作物调亏灌溉理论与技术研究进展及发展趋势

就调亏灌溉的研究历史,水分利用效率、作物品质与调亏灌溉的关系,调亏灌溉的生物学基础,作物对调亏灌溉的反应,调亏灌溉效应的影响因素等方面进行了论述,并对调亏灌溉进一步研究的问题与发展前景进行了展望。     

调亏灌溉对蚕豆需水规律及水分利用效率的影响

在甘肃秦王川灌区通过大田试验研究了苗期调亏灌溉对蚕豆需水规律和水分生产效率的影响.结果表明:调亏处理蚕豆在苗期、拔节期及花荚期需水量减少,叶面积、蒸腾速率和光合速率下降,在鼓粒成熟期则相对增加,作物的总需水量减少.叶面积、蒸腾速率和棵间蒸发减少是调亏灌溉需水量降低的主要原因.调亏灌溉能够延缓鼓粒期叶片衰老,提高光合速率,使光合同化物向籽粒分配的比例增加,提高水分生产效率.     

果树调亏灌溉技术研究动态及其应用

介绍了果树调亏灌溉的基本概念,分析了调亏灌溉技术与果树生长生理生态指标、果实产量和品质及其水分利用效率的相互关系,综述了目前国内外调亏灌溉技术在果树栽培上的应用,提出了果树调亏灌溉研究需进一步解决的问题。最后对调亏灌溉技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

干旱环境下春小麦最优调亏灌溉制度确定

以河西绿洲灌区春小麦调亏灌溉2年的平均产量、水分利用效率、供水效率和2年后的土壤养分综合指标4个单项参评因子为参数建立单因子评判矩阵,对干旱环境下春小麦调亏灌溉制度进行了综合评价。结果表明,调亏灌溉处理的综合评价指标以HFF处理最高,其次为MFM处理,而以LLL处理最低,但所有调亏灌溉处理综合评价指标均显著高于高水分处理FFF。因此,无论是从作物生产力、水资源利用效率还是水资源和土壤养分的可持续利用方面来说,HFF处理调亏灌溉模式均因其最高的作物生产力和水分利用效率、较高的供水效率(为最大值的96.3%)及较高的土壤养分综合指标(为最大值的97.7%)而具有最高的综合评价指标,成为试区推荐的春小麦全生育期最优调亏灌溉模式,即春小麦孕穗和抽穗期及灌浆—生理成熟期均高水分处理(65%~70%田持)而拔节期重度水分调亏(45%~50%田持),其灌溉定额为440 mm左右(包括晚秋季储水灌100 mm)。     

模拟调亏灌溉对玉米根系生长及水分利用效率的影响

以营养液培养的方法,在模拟调亏灌溉下研究玉米根系生长和蒸腾效率的变化,并确定了调亏灌溉的根系水势范围与调亏时间,证明调亏灌溉能够在一定土壤水势范围内刺激根系生长,减少作物蒸腾,提高作物水分利用效率。     

调亏灌溉条件下的作物水分生态生理研究进展

简要回顾了近几年国内外开展作物水分生态生理机制研究的进展情况和不同控制条件下作物对水分的响应 ,系统阐述了调亏灌溉遵从的原理、方法和实施调亏灌溉后对作物水分生态生理机制的影响及其需要进一步研究的一些问题。     

调亏灌溉对香梨叶片光合速率及水分利用效率的影响

试验研究了调亏灌溉对成龄库尔勒香梨树叶片生理指标的影响.在果实快速膨大前期分别施加了2种水分胁迫:轻度水分胁迫,灌水量为蒸发量的60％;重度水分胁迫,灌水量为蒸发量的40％.在果实快速膨大期,灌水量为蒸发量的80％.对照处理为香梨的整个生育期灌水量均为蒸发量的80％.结果表明,调亏灌溉期间,水分胁迫显著地降低了香梨树的叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率与气孔开度;果实快速膨大期,调亏处理恢复充分灌后,叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔开度均在一定程度上恢复,轻度调亏处理恢复到与对照相同的水平,而重度的水分胁迫处理却始终低于对照.叶片蒸腾速率比光合速率对土壤水分变化更敏感,水分胁迫可提高香梨树的叶片水分利用效率.     

调亏灌溉技术及对葡萄果实品质的影响

由于全球变暖,水资源短缺的风险越来越大,为此优化传统栽培模式,实行节水灌溉势在必行,调亏灌溉是提高水分利用效率的关键技术。本文首先深入探讨了调亏灌溉的机理,从葡萄树体的生长状况、根系的发育情况以及相关蛋白的表达调控等多个角度进行了综合分析。其次文章对分期调亏灌溉、根系分区灌溉和隔行交替灌溉这三种具体的调亏灌溉模式进行了详细的概述。文章进一步探讨了不同灌溉时期对葡萄生长发育的影响,以及不同物候期对水分的需求及如何根据葡萄的生长周期来合理安排灌溉时间。最后,文章总结了调亏灌溉对葡萄果实中糖分、酸度、酚类化合物以及香气物质等关键品质因素的影响。通过对调亏灌溉机理的深入研究,以及对不同灌溉模式和时期影响的探讨,为科学管理葡萄园,实现节水增效,促进农业可持续发展奠定理论基础。     

寒地黑土区玉米高效调亏灌溉制度的试验研究

通过筒测试验,研究了玉米最佳的水分调亏阶段以及各调亏阶段亏水程度的最佳上、下限阈值。结果表明,抽穗开花期水分亏缺对产量影响最大,其次是拔节期,苗期水分亏缺对产量影响最小。苗期、拔节期和抽穗开花期水分亏缺程度分别为50%FC～60%FC、65%FC～75%FC和65%FC～75%FC的灌溉处理是最佳调亏灌溉方案,产量与水分利用效率比正常灌溉处理提高了8%、12.6%。     

调亏灌溉条件下的作物水分生态生理研究进展

简要回顾了近几年国内外开展作物水分生态生理机制研究的进展情况和不同控制条件下作物对水分的响应，系统阐述了调亏灌溉遵从的原理、方法和实施调亏灌溉后对作物水分生态生理机制的影响及其需要进一步研究的一些问题。     

调亏灌溉对日光温室青茄品质和耗水规律的影响

在日光温室滴灌条件下采用小区试验方法,研究了不同生育期不同程度调亏灌溉对青茄耗水规律、产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,温室青茄耗水高峰出现在成熟采摘期,该阶段耗水模系数在49.96%～64.11%之间;苗期的耗水量最小,其阶段耗水模系数在8.64%～16.68%之间。苗期和成熟采摘期适度调亏灌溉(灌水定额为适宜供水的80%)可提高青茄产量和水分利用效率,开花坐果期水分过度亏缺(灌水定额为适宜供水的60%)对青茄品质有所改善,但显著降低青茄产量和灌溉水利用效率。综合考虑产量和品质,拟定日光温室青茄滴灌条件下适宜的灌溉制度为,灌水周期10d,苗期和成熟采摘期适度亏水,灌水定额分别为12mm和20mm;开花坐果期宜充分灌溉,灌水定额为25mm。     

干旱环境条件下春小麦适度调亏灌溉的产量效应

在干旱环境条件下,春小麦调亏灌溉不仅具有显著的增产效应(16.6%~25.0%),其节水效果亦很显著(14.0%~22.9%)。无论是小麦籽粒产量,收获指数,还是水分利用效率,调亏灌溉处理与充分供水对照间均存在显著差异,但调亏处理间差异不显著。此外,回归分析发现,试验条件下调亏灌溉春小麦产量与收获指数线性相关,而水分利用效率与收获指数、产量间则呈二次抛物线关系。     

河西绿洲不同生育期调亏灌溉对马铃薯生长、产量及品质的影响

在河西走廊张掖市甘州区党寨镇田家闸灌溉试验站开展了马铃薯不同生育期调亏灌溉的试验研究.在保持其他生育期土壤水分为正常灌溉(土壤含水率65％～ 75％)的情况下,在马铃薯的幼苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期分别进行轻度(土壤含水率55％ ～ 65％)的调亏处理,以全生育期的正常灌溉作为对照,进行马铃薯生长指标、产...     

膜下滴灌调亏对加工番茄产量和水分利用效率的影响

通过加工番茄不同生育期膜下滴灌水分调亏试验,研究了水分调亏对土壤水分、株高、干物质积累、经济产量及水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率的影响。结果表明,在苗期占田间持水率55%的水分调亏滴灌,可以在降低灌溉水量、耗水量和移栽前后土壤水分的同时,显著(p<0.05)增加番茄单株果数、单株果质量、产量、灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率,而花期和盛果期分别施以上述水分调亏则结果相反,其中以花期表现最为显著(p<0.05),其次为盛果期。全生育期不进行水分调亏和仅在采收期施以水分调亏,虽产量显著(p<0.05)增加,但水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率却显著(p<0.05)降低。     

调亏对春播蚕豆产量及其构成因素的影响

在甘肃秦王川灌区,通过大田试验研究了调亏灌溉对蚕豆产量的影响及产量构成要素的变化,并对蚕豆籽粒产量、生物产量、收获指数与产量构成要素及产量构成要素之间的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:苗期或拔节期轻度缺水可增产14.05%和9.09%,节水4.14%和10.92%;苗期、拔节期、开花期、成熟期重度缺水使蚕豆单株粒重较对照分别下降9.5%、9.8%、22.3%和16.0%,百粒重较对照分别下降10.2%、6.0%、3.1%和7.0%,轻度缺水处理的百粒重均高于对照和重度缺水处理;蚕豆以苗期进行水分胁迫对提高收获指数的贡献最大;通过对产量构成因素的分析发现单株粒数、单株荚数和单株粒重是构成蚕豆产量的主要因素。     

调亏灌溉条件下秦王川灌区苜蓿种植效益初步分析

从高产、优质和高效的三重目标出发,在甘肃秦王川灌区通过大田试验初步分析了调亏灌溉条件下苜蓿的种植效益。结果表明:在轻度水分亏缺下,即土壤含水率为60%~65%田间持水量时苜蓿的产量和经济效益较充分灌溉(土壤含水率为65%~70%田间持水量)没有显著差异(P>0.05),而苜蓿的水分利用效率、粗蛋白含量与其余各处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05),且值均达到了最大,分别达2.10 kg/m3和13406.7 ug/g。     

Yield performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in an arid area

A field experiment was conducted in 2003 and 2004 growing seasons to evaluate the effects of regulated deficit irrigation on yield performance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in an arid area. Three regulated deficit irrigation treatments designed to subject the crops to various degrees of soil water deficit at different stages of crop development and a no-soil-water-deficit control was established. Soil moisture was measured gravimetrically in the increment of 0–20 cm every five to seven days in the given growth periods, while that in 20 increments to 40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm depth measured by neutron probe. Compared to the no-soil-water-deficit treatment, grain yield, biomass, harvest index, water use efficiency (WUE), and water supply use efficiency (WsUE) in spring wheat were all greatly improved by 16.6–25.0, 12.4–19.2, 23.5–27.3, 32.7–39.9, and 44.6–58.8% under regulated deficit irrigation, and better yield components such as thousand-grain weight, grain weight per spike, number of grain, length of spike, and fertile spikelet number were also obtained, but irrigation water was substantially decreased by 14.0–22.9%. The patterns of soil moisture were similar in the regulated deficit treatments, and the soil moisture contents were greatly decreased by regulated deficit irrigation during wheat growing seasons. Significant differences were found between the no-soil-water-deficit treatment and the regulated soil water deficit treatments in grain yield, yield components, biomass, harvest index, WUE, and WsUE, but no significant differences occurred within the regulated soil water deficit treatments. Yield performance proved that regulated deficit irrigation treatment subjected to medium soil water deficit both during the middle vegetative stage (jointing) and the late reproductive stages (filling and maturity or filling) while subjected to no-soil-water-deficit both during the late vegetative stage (booting) and the early reproductive stage (heading) (MNNM) had the highest yield increase of 25.0 and 14.0% of significant water-saving, therefore, the optimum controlled soil water deficit levels in this study should range 50–60% of field water capacity (FWC) at the middle vegetative growth period (jointing), and 65–70% of FWC at both of the late vegetative period (booting) and early reproductive period (heading) followed by 50–60% of FWC at the late reproductive periods (the end of filling or filling and maturity) in treatment MNNM, with the corresponding optimum total irrigation water of 338 mm. In addition, the relationships among grain yield, biomass, and harvest index, the relationship between grain yield and WUE, WsUE, and the relationship between harvest index and WUE, WsUE under regulated deficit irrigation were also estimated through linear or non-linear regression models, which indicate that the highest grain yield was associated with the maximum biomass, harvest index, and water supply use efficiency, but not with the highest water use efficiency, which was reached by appropriate controlling soil moisture content and water consumption. The relations also indicate that the harvest index was associated with the maximum biomass and water supply use efficiency, but not with the highest water use efficiency.     

Comparison of drip and sprinkler irrigation strategies on sunflower seed and oil yield and quality under Mediterranean climatic conditions

This study compares the effects of different irrigation regimes on seed yield and oil yield quality and water productivity of sprinkler and drip irrigated sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) on silty-clay-loam soils in 2006 and 2007 in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. In sprinkler irrigation a line-source system was used in order to create gradually varying irrigation levels. Irrigation regimes consisted of full irrigation (I₁) and three deficit irrigation treatments (I₂, I₃ and I₄), and rain-fed treatment (I₅). In the drip system, irrigation regimes included full irrigation (FI-100), three deficit irrigation treatments (DI-25, DI-50, DI-75), partial root zone drying (PRD-50) and rain-fed treatment (RF). Irrigations were scheduled at weekly intervals both in sprinkler and drip irrigation, based on soil water depletion within a 0.90 m root zone in FI-100 and I₁ plots. Irrigation treatments influenced significantly (P < 0.01) sunflower seed and oil yields, and oil quality both with sprinkler and drip systems. Seed yields decreased with increasing water stress levels under drip and sprinkler irrigation in both experimental years. Seed yield response to irrigation varied considerably due to differences in soil water contents and spring rainfall distribution in the experimental years. Although PRD-50 received about 36% less irrigation water as compared to FI-100, sunflower yield was reduced by an average of 15%. PRD-50 produced greater seed and oil yields than DI-50 in the drip irrigation system. Yield reduction was mainly due to less number of seeds per head and lower seed mass. Soil water deficits significantly reduced crop evapotranspiration (ET), which mainly depends on irrigation amounts. Significant linear relationships (R² = 0.96) between ET and oil yield (Y) were obtained in each season. The seed yield response factors (ky_seed) were 1.24 and 0.86 for the sprinkler and 1.19 and 1.06 for the drip system in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The oil yield response factor (ky_oil) for sunflower was found to be 1.08 and 1.49 for both growing seasons for the sprinkler and 1.36 and 1.25 for the drip systems, respectively. Oil content decreased with decreasing irrigation amount. Consistently greater values of oil content were obtained from the full irrigation treatment plots. The saturated (palmitic and stearic acid) and unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acid) fatty acid contents were significantly affected by water stress. Water stress caused an increase in oleic acid with a decrease in linoleic acid contents. The palmitic and stearic acid concentrations decreased under drought conditions. Water productivity (WP) values were significantly affected by irrigation amounts and ranged from 0.40 to 0.71 kg m⁻³ in 2006, and from 0.69 to 0.91 kg m⁻³ in 2007. The PRD-50 treatment resulted in the greatest WP (1.0 kg m⁻³) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) (1.4 kg m⁻³) in both growing seasons. The results revealed that under water scarcity situation, PRD-50 in drip and I₂ in sprinkler system provide acceptable irrigation strategies to increase sunflower yield and quality.     

寒地黑土区玉米调亏灌溉耗水规律的试验研究

通过盆栽试验,于2013年研究了寒地黑土区玉米调亏灌溉条件下不同水分处理的耗水规律,结果表明：玉米不同生育阶段的总耗水量大小顺序为：拔节期＞抽雄期＞灌浆期＞苗期,其中抽雄期的敏感指数(0.6727)最高。当水分亏缺处理低于60%田间持水量时,将会影响玉米产量,产量和总耗水量之间呈二次抛物线关系,当灌水量为46.93kg/盆时,产量最高。利用玉米在不同亏水处理条件下的各生育阶段耗水量和产量数据,用Jensen模型进行拟合,得到适合该地区玉米的水分生产函数,为玉米在调亏灌溉条件下制定合理灌溉制度提供参考依据。     

Loquat as a crop model for successful deficit irrigation

During three consecutive seasons, two different deficit irrigation strategies were compared with control fully irrigated trees regarding their capacity to induce early bloom and harvest in “Algerie” loquat. The first strategy, a continuous deficit irrigation strategy, consisted in a uniform reduction of 20% water needs through the entire season; the second strategy, a regulated deficit irrigation approach, while accounting for the same global reduction of 20% loquat water needs, concentrated water shortages after harvest from mid-May through the end of August. Regulated deficit irrigation resulted more successful. Postharvest regulated deficit irrigation advanced full bloom 10–20 days depending on the season. Such enhancement led to more precocious and valuable yield, with an average increase of fruit value of 0.21 € kg⁻¹. The effects of continuous deficit irrigation were less noticeable and average fruit value was increased 0.08 € kg⁻¹. Yield and fruit quality were not affected for the different deficit irrigation strategies. Water savings established around 1450 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Deficit irrigation rose water use efficiency up to more than a 40%.