7个西洋梨品种适宜授粉树研究

梨属于配子体型自交不亲和性果树,大多数品种自花授粉不结实,并存在异花授粉不亲和现象,因此在生产上必须合理配置授粉树或在花期人工辅助授粉,才能获得预期的产量和品质。试验选取胶东地区有一定栽培面积的盘克汉姆、三季梨、红茄梨、巴梨、秋洋梨、阿巴特和茄梨共计7个西洋梨品种进行相互授粉试验,以期筛选出各品种适宜的授粉树品种。     

“鲁加”系列苹果果实发育期酚类和果皮色素含量变化研究

对嫁接在"八棱海棠"上的"鲁加"系列(1~6号)苹果果实生长发育期间总酚、类黄酮和果皮色素含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明:从盛花期后50d至果实成熟,"鲁加"苹果的果皮和果肉内的总酚、类黄酮含量均呈逐渐下降趋势;果皮总酚和类黄酮含量变化趋势相似,多在盛花后50~70d下降幅度较大;果肉总酚和类黄酮含量变化趋势相似,多在盛花后50~90d下降幅度较大。其中,"鲁加1号"苹果果皮和果肉的总酚和类黄酮含量变化趋势平缓;在盛花期后50~70d,果皮花青苷呈下降趋势;在盛花期后70d至果实成熟呈上升趋势,"鲁加1号"和"鲁加4号"上升幅度较大。     

梨2个品种果实发育期间内源激素含量的变化

针对不同梨品种果实生长发育历程不同,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术测定了早蜜梨和黄金梨果实发育期间果肉和种子中内源生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT),以及内源腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)含量的变化。结果表明,1)2品种果肉中IAA、GA3、ABA和ZT含量变化趋势相似,但早蜜梨IAA、GA3含量低于黄金梨,果实发育后期ABA含量高于黄金梨,且提前20d达到含量高峰;2)2品种种子中GA3含量变化分别呈近似单峰曲线和双峰曲线,但早蜜梨IAA、ZT含量高于黄金梨,提前30d达到ABA含量高峰;3)2品种果肉和种子中Put、Spd、Spm含量变化趋势相似,但早蜜梨种子中Put含量低于黄金梨,Spd略高,Spm含量接近。在果实发育前期果肉中Put、Spd含量高于黄金梨。因此,2品种果实发育的各个时期持续时间及其内源激素含量不同。     

九种不同类型彩叶植物色素含量的季节性变化研究

以9种不同类型彩叶植物为试材,分析比较了不同植物叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜紊和花青素含量及其比值的季节性变化规律,研究了彩叶植物叶片呈色的原因.结果表明:不同类型彩叶植物色素含量中叶绿素类含量以李树(对照)最高;类胡萝卜素的含量为金山绣线菊最高;花青素的含量为紫叶李最高.季节方面,叶绿素含量随着季节的变化为夏季最高,秋季最低;类胡萝卜素和花青素含量随季节变化趋势不稳定.色素比中,叶绿素/类胡萝卜紊、叶绿素/花青素的比值为夏季最高,秋季最低;类胡萝卜紊/花青素的比值为绿色植物秋季最高,春季最低;双色叶植物春季最高,夏季最低,其它彩色植物春季最高,秋季最低.     

大花卫矛秋季叶色素变化及与温度的关系

以大花卫矛为试材,于2013年10—11月采用分光比色法,测定了大花卫矛叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青素的含量,并探讨各色素与温度因子的关系。结果表明:在10—11月大花卫矛叶片变色过程中,随着时间的变化叶片中叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和叶绿素a+b含量呈明显下降的趋势,其中叶绿素a含量下降幅度为79.1%,叶绿素b含量下降幅度为88.8%,叶绿素a+b含量下降幅度为80.9%,类胡萝卜素含量下降幅度为44.1%。随着时间的变化,花青素含量呈明显的上升趋势,上升幅度为2 063.6%。叶绿素含量与平均最高和最低气温呈极显著正相关,类胡萝卜素含量与日平均最高和最低气温呈显著正相关,花青素含量与日平均最高和最低气温呈极显著负相关。     

毛花猕猴桃‘赣猕6号’果实发育期间色素变化及呈色分析

【目的】探讨毛花猕猴桃果实发育期间果肉色素的变化规律及呈色原因。【方法】以毛花猕猴桃‘赣猕6号’果实为试材,进行果肉色度、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量的测定及各指标间的相关性分析。【结果】整个果实发育阶段果肉色度稳固上升;叶绿素含量在盛花后95 d之前基本维持在60 mg·kg-1,盛花后110 d达到最小值(47.7 mg·kg-1),而在盛花后140 d快速上升至整个时期最大值(92.0 mg·kg-1),采收时下降到73.0 mg·kg-1;整个过程中叶绿素a含量所占比例显著高于叶绿素b;类胡萝卜素含量在盛花后110 d之前表现稳定,后期先上升再下降,于盛花后140 d达到最大值(26.3mg·kg-1),采收时下降至21.2 mg·kg-1;叶绿素和类胡萝卜素均与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、色度呈极显著相关,且2者之间亦呈极显著相关。【结论】整个果实发育阶段高含量的叶绿素是毛花猕猴桃果肉持续呈现绿色的原因。     

不同颜色李果实成熟期果皮色素的变化及与糖酸含量的相关性

从6～8月各品种果实着色前夕开始,每隔7d采摘红色的"大红李"、青色的"萘李"和黑色的"黑宝石"3个品种的果实,测定并比较了各品种果实在成熟过程中果皮色素变化的差异及与果肉可溶性糖和可滴定酸的相关性。结果表明:在果实成熟过程中,"黑宝石"和"大红李"花青苷含量都呈现不断上升的趋势,而叶绿素含量呈略微下降趋势;"萘李"的花青苷含量极低,且变化不大,叶绿素含量则先升后降;3个品种类胡萝卜素含量均缓慢上升。"萘李"叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量一直极显著或显著地高于"大红李"和"黑宝石",而花青苷则极显著或显著地低于2个品种。"黑宝石"和"大红李"花青苷含量与可溶性糖含量分别呈极显著和显著正相关,而与酸含量呈显著或极显著负相关;2个品种类胡萝卜素含量与可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关,而与酸含量间相关性表现不一致;2个品种叶绿素含量与糖、酸含量的相关性均不显著。"萘李"3种色素的含量与糖、酸含量间的相关性均不显著。说明"大红李"和"黑宝石"着色可能由花青苷含量决定,而青色的"萘李"则由类胡萝卜素和叶绿素含量决定。     

‘早酥’梨及其红皮芽变‘红早酥’梨类黄酮组分变化与合成模式研究

【目的】探讨不同发育时期‘早酥’梨及其红皮芽变‘红早酥’梨果皮类黄酮组成与合成模式。【方法】以‘早酥’梨与芽变‘红早酥’梨不同发育时期的果实为材料,通过HPLC-MS2法测定其果实发育过程中类黄酮组分的含量变化,通过实时荧光定量PCR测定相关合成基因表达水平的变化。【结果】‘早酥’梨和‘红早酥’梨果皮类黄酮组分与含量差异较大,差异主要集中在黄酮醇、原花青素和花青苷代谢支路。2个品种果实自然发育过程中的类黄酮积累模式基本一致,以酚酸、原花青素、黄酮醇和花青苷为主的多数类黄酮组分的合成高峰位于果实发育早期,随着果实发育成熟,酚酸类物质含量呈现不断下降趋势,大部分原花青素、花青苷和黄酮醇类物质在果实膨大期后含量维持稳定。‘早酥’梨葡糖糖苷类黄酮、原花青素组分儿茶素和原花青素B2在果实成熟期出现第二个积累高峰。类黄酮合成高峰期,大多数类黄酮合成基因表达水平达到峰值。果实发育后期,下游类黄酮合成基因DFR、ANR、ANS和UFGT表达量相应提高。【结论】‘红早酥’梨果皮比‘早酥’梨果皮含有更多类黄酮物质,特别是类黄酮糖苷衍生物的种类更为丰富,含量也显著升高。‘红早酥’梨和‘早酥’梨果皮中的类黄酮合成高峰均位于果实发育早期。随着果实的发育,‘红早酥’成熟果皮中类黄酮组分含量虽有下降,但仍含有较高水平的原花青素和类黄酮糖苷类衍生物。     

低温弱光下辣椒叶片光合色素的变化及与品种耐性的关系

以12个耐低温弱光性不同的辣椒品种为试材,模拟日光温室低温弱光逆境,研究了12个辣椒品种叶片光合色素含量的变化规律及与品种耐低温弱光性之间的关系。结果表明,温度15 ℃/5 ℃(昼/夜)、光照强度100 μmol?m-2?s-1处理使辣椒叶片的Chla、Chlb、ChlT含量降低,但降低值与辣椒品种耐低温弱光性强弱之间无显著相关性;低温弱光处理5 d的Chla/b相对于处理前的相对增加值与辣椒品种耐低温弱光性之间呈显著正相关;低温弱光下辣椒叶片的Car含量降低,Car/ChlT显著减小,Car含量越低、Car/ChlT越小或其相对于处理前的降低值越大,则品种的耐低温弱光性越强。     

Influence of growth regulators on setting,retention and weight of fruits in two cultivars of litchi

Investigations were undertaken to explore the possibility of improving setting, retention and weight of fruits in ‘Early Seedless’ and ‘Calcuttia’ cultivars of lichi (Litchi chinensis) by means of growth regulators. Indole acetic acid (IAA) at 20, 40 and 80 mg l^?1, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) at 2,4 and 8 mg l^?1 and gibberellic acid (GA₃) at 50, 100 and 150 mg l^?1 were sprayed on panicles in the first fortnight of April, when 50–100% flowers had opened. All 3 growth regulators caused a favourable effect on fruit setting, fruit retention and weight of individual fruits, but IAA at 20 mg l^?1 proved the best for enhancing setting, GA₃ at 50 mg l^?1 for increasing retention and GA₃ at 100 mg l^?1 for improving fruit weight. IAA and GA₃ should, therefore, be used in combination. Between the 2 cultivars tested, ‘Calcuttia’ proved superior to ‘Early Seedless’ in fruit setting, fruit retention and weight of individual fruits.     

柑橘芽变选种以及芽变性状形成机理研究进展

综述了柑橘芽变选种的成果。近年来,我国选育了崀丰、长红、新世纪、奉晚等脐橙品种和华柑2号椪柑、岩溪晚芦、光明早温州蜜柑等宽皮柑橘品种,还有锦橙101、红肉琯溪蜜柚等其他柑橘品种。介绍了RAPD、AFLP、ISSR、MSAP和基于反转录转座子的分子标记在柑橘芽变品种鉴别中的应用。阐述了部分柑橘芽变性状形成的细胞学机理和分子机理,指出目前对芽变的研究主要集中在反转录转座子的插入、DNA甲基化、基因结构和表达差异等方面。结合果树芽变研究的现状,对今后进行芽变研究提出了展望。     

红色砂梨2个品种着色过程中的外观变化及其解剖学结构观察

以红色砂梨(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)品种美人酥和云红梨1号为试材,以套袋处理(果袋类型、去袋方式和去袋时间组合成10个不同的套袋处理)为手段研究了果实着色过程中外观和解剖结构的变化。结果表明,红色砂梨的着色需要有高强度的光照。生长过程中套有不透光袋的果实临近成熟时,只有完全曝光才能大量合成花青苷,而且在很短的时间内(大约2周)果实着色面积、着色程度即可优于对照(不套袋处理)。红色砂梨着色是从果实向阳的一侧先开始,且以果点为中心呈放射状向四周扩展,至采收时果实阳面红色能够均匀分布,但整个果面色泽很难一致。解剖结构分析表明果面呈红色是因为果皮中紧邻表皮层的3～4层细胞存在红色细胞(含有花青苷),在果实着色过程中这些红色细胞数目不断增多,同时细胞内色素浓度不断增大。云红梨1号合成花青苷的能力明显优于美人酥,果实着色更鲜艳。解剖学观察发现云红梨1号的表皮细胞层也含有红色细胞。     

Biochemical changes involved in self-incompatibility in two cultivars of olive (Olea europaea L.) during flower development

Biochemical analyses were carried out to characterise the basis of self-incompatibility in the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars ‘Amygdalolia’ and ‘Konservalia’. Multiple interactions between cells of different types, origin, and function occur in the pistil. Endogenous factors play important roles in ovary and fruit development before (Stage 1) and during pollination (Stage 2), and after fertilisation (Stage 3). Changes in carbohydrate, protein, H₂O_2, and calcium ion concentrations, and in peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities in pistil tissue before and during pollination, and after fertilisation were investigated. In both cultivars, H₂O₂ concentrations were significantly higher in pistil tissue before pollination, after which they started to decrease in Stage 2 and continued non-significantly in Stage 3. Peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities were lower at Stage 1 and Stage 2, whereas these enzyme activities increased at Stage 3 in both cultivars. The lowest concentration of calcium ions was observed at Stage 1, whereas at Stage 2, calcium ion concentrations increased and reached their highest level, then decreased at Stage 3. Calcium ion concentrations in ‘Konservalia’ were higher than in ‘Amygdalolia’. In ‘Konservalia’, the highest protein concentration was observed at Stage 2. No significant differences were found in carbohydrate concentrations between the two cultivars. The biological significance of the presence of these products may differ between Stage 1, when they have a defence function, Stage 2 when there are interactions between pollen and pistil, and Stage 3 after fertilisation. This study provides support for the hypothesis that there is a correlation between self-incompatibility, stress-related enzyme activities, and calcium ion concentrations in the pistils of olive.     

两种育苗模式对草莓花芽分化及果实生长发育的影响

【目的】揭示2种育苗模式对草莓花芽分化及果实生长发育的影响。【方法】以草莓优良品种‘红颜’为试材,比较传统地面避雨育苗(CK)和水平架式穴盘基质避雨育苗(NEW)模式下的花芽分化、植物形态、物候期、果实性状等指标的变化特征。【结果】NEW模式下花芽分化早;CK的有机碳(C)、全氮(N)含量总体都高于NEW,CK的C/N比值平稳,NEW的C/N比值在花芽孕育的集中期快速增长;CK的GA、IAA含量显著高于NEW,NEW的ABA含量先上升后小幅下降,NEW的CTK含量一直上升,但含量低于CK;NEW的ABA/GA高于CTK/GA,ABA/IAA高于CTK/IAA,但变化趋势较为相近;CK的各项植株形态指标都高于NEW,CK第1批花序的物候期均较NEW相应退后;NEW模式下可溶性固形物含量、硬度与CK相当,NEW的前期产量显著高于CK,占总产量的48.2%,中、后期产量以CK为高,总产量都达380.0 g·株-1。【结论】NEW模式下的花芽分化早,早期产量高,合适的C/N比值可以促进草莓的花芽分化,ABA/IAA可以解释草莓花芽分化的机制。     

Comparative studies on nectar from two self-fertile and two self-sterile cultivars of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) and their attractiveness to honeybees

Summary

Cross-pollination is of primary importance for quince (Cydonia oblonga), whose flowers reward pollinators with pollen and nectar. Characteristics of the nectar from two self-fertile (SF) and two self-sterile (SS) cultivars of quince were compared in a 3-year study, in order to establish if the two fertility groups differed from each other in terms of nectar production and/or insect attraction. The volume of nectar secreted per flower per day was measured using calibrated capillaries. The concentrations of nectar sugars were determined using a hand-held refractometer. The composition of nectar sugars was analysed using thin layer chromatography and densitometry. The quantity and quality of the nectar varied between years, cultivars, and fertility types. The volumes of nectar ranged from 0.40 – 5.30 µl flower^–1 d^–1 over the 3 years. The concentrations of sugars in the nectar produced flower^–1 d^–1 averaged ≥ 20% (w/w) in all cultivars, and ranged from 21.80 – 35.60% (w/w) over the 3 years. Significantly lower volumes of nectar were measured in the SF cultivars than in the SS cultivars in both years of the study. However, the concentrations of sugars in the nectar were not significantly lower in the SF group. The total sugar content of nectar varied between 160.59 – 347.65 mg ml^–1. The main sugar component in the nectar was sucrose, followed by glucose and fructose. Differences in the composition of nectar sugars could not be correlated with the two fertility groups. Our data showed that, although certain properties of their nectar make SS cultivars more attractive to honeybees than SF cultivars, members of the latter group can also attract sufficient numbers of bees to carry out cross-pollination, which is beneficial to both fertility types of C. oblonga.     

Effects of fruit load on flower bud initiation and development in peach

Summary

This study aims to quantify the effects of fruit crop-load on flowering and to determine the relationships between flowering and phloem sap carbohydrate and nitrogen content fractions from budding to dormancy in ‘Zincal 5’ nectarine. Fruit load significantly reduced the number of flowers per tree both indirectly, by reducing the number of shoots per tree and the number of nodes per shoot, and directly, by reducing the number of floral buds per node. The intensity of the response depended on the number of fruits developed per tree. Trees that kept all fruits up to senescence flowered 35% less than trees thinned by hand to 40% of fruits at pit hardening, and 55% less than trees completely thinned in bloom by hand. Trees that kept all fruits had significantly lower glucose and sorbitol contents in the phloem sap of mixed branches up to harvest date and full vegetative growth, respectively, but no significant relationships were found between the concentrations of these carbohydrates and flowering intensity in the following Spring. Sucrose and fructose did not show any significant difference in regard to crop-load. In fibrous roots, starch content was not related to fruit load up to dormancy, indicating that starch content is not associated with flower bud induction and differentiation. The nitrate-nitrogen fraction was significantly higher, and the ammonium-nitrogen fraction was significantly lower, in trees that tended to flower less, suggesting some disturbance in nitrate reduction in these trees.     

梨属植物系统发育及东方梨品种起源研究进展

按照传统的形态学分类,梨属(Pyrus L.)植物属于蔷薇科的苹果亚科。近年来的蔷薇科分子系统发育研究将蔷薇科的亚科分为蔷薇亚科(Rosoideae)、桃亚科(Amygdaloideae)和仙女木亚科(Dryadoideae)。在新的蔷薇科分类系统下,梨属被归于桃亚科下苹果族Maleae的苹果亚族Malinae。梨属植物的分布横跨欧亚大陆,天山和兴都库什山以东分布的梨属植物种为东方梨,以西的称为西方梨。利用多个叶绿体和核DNA序列的梨属分子系统发育研究表明,梨属植物的主要进化方式为快速辐射进化和网状进化,支持东西方梨独立进化的观点。在系统树上只有P.mamorensis、P.gharbiana、P.cossonii、P.regelii和P.betulaefolia等5个梨属种为单源。被当作梨属植物原种后代的豆梨(P.calleryana)被证明为杜梨和川梨的可疑杂种。国内外多个研究小组利用不同DNA标记的研究表明,东亚主栽的中国砂梨、白梨和日本梨地方品种可能起源于共同的祖先—野生砂梨,但不同品种群的形成过程中可能受到所在地域梨属种的基因渐渗。基于新的研究结果和国际栽培植物命名法则,我们提出了白梨品种群的新名称:Pyrus pyrifolia White Pear Group。最新研究证实秋子梨品种起源于野生秋子梨与白梨/砂梨品种的杂交。未来需要收集更多相关的野生梨样品,采用新的研究策略重建梨属系统发育关系,阐明主要栽培梨系统的起源演化。     

不同猕猴桃品种果实发育过程中总酚和类黄酮含量及抗氧化活性的动态变化

【目的】探讨不同猕猴桃品种果实发育过程中总酚、类黄酮含量及抗氧化活性的动态变化差异。【方法】以江西主栽的美味猕猴桃'金魁’和中华猕猴桃'红阳’以及本课题组自主选育的毛花猕猴桃'赣猕6号’为试材,对果实生长发育过程中总酚、类黄酮含量和FRAP抗氧化能力、清除羟基自由基(·OH)、DPPH自由基(DPPH·)和超氧阴离子自由基(·O2-)的能力进行检测分析。【结果】3个猕猴桃品种果实总酚和类黄酮含量在果实生长发育过程中大体呈现由高到低的变化趋势;但不同品种其含量差异显著,尤其'赣猕6号’总酚含量高于其他两个品种十几倍。对抗氧化活性检测发现',赣猕6号’比其他两个品种具有较强的FRAP抗氧化能力和清除超氧阴离子自由基(·O2-)能力。相关性分析显示',赣猕6号’清除·OH和·O2-能力与总酚、类黄酮含量存在极显著或显著相关性',金魁’FRAP抗氧化能力与总酚、类黄酮含量存在极显著和显著相关性,而'红阳’FRAP抗氧化能力、清除DPPH·能力分别与总酚、类黄酮含量存在显著和极显著相关性。【结论】猕猴桃果实含有丰富的酚类物质,随着果实的生长发育呈现逐渐降低的趋势。猕猴桃抗氧化能力与总酚、类黄酮含量呈显著正相关。毛花猕猴桃'赣猕6号’比美味猕猴桃'金魁’和中华猕猴桃'红阳’具有更高含量的酚类物质和更强的抗氧化能力。本试验为猕猴桃优良品种的推广、野生资源发掘、新品种选育、天然抗氧化保健药物以及功能性食品的开发奠定了基础。