毛序棘豆生物碱成分分析

为了明确毛序棘豆所含生物碱成分种类,本试验对采自甘肃通渭县的毛序棘豆地上部分,采用生物碱系统提取、薄层色谱分析和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测技术,对毛序棘豆全草生物碱成分进行提取分离和检测。结果显示:毛序棘豆碱性氯仿萃取部分和碱性正丁醇萃取部分在薄层板上分别有4个和2个生物碱显色斑点;经GC-MS分析鉴定出22种化合物,其中有5种生物碱,分别为鹰爪豆碱、臭豆碱、二苯胍、腺嘌呤和2-(1-吡咯烷基)-2-环戊烯-1-酮,其中以臭豆碱含量最高,相对含量为4.49%。表明毛序棘豆含有多种生物碱。     

披针叶黄华中2种生物碱单体的分离与鉴定

披针叶黄华含有多种生物碱类物质,这类物质是引起动物披针叶黄华中毒的毒性成分,但其也具有祛痰、止咳等药理作用。目前,披针叶黄华所含的生物碱种类已被广泛报道,而关于该植物中生物碱单体提取、分离方面的研究报道较少。该试验采用柱层析分离法,从披针叶黄华总生物碱中提取到2种结晶,进一步应用薄层层析、气相—质谱联用和红外光谱法对获得的结晶进行了鉴定,最终确定结晶Ⅰ为黄华碱,推测结晶Ⅱ为四氢脱氧阿艮亭碱。结果表明,该试验采用的方法简便、可靠,能够成功地对披针叶黄华所含的生物碱单体进行分离、纯化和鉴定,为进一步研究2种结晶的生物学活性提供了技术基础。     

披针叶黄华碱成分分析研究

目的:研究披针叶黄华碱的种类及含量。方法:采用超声波辅助甲醇浸提法、硅胶柱层析分离结晶技术从披针叶黄华全草粉中分离生物碱,利用GC-MS对总碱和结晶进行分析测定。结果:分离获得生物碱结晶Ⅰ、结晶Ⅱ,总碱中含有7种喹诺里西啶类生物碱,其中结晶Ⅰ为黄华碱,结晶Ⅱ为金雀花碱。结论:本试验为进一步研究披针叶黄华碱的生物活性提供了理论依据。     

哈密黄芪化学成分预试及生物碱成分色谱分析

采用植物化学成分系统预试法、生物碱系统提取法和薄层色谱技术对哈密黄芪化学成分,特别是生物碱成分进行了薄层色谱分析.结果表明,哈密黄芪含有生物碱、多糖、苷类、氨基酸、甾体、萜类、油脂、鞣质、酚类、有机酸、黄酮、醌类、强心甙和香豆素.2 968 g哈密黄芪经乙醇热回流提取得303.3 g总浸膏,经酸化、碱化,所得碱液依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,得到3部分浸膏分别为0.51,1.72,19.10 g,提取率分别为0.017%,0.058%,0.644%;说明哈密黄芪生物碱主要集中在正丁醇提取部分,以大极性生物碱为主.对各部分提取物进行薄层层析分析,结果显示氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇提取部分生物碱至少分别有17,13,5种.经与标准样品对照,证明哈密黄芪所含的生物碱主要以苦马豆素等吲哚里西啶生物碱为主,同时也含有少量的黄华碱和臭豆碱等喹诺里西啶生物碱.本试验还利用薄层制备技术分离得到正丁醇提取部分中的苦马豆素.     

脂溶性苦豆碱对炎性组织中PGE2含量的影响

用酸水提取法分离提纯苦豆生物碱醇浸责，分离物为脂溶性苦豆生物碱。经薄层层析法定性分析，其中含有槐定碱等4种生物碱。采和简易法测得小鼠口服脂溶性苦豆生物碱的LD50为471.17mg/kg。采用足跖致炎法和紫外光度法测得该分离物能影响小鼠足跖炎性组织中的PGE2含量。     

苦豆子植物生物碱的提取及TLC分析

本试验采用稀酸水、有机醇结合超声波提取法对苦豆子生物碱进行了提取、薄层层析(TLC)检查、氯仿萃取,提取获得4种生物碱成分,其中有两种生物碱分别与标准参碱、标准槐果碱和标准槐定碱对应,有待进一步定性分析;试验结果表明,采取稀酸溶液和90%的有机醇溶剂结合超声波的提取方法对苦豆子植物中生物碱的提取切实可行。     

甘肃棘豆中有毒生物碱的研究

对存在于甘肃棘豆中有毒的总生物碱成分，采用薄层层析的方法进行了分析研究，从中分离，鉴定出以黄华碱等为主的几种喹诺里西啶类毒性化合物，证实了甘肃棘豆中含有类同于黄花棘豆和小花棘豆的毒性生物碱成分，进而从药理学，毒理学和毒代动力学等方面对这３种植物的毒性生物碱做了讨论印证。     

冰川棘豆生物碱分析及苦马豆素的提取

冰川棘豆干粉，经甲醇提取．1N盐酸酸化．酸水液甩氟仿萃取数次，NaOH调pH至9-10．依次用氟仿，乙酸乙酯，正丁醇萃取。称重表明生物碱多集中在正丁醇组分．且以大极性生物碱为主。薄层层析检查结果表明．氟仿组分有10种生物碱．乙酸乙酯组分有7种生物碱．正丁醇组分有5种生物碱。将正丁醇组分经硅胶柱层层析．乙酸乙酯-甲醇系统梯度洗脱．每30-50ml收集一份．薄层层析监测．同类合并。Ehrlich’s试剂显色明显段油浴升华。得到白色针状结晶．与苦马豆素标准样品进行薄层层析对照．其Rf值相近．点的形状、颜色相同。气相色谱检验．其出峰时间与苦马豆素标准样一致，初步确定所得白色针状结晶为苦马豆素。     

黄花棘豆2种生物碱成分的鉴定

为分析我国天然草地主要有毒植物黄花棘豆的生物碱成分,为其毒理学、药理学和资源综合利用提供理论依据,本试验采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20、RP18、半制备HPLC技术和现代波谱技术对黄花棘豆生物碱成分进行研究。结果表明,从黄花棘豆正丁醇萃取部位分离得到2个极性较大的生物碱成分,通过现代波谱技术鉴定为(+)-9α-羟基苦参碱和(-)-9α-羟基槐果碱。2种化合物均为首次从棘豆属植物中分离得到。     

冰川棘豆化学成分系统预试及生物碱成分薄层色谱分析

本试验采用植物化学成分系统预试法、生物碱系统提取法和薄层色谱技术对冰川棘豆地上部分全草的化学成分,特别是生物碱成分进行了薄层色谱分析。结果表明冰川棘豆含有生物碱、氨基酸和蛋白质、有机酸、酚类和鞣质、多糖及甙类、皂甙、甾体、香豆素、萜类以及蒽醌类。不含挥发油、黄酮体、氰甙和脂肪族硝基化合物;5 000 g冰川棘豆干草粉经醇类溶剂提取得总浸膏312.0 g,再经酸化、碱化处理,收集碱水液依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇分段萃取,分别得氯仿部分0.5 g,乙酸乙酯部分5.4 g,正丁醇部分52.0 g,初步表明冰川棘豆生物碱主要集中在正丁醇提取部分,以强极性生物碱为主;各部分生物碱提取物经薄层层析分析,结果表明氯仿部分至少有9种生物碱,乙酸乙酯部分至少有11种,正丁醇部分至少有4种。经与苦马豆素标准样品对照,证明三部分提取物均含有苦马豆素。     

Serological response of guinea pigs to oily and aqueous inactivated vaccines containing a Brazilian isolate of the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is widespread in cattle in Brazil and research shows its large antigenic variability. Available vaccines are produced with virus strains isolated in other countries and may not be effective. In this study, inactivated vaccines containing the Brazilian BVDV-Ib IBSP11 isolate were developed and tested on 6 groups of 10 guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Animals in groups A and C received an aqueous vaccine (aluminum hydroxide); B and D groups received an oily vaccine (Montanide ISA50); Group E positive-control animals were given an imported commercial vaccine with BVDV-Ia Singer; Group F animals were sham vaccinated (negative control). Groups A, B and E received two doses, and Groups C and D, three, every 21 days. Twelve blood samples were taken, at 21-day intervals over 231 days, and evaluated for antibody titer through virus-neutralization (VN), using a homologous strain (IBSP11), and a heterologous strain (BVDV-Ia NADL). Most animals, 42 days following the first dose, seroconverted to both strains and, after the second dose, there was a significant increase of titers in all groups. The oily formulation induced greater response after the third administration. This increase was not observed with the aqueous vaccines, regardless of the virus used in the VN. Antibody decline was more rapid in animals that received aqueous vaccines. The results showed the importance of studying the influence of endemic strains of commercial vaccines, to improve the efficacy of BVD vaccination. Use of the endemic strain in vaccine formulation presented promising results, as well as the use of guinea pigs as a laboratory model.     

Feline pansteatitis revisited: hazards of unbalanced home-made diets

Pansteatitis is caused by the consumption of high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and/or the insufficient intake of vitamin E, leading to inflammation of adipose tissue. This disease has been related to fish-based diets. However, non-conventional diets must also be considered. The authors present case records of two cats with pansteatitis, for which diet consisted mostly of pig's brain, comparing them with eight cases of disease in cats eating mainly oily fish. Cats fed pig's brain did not show clinical signs, while cats eating oily fish presented inappetence, depression, reluctance to move and subcutaneous nodules painful on palpation. Cats eating pig's brain did not show any change in blood parameters, while cats fed oily fish presented leukocytosis and anaemia. Histological examination confirmed pansteatitis in all cats, independently of the diet. All animals except one of the cats eating oily fish recovered after medical treatment and change of the feeding regime.     

Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and amoxycillin from tablets, capsules and long-acting preparations in the homing pigeon (Columba livia)

Three ampicillin and three amoxycillin formulations (tablets and capsules, administered orally, and oily suspensions, injected intramuscularly (i.m.) and subcutaneously (s.c.] were studied in twenty adult homing pigeons (Columba livia). Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and recovery were determined for each product and administration route. A standard dose of 50 mg/pigeon or 100 mg/kg was used in each study. The mean availability calculated for each of these preparations was 7% for ampicillin anhydrate tablets, 22% for amoxycillin trihydrate tablets, 17% for ampicillin trihydrate capsules, 67% for amoxycillin trihydrate capsules, 46% for ampicillin oily suspension i.m., 67% for amoxycillin oily suspension i.m. and 43% for amoxycillin oily suspension s.c. The blood concentration-time curves for the tablets were very scattered, which was far less the case for the capsules. The maximum blood concentration (Cmax) for amoxycillin was twice as high as for ampicillin. The Cmax resulting from the oily suspensions administered i.m. were low (4.35 +/- 1.05 and 5.04 +/- 1.36 mg/l, for ampicillin and amoxycillin, respectively). The Tmax for ampicillin was 10 h and for amoxycillin it was 0.9 h after administration. Both curves showed biphasic absorption, the initial peak representing an absorption and a distribution phase and the second part reflecting the 'depot-nature' of the drug. After the s.c. administration of the amoxycillin oily suspension the same pattern was found, but the Cmax, which was found at 2.13 +/- 1.03 h after administration, was low (2.81 +/- 0.68 mg/l).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Characterization of energetically efficient and inefficient beef cows

Dry matter intake and BW data from 14 mature, nonpregnant, nonlactating Angus cows that were individually fed through two consecutive 70- to 80-d periods (maintenance and ad libitum) were used to predict ADG (ADG = -.512 + .213 DMI - .0017 BW, R2 = .95). This equation then was used to identify feed efficiency types among these cows. Cows were identified as average type (A) if ADG was within one SE of predicted ADG, and as efficient (E) or inefficient types (I) if ADG exceeded one SE above or below, respectively, its predicted ADG. Four, four, and six cows were identified and grouped as I, A, and E types, respectively. During the maintenance period, DM and ME intake and ADG were similar (P greater than .10) across all three efficiency types. But during the ad libitum period, voluntary DM and ME intakes of I cows were greater (P less than .05) than those of A or E cows. Average daily gains of I cows during ad libitum feeding were greater (P less than .10) than those of A cows. Daily ME required for maintenance of I cows was highest, that of A cows was intermediate, and that of E cows was lowest (180.2, 154.6, and 135.1 kcal/kg BW.75, respectively). Inefficient cows tended (P greater than .10) to have less fat and deposited more protein (P less than .05) than A and E cows (137.9 vs 77.2 and 46.2 protein g/d, respectively). Concurrent with higher protein accretion rates, liver weights of I cows were heavier (P less than .05) than those of A and E cows (8.58 vs 7.79 and 7.68 kg, respectively). Inefficient cows were characterized by higher energy requirements for maintenance. Their high protein accretion may partially explain their higher maintenance requirements.     

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a slow-release cefotaxime suspension in the dog and in sheep

Three Merino ewes were given cefotaxime IM, and 3 were given cefotaxime subcutaneously (50 mg/kg of body weight each); each dose was suspended in 6 ml of oil. Five dogs were also given an oily suspension of cefotaxime subcutaneously (SC) (50 mg/kg of body weight). The plasma concentrations (Cp) and pharmacokinetic data obtained after cefotaxime in the oily suspension was injected IM and SC were compared with data from the same animals after they were given an aqueous solution of cefotaxime by the same routes. Key pharmacokinetic values obtained after cefotaxime was administered IV to sheep and to dogs are discussed. Mean peak Cp (Cpeak) in sheep when given the oily suspension IM was approximately 53 micrograms/ml at 0.18 to 0.40 hour, and that value in sheep given the aqueous preparation was 62 micrograms/ml 0.08 to 0.18 hour. Mean Cpeak values after the oily suspension and the aqueous preparation were injected SC were 11.0 micrograms/ml (between 0.8 and 1 hour) and 51 micrograms/ml (between 0.25 and 1 hour), respectively. Bioavailabilities were approximately 70% after IM injection was done and 90% after SC injection was done. The beta-plasma half-lives were 0.7 hour after IM injection was done and 2.9 hours after SC injection was done. Mean Cpeak in dogs when given the oily suspension SC was 30 micrograms/ml at 1.0 hour, and when dogs were given the aqueous preparation SC, Cpeak was 27 micrograms/ml at 0.6 hour. Absorption was virtually complete after the oily suspension and aqueous preparations were given.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effectiveness of α-tocopherol and selenium supplements in preventing lupinosis-associated myopathy in sheep

Objective To compare the effectiveness of combined selenium and α-tocopherol acetate treatments in preventing lupinosis-associated myopathy in sheep.
Design Measurement of plasma muscle and liver enzymes, and histopathological examination of muscle and liver in the treatment groups.
Procedure The treatments were: subcutaneous injections of selenomethionine and vitamin E (sc(SeM+E)) , an intraruminal selenium pellet and oral doses of vitamin E and intramuscular injections of selenomethionine combined with either oral doses of vitamin E (imSeM+orE) or intramuscular injections of vitamin E in an oily carrier. Another group received no supplements, while a control group was given selenium pellets on day 0 and fortnightly oral doses of vitamin E from day 0 to 72. To produce lupinosis-associated myopathy, the sheep were fed a diet low in vitamin E and given repeated injections of a crude extract of Diaphorthe toxica. Groups sc(SeM+E) and imSeM+orE were stressed by dosing with protected polyunsaturated fatty acids from day 56 onwards.
Results Lupinosis-associated myopathy was induced in all unsupplemented sheep. In these sheep the storage of Se increased and that of vitamin E decreased. The subcutaneous treatment was highly effective in preventing lupinosis-associated myopathy and also produced the highest vitamin E concentrations in plasma and liver. Supplemental vitamin E was more efficacious than supplemental Se. Concentrations of vitamin E in the livers of sheep given intramuscular vitamin E were higher than expected based on plasma concentrations. Oral doses of vitamin E proved the least effective method of increasing concentrations in liver. Lupinosis did not affect Se concentrations in liver or muscle.
Conclusion The sc(SeM+E) treatment is highly effective in preventing lupinosis-associated myopathy but needs to be further assessed when selenium and vitamin E are both limiting in the diet.     

Efficacy of vitamin E + selenium and vitamin A + D + E combinations on oxidative stress induced by long-term transportation in Holstein dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress response to long-term transportation and to analyze the effects of vitamin A + D + E and vitamin E + selenium administrations on oxidative stress induced by long-term transportation in Holstein dairy cows. Control group (n = 10) received 0.9% saline (placebo), Group I (n = 10) received vitamin A + D + E, and Group II (n = 10) received vitamin E + selenium. After the transport, adrenaline levels were high in all groups (P < 0.05). Noradrenaline level was low in Group I (P < 0.05) and tended to be low in Group II. Mean levels of serum cortisol decreased significantly in all groups (P < 0.05) when comparing pre-transport data with post-transport data. Glucose levels increased in Control group (P < 0.05) and in Groups I and II (P < 0.01). The malondialdehyde level significantly increased in the Control group (P < 0.05) after the transport and the levels were lower in Group I (P = 0.076) and Group II (P < 0.05) than in the Control group. As a result, vitamin E + selenium and vitamin A + D + E have been determined to prevent lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, associated with long-term transportation stress in cattle.     

The effect of vitamin A on trypsin inhibition activity of the blood and cervical mucus after the effects of hormones on the ovaries of sheep in the estrus period

Vitamin A (50,000 I. U.), administered after oestrus synchronization by PGF2 alpha (2 X 125 micrograms; 1st and 11th day) together with PMSG (750 and 1000 I. U.), had a stronger influence on the changes in the trypsin-inhibition activities (TIA) of the blood plasma, as compared with the effect of PMSG. The changes in the average TIA values within 120 hours after the administration of the stimulating dose were also observed more frequently to depend on vitamin A. After administration of 1000 I. U. PMSG, an increase was recorded only in the values of the fraction of low-molecular TIA, whereas the administration of the combinations of PMSG + vitamin A resulted in an increase of all the TIA's under study. This increase was directly correlated with an increased number of non-atretic tertiary follicles, with an increased number of ovulations (at the same dose of PMSG), and with a reduced ratio of changes in the concentration of progesterone (P) and 17-beta oestradiol (E): P/E = 1.1 after the administration of 1000 I. U. PMSG, P/E = 0.81 after I. U. PMSG + vitamin A, and P/E = 0.90 after 1000 I. U. PMSG + vitamin A. The increase in the average TIA of the cervical mucus is due to the increased secretory activity of the cervical glands rather than to the multiplication of these glands after ovary stimulation.     

Distribution of Lectin‐Bindings in the Testis of the Lesser Mouse Deer,Tragulus javanicus

The distribution of lectin bindings in the testis of the smallest ruminant, lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus), was studied using 12 biotinylated lectins specific for d ‐galactose (peanut agglutinin PNA, Ricinus communis agglutinin RCA I), N‐acetyl‐d ‐galactosamine (Dolichos biflorus agglutinin DBA, Vicia villosa agglutinin VVA, Soybean agglutinin SBA), N‐acetyl‐d ‐glucosamine and sialic acid (wheat germ agglutinin WGA, s‐WGA), d ‐mannose and d ‐glucose (Lens culinaris agglutinin LCA, Pisum sativum agglutinin PSA, Concanavalin A Con A), l ‐fucose (Ulex europaeus agglutinin UEA I), and oligosaccharide (Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin PHA‐E) sugar residues. In Golgi‐, cap‐, and acrosome‐phase spermatids, lectin‐bindings were found in the acrosome (PNA, RCA I, VVA, SBA, WGA and s‐WGA), and in the cytoplasm (PNA, RCA I, VVA, SBA, WGA, LCA, PSA, Con A and PHA‐E). s‐WGA binding was confined to the spermatid acrosome, but other lectins were also observed in spermatocytes. In spermatogonia, VVA, WGA, Con A, and PHA‐E bindings were observed. Sertoli cells were intensely stained with DBA and Con A, and weakly with PHA‐E. In interstitial Leydig cells, RCA I, DBA, VVA, Con A, PSA, LCA, WGA and PHA‐E were positive. UEA I was negative in all cell types including spermatogenic cells. Unusual distribution of lectin‐bindings noted in the testis of lesser mouse deer included the limited distribution of s‐WGA only in the spermatid acrosome, the distribution of DBA in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and lamina propria, and the absence of UEA I in all type cells. The present results were discussed in comparison with those of other animals and their possible functional implications.     

Enzootic bovine leukosis application of E.L.I.S.A. technique for the detection of antibodies

A simple microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (E.L.I.S.A.) for detecting antibodies to bovine leukosis virus (B.L.V.) is described. The antigen consisted of a solution containing the two major antigens of the B.L.V. (gp 51 and p 24) obtained by a technique of purification using CN-Br activated Sepharose 4B. This E.L.I.S.A. was compared with the agar gel immunodiffusion test (A.G.I.D.T.) in a study of 545 bovine sera. The total discrepancy rate between the two tests was 11% with a better sensitivity for E.L.I.S.A.