during summer due to drought stress. By raising the groundwater level using Farm-Oriented Enhancing Aquatic System (FOEAS) the yield of soybean cultivar Sachiyutaka can be increased, but not that of Fukuyutaka. Here, we examined the effect of the groundwater level on root growth and its dynamics in these two cultivars. Three of the four experiments demonstrated that root elongation ceased just below groundwater level in both cultivars. However, when the groundwater level was kept at 35 cm or deeper, the root growth at an early growth stage was more vigorous at a deeper layer in Fukuyutaka than in Sachiyutaka, but at the mid-growth stage root growth in Sachiyutaka became similar to or exceeded that of Fukuyutaka. These results indicated that the optimum control technique for the groundwater level differed with the cultivar. The groundwater level for Sachiyutaka should be kept relatively high at an early growth stage. Further studies will be needed to clarify the optimum control technique for maximizing the yield of Fukuyutaka that have a fast root growth at an early growth stage.     

The effect of water stress in regulated deficit irrigation on soybean yield (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of water stress in regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the yield of soybean growing on Ultisol soil. This research was conducted under plastic house on the experimental farm of Lampung Polytechnique from August to November 2004. The water stress treatments in regulated deficit irrigation were ET₁ (1.0 × ET_c), ET₂ (0.8 × ET_c), ET₃ (0.6 × ET_c), ET₄ (0.4 × ET_c) and ET₅ (0.2 × ET_c), arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. ET_c means crop evapotranspiration under standard condition, which was well watered. For example, the ET₂ (0.8 × ET_c) treatment means that the amount of supplied water per a day is the same as the crop adjustment evapotranspiration (ET_cadj) with the value 0.8 of water stress coefficient (K _s). The RDI treatments were carried out just at vegetative phase and its treatments were stopped at the beginning of flowering phase, and afterwards the treatments were watered at 1.0 × ET_c. The results showed that since week II, the soybean experienced stress throughout the growth period except ET₂ treatment. ET₂ treatment started to be stressed at week V and continued to be stressed until the harvest time. At the ET₃ treatment, the critical water content (θ_c) of soybean was reached at week II, and the θ_c was 0.24 m³/m³ on the average. The RDI at vegetative period significantly affected the yield. The highest yield was ET₁ (35.2 g/plant), followed by ET₂ (31.0 g/plant), ET₃ (18.1 g/plant), ET₄ (7.6 g/plant), and ET₅ (3.3 g/plant). The optimal water management of soybean with the highest yield efficiency was regulated deficit irrigation with water stress coefficient (K _s) of 0.80 for vegetative phase.