网络品种资源信息管理系统的研制

运用知识工程和系统工程层次分析法,建立了一个基于网络的品种资源信息管理系统。系统以WIindows为开发平台,综合运用数据库技术,建立了品种资源信息数据库;运用系统工程、软件工程实现了系统模块建设。通过高级软件开发工具PB实现了其后台信息维护功能,利用ASP.NET网络开发技术开发出用户能够通过网络访问的客户端系统。该系统是对农业品种资源进行多年收集,并在吸取以往开发信息系统经验,充分利用网络和计算机快速、准确处理信息等优势开发而成。系统除具有客户端查询、分析品种资源信息外,还可通过后台维护系统对用户级别和权限设置,数据备份与恢复,保障了数据的安全性、可靠性。该系统还可对各类信息类型加以设置,以适用于其他种类信息自动化管理,具有良好的可扩充性。     

基于知识的变速箱齿轮虚拟设计研究

【目的】为解决农机变速箱虚拟设计与仿真过程中,齿轮零件复杂多变、知识重用率低的问题。【方法】在对变速箱齿轮知识进行分类的基础上,采用本体对齿轮设计知识进行描述,融合知识工程与参数化设计技术,提出了一种基于知识的齿轮虚拟设计方法。以拖拉机变速箱复杂花键齿轮设计为例对系统进行验证。【结果】以三维建模软件NX为平台开发了变速箱齿轮虚拟设计系统,通过人机系统界面获取齿轮设计需求,在齿轮设计知识库和模型库的支持下,利用知识重用推理出齿轮结构,在几何参数的驱动下,快速构建出符合设计需求的齿轮模型,实现了复杂结构齿轮的快速智能设计。验证结果表明,在人机界面进行设计需求录入,系统在数秒内自动输出花键齿轮详细结构模型。【结论】该系统可以较好地支持变速箱的虚拟设计与仿真,缩短了农机的开发周期,也可为其他机械产品的虚拟设计提供技术借鉴。     

EurSafe Congress. Wageningen University, March 4–6, 1999: Summing up and future prospects

Until recently, ethics was a highlyabstruse activity, with little reference to everydayaffairs. It dealt largely with what is calledmetaethics, and was in danger of becoming moribund asan intellectual activity. But for some years,ethics has been undergoing a process of rejuvenationand development. We now seem to be experiencing thebirth of this new discipline (or at least in the EU –the US has been engaged in it somewhat longer). The EurSafeCongress held at Wageningen University, March 4–6,1999 exemplifies this rejuvenation, and itstrongly suggests that a new discipline is emerging, that is not only exciting from an intellectualperspective, but also addresses issues of fundamentalsocial and political concern. It can beargued that, in this context, ethicists are in the position of guides.It is not their job to pronounce on what is right andwrong, but having trodden many of the theoreticalpaths through the forest, they are in a position toadvise and facilitate sound ethical decision-making byothers. The need for ethical insight in this field islikely to progressively increase over the comingyears. Ethicists have a duty to respond to this need.     

Not just what, but how: Creating agricultural sustainability and food security by changing Canada's agricultural policy making process

Agriculture has been enormously productive in recent decades. The main problem is that fragmentation of issues, knowledge, and responsibilities has hidden the costs associated with this success. These are mainly environmental, social, and health costs, which have been assigned to other ministries, with their own histories unconnected to agriculture. Now that agricultural policy has achieved its success, its costs are becoming apparent. The current system is preoccupied with traditional views of competitiveness and efficiency. Policies, programs, and regulations are organized to support specific commodities, not farming and food systems. Responsibilities are extremely fragmented and frequently uncoordinated. In this environment, the focus on nourishment, food security, and environmental sustainability is subordinated to economic issues.The future lies in reorienting agricultural policy away from maximum production and towards sustainability. We propose a major transformation of the policy making apparatus in order to shift the focus of the system towards nourishment, food security, and sustainability. A new policy making system must be built on the themes of: integrated responsibilities and activities; emphasis on macro-policy; transdisciplinary policy development; proximity of policy makers to the diverse groups affected by problems needing resolution; food systems policy.The design principles for such a new system are taken from the theory of food security and ecology. Using these principles, we design a new provincial department of food and food security, and test this design with two case studies.     

Promoting sustainable intensification in precision agriculture: review of decision support systems development and strategies

Precision agriculture provides important issues toward a more sustainable agriculture. Many farmers have the necessary technology to operate site-specifically, but they do not use it in practice, and thus available information and communications technology (ICT) systems are not used to their full potential. This paper addresses how to reduce the so-called “problem of implementation”, based on the knowledge that participatory approaches during the design and development process is one of the most important factors to frame technology adoption. The development of sustainable ICT systems through theories and methodologies from the fields of human computer interaction and user-centered design (UCD) is presented and an ongoing Swedish project for development of an agricultural decision support system (AgriDSS) for nitrogen fertilization is used as an example to frame the issue. The overreaching aim is to develop AgriDSSs that are sustainable in design as well as through design by stressing the importance of participatory approaches for the successful development of AgriDSSs. The Swedish project has the intention to apply a UCD approach, and some pitfalls on starting to use this way of working is identified as well as some suggestions on how to reduce them through co-learning processes. Despite the challenges presented in this paper, ICT can contribute significantly to long-term sustainable development. Thus, several competences and scientific disciplines need to act in concert to help develop a sustainable development of agriculture via a transdisciplinary approach that can make an impact on society at many levels.     

基于WAP的农业科技英语词汇查询平台设计

为方便农业科技英语词汇的查询和使用,基于WAP技术设计了查询平台,主要包括5个方面:(1)由表示层、业务逻辑层和数据层构成的分布式多层软件体系结构;(2)以WAP网络模型为基础设计WAP网关接口软件;(3)数据库设计,包括表结构及其联系设计、视图设计、过程设计和索引设计;(4)开发环境搭建,包括Eclipse、J2EE、J2ME、Tomcat和MySQL;(5)查询模块设计。该平台解决了软件开发关键性的技术问题,能够提高软件开发的效率和质量。     

分布式烟草GPS数据采集系统的设计与实现

介绍了"数字烟草"项目的子系统——分布式GPS数据采集系统的设计原则、系统结构和系统的主要模块及系统关键技术,并采用ESRI公司的ArcEngine组件开发环境结合Microsoft公司的.Net平台进行了系统的设计与开发。该系统的建成和投入使用对提高烟草种植管理效率和水平具有重要意义,对相关领域的GPS数据采集系统开发也具有借鉴作用。     

Brave new world?

Recent developments in biology and medicine are raising new problems in the prevention and treatment of birth defects, and in research on these diseases. The problems include immediate issues such as genetic counseling, abortion for birth defects, the withholding of complex treatments from individuals in some situations, screening for genetic and other diseases, artificial insemination, and fertilization in vitro. Other problems, such as the dysgenic effects of modern medicine and the possibilities of cloning and gene therapy, are more remote. Each of these issues should be considered on its own merits and by its immediate and remote consequences rather than by a priori absolute criteria. Ways must be found to deal with these issues in a manner acceptable to most human beings. Open discussions and freedom from coercion are the best guarantees for ultimate success. The ethical human brain is the highest accomplishment of biologic evolution. By harmonizing our scientific, cultural, and ethical capabilities, the potentially achievable results can place us at the threshold of a new era of better health and less human suffering.     

Risk, anti-reflexivity, and ethical neutralization in industrial food processing

While innovations have fostered the mass production of food at low costs, there are externalities or side effects associated with high-volume food processing. We focus on foodborne illness linked to two commodities: ground beef and bagged salad greens. In our analysis, we draw from the concepts of risk, reflexive modernization, and techniques of ethical neutralization. For each commodity, we find that systems organized for industrial goals overlook how production models foster cross-contamination and widespread outbreaks. Responses to outbreaks tend to rely on technological fixes, which do not constitute the reflexive change needed to holistically and effectively address foodborne illness in the long term. We contend that powerful anti-reflexivity movements resist calls for reform and successfully maintain industrial goals and organization. Actions that thwart changes in agrifood systems to better protect consumers are unethical, yet they continue to be successful. We argue that specific techniques of ethical neutralization play an important part in their success. Research on anti-reflexivity and techniques of neutralization will serve to further expose the ethical issues associated with the industrial agrifood system and foster new guiding principles and organizational designs for food production.     

Development of expert system modeling based decision support system for swine manure management

Animal waste has always been considered as a resource for agricultural input as biofertilizer. However, the management is becoming more stringent due to environmental regulations. Livestock producers are faced with different manure management options that may be implemented into their operations. Given the expansion of the livestock industry, the implementation of environmental regulations, and the increasing importance of social and health issues, the selection of optimal manure management systems is becoming a strategically important task. Increasingly, integrated decision support systems (DSSs) are becoming necessary to assist decision makers in their evaluation of different manure management alternatives, like, liquid system, semi-solid system, solid system and bio-gas or bio-energy system based on combinations of different manure management sub-systems (collection, storage and application). To address this situation, a user-friendly computer program called Integrated Swine Manure Management (ISMM) is being developed for the Canadian Prairie provinces. Decision criteria including environmental, agronomic, social and health, greenhouse gas emission, and economic factors have been considered for the selection, design, and operation of the DSS. The expert system modeling is based on Visual Basic programming. Decision on adopting a particular combination of systems components is based on performance rating of the overall system. The program is interactive so that weighting factors for the different decision criteria can be varied to suit site-specific considerations. In this paper, the systems approach for development of an integrated liquid manure management system is discussed. Using a case study, sensitivity analysis of different combinations of management components is also reported for systems performance. The decision software compared satisfactorily with other available DSS packages.     

Robotic milking technologies and renegotiating situated ethical relationships on UK dairy farms

Robotic or automatic milking systems (AMS) are novel technologies that take over the labor of dairy farming and reduce the need for human–animal interactions. Because robotic milking involves the replacement of ‘conventional’ twice-a-day milking managed by people with a system that supposedly allows cows the freedom to be milked automatically whenever they choose, some claim robotic milking has health and welfare benefits for cows, increases productivity, and has lifestyle advantages for dairy farmers. This paper examines how established ethical relations on dairy farms are unsettled by the intervention of a radically different technology such as AMS. The renegotiation of ethical relationships is thus an important dimension of how the actors involved are re-assembled around a new technology. The paper draws on in-depth research on UK dairy farms comparing those using conventional milking technologies with those using AMS. We explore the situated ethical relations that are negotiated in practice, focusing on the contingent and complex nature of human–animal–technology interactions. We show that ethical relations are situated and emergent, and that as the identities, roles, and subjectivities of humans and animals are unsettled through the intervention of a new technology, the ethical relations also shift.     

科技知识组织体系语义互操作网络协同工作平台设计与实现

科技知识组织体系语义互操作是实现多源知识融合和创新服务的重要基础,计算机辅助工具则是影响科技知识组织体系语义互操作效率、质量和可持续发展的重要因素之一。旨为知识组织体系互操作项目提供实践案例和参考,文章以国家科技图书文献中心STKOS超级科技词表语义互操作项目软件工作环境—STKOS超级科技词表网络协同工作平台为例,总结科技知识组织体系互操作平台需求,介绍平台整体功能架构和术语归并、概念—范畴映射、质量控制、协同管理、知识编码等计算辅助自动处理关键技术实现思路,以及软件实现、应用情况,并提出后续研究方向。     

Competing values and moral imperatives: An overview of ethical issues in biological control

This overview and synthesis of the papers presented in this Special Issue suggests that there is a remarkably rich set of ethical issues having direct relevance to the development and practice of biological control for the management of agricultural pests. The perception and resolution of ethical issues appear to emerge from a set of factors that includes one's ethical viewpoint (anthropocentric or biocentric), agricultural system (industrial or sustainable), economic context (rich or poor), and power structure (expert or public). From this set of parameters at least five major ethical questions can be formulated: (1) How should we regulate and apply biological control in the face of persistent ecological uncertainty regarding environmental impacts? (2) How ought we to balance the established and expected benefits of biological control to human and ecosystem well-being against the known and anticipated risks? (3) Who should be empowered to develop policies and make decisions regarding the study and practice of biological control? (4) How can we assure a more just distribution of benefits and costs associated with biological control technologies (e.g., sharing the costs of nonmarketable goods and services that benefit the public, and compensating people from whom biological control agents are acquired), and (5) Can biological control be justified as a resource substitution for pesticides or is its ethical application only possible as part of a reconceptualization of agricultural production? These central questions and possible answers are presented in a varied set of provocative analyses by some of the leading thinkers and authorities in their fields.     

基于HDPLD的交通灯控制系统设计实现

EDA技术以大规模可编程逻辑器件作为电子系统的设计载体,以硬件描述语言作为系统设计的主要表达手段,广泛应用于现代数字系统的设计与实现.结合交通灯控制系统的设计实例,讨论了基于高密度可编程逻辑器件HDPLD及其开发软件MAX PLUSⅡ的系统设计方法.     

面向农业科技创新的多维知识服务体系构建

【目的】构建面向我国农业科技创新的多维知识服务体系及支撑技术平台,满足农业科研人员多层次知识服务的需求。【方法】综合利用信息采集与数字化整合、大规模数据智能处理、知识组织与知识构建、个性化知识服务等关键技术,并对其进行优化和集成应用。【结果】构建了以面向科研人员提供一站式公共集成服务为基础,以面向不同研究机构、学科团队、专业领域等提供个性化深层次知识服务为创新、以支持在线学术交流和协同科研为拓展的多维知识服务体系,面向不同层次的农业科研人员开展服务应用。【结论】研究形成的“一站式公共集成服务+个性化深层次知识服务”技术体系已经在中国农业科学院、部分省级农业科学院的科研创新实践中应用,收到良好效果。同时,研究形成的信息服务共性技术、系统和工具在相关领域具有显著的引领、示范和推广效益。     

问题解决型农业科技知识服务系统设计与构建

随着我国农业现代化建设的推进,农户对农业科技服务的需求,已经从传统的农业信息服务,逐渐转向以解决问题为目的,专业化、个性化的知识服务。基于农户的需求,针对我国当前农业科技服务存在的问题,提出了一个面向农户的问题解决型农业科技知识服务系统设计和构建方案。该系统以“知识仓库+网络服务平台”+“诊断和推送实体”为核心,通过资源整合和机制创新,加强系统各组成之间的信息流动和知识转化,将系统各组成有机地结合起来,为农户提供一个方便快捷的一站式问题解决窗口,并为我国农业科技知识服务提供了一个新的实现方案。     

A time for restraint

The debate on the use of human embryos for research will be one of the more important issues of the 21st century. Unlike recombinant DNA technology, embryonic stem cell research most probably will result in the destruction of living embryos. Many people consider this research immoral, illegal, and unnecessary. Therefore, it is imperative to proceed cautiously. Federal funding of research using human embryos or pluripotent cells derived from them would be inappropriate until further resolution of the ethical issues has been achieved.     

抛弃原型法与演化原型法的比较

对某些软件系统,在开发初期,用户不能清楚地描述系统需求,或者系统需求将来可能发生较大变化。如果采用传统瀑布模型开发这类软件,会因软件需求不确定导致无法开展软件的设计工作。文章从传统方法无法解决的上述问题出发,论述了为什么演化原型法更适宜开发需求随时可能发生变化的系统,而抛弃原型法更适宜开发用户不能清楚描述需求的系统。文章还通过具体实例进一步论证了上述观点。最后综合阐述了原型法在开发软件项目时的优势。     

当前地下水流有限元系统关键问题的探讨

有限元分析在地下水领域中得到了越来越多的应用,地下水流有限元分析系统如Feflow、Visual Groundwater变得越来越流行。然而它们在几何建模功能与系统集成方式、有限元分析系统工作模式基本上沿袭传统模式,效率低下,难以适应功能扩展。尤其今天的工程问题变得越来越复杂,这将会阻碍这些有限元分析系统的深层的发展和应用。本文就这些问题进行了深入的探讨研究,并提出了相应的解决方案。     

基于ZigBee的农田信息采集传输系统设计研究

为了提高农业管理的网络化和智能化水平,降低农田管理工作量,完成了基于ZigBee无线传感器网络的农田信息采集传输系统的设计,着重讲解了系统总体结构、硬件设计和部分软件设计。该系统能够快速、可靠地对农田信息进行远程采集和传输,对精细农业的发展具有重要意义。