‘早酥’梨及其红皮芽变‘红早酥’梨类黄酮组分变化与合成模式研究

【目的】探讨不同发育时期‘早酥’梨及其红皮芽变‘红早酥’梨果皮类黄酮组成与合成模式。【方法】以‘早酥’梨与芽变‘红早酥’梨不同发育时期的果实为材料,通过HPLC-MS2法测定其果实发育过程中类黄酮组分的含量变化,通过实时荧光定量PCR测定相关合成基因表达水平的变化。【结果】‘早酥’梨和‘红早酥’梨果皮类黄酮组分与含量差异较大,差异主要集中在黄酮醇、原花青素和花青苷代谢支路。2个品种果实自然发育过程中的类黄酮积累模式基本一致,以酚酸、原花青素、黄酮醇和花青苷为主的多数类黄酮组分的合成高峰位于果实发育早期,随着果实发育成熟,酚酸类物质含量呈现不断下降趋势,大部分原花青素、花青苷和黄酮醇类物质在果实膨大期后含量维持稳定。‘早酥’梨葡糖糖苷类黄酮、原花青素组分儿茶素和原花青素B2在果实成熟期出现第二个积累高峰。类黄酮合成高峰期,大多数类黄酮合成基因表达水平达到峰值。果实发育后期,下游类黄酮合成基因DFR、ANR、ANS和UFGT表达量相应提高。【结论】‘红早酥’梨果皮比‘早酥’梨果皮含有更多类黄酮物质,特别是类黄酮糖苷衍生物的种类更为丰富,含量也显著升高。‘红早酥’梨和‘早酥’梨果皮中的类黄酮合成高峰均位于果实发育早期。随着果实的发育,‘红早酥’成熟果皮中类黄酮组分含量虽有下降,但仍含有较高水平的原花青素和类黄酮糖苷类衍生物。     

梨果皮色素种类和理化性质的研究

以巴梨、红巴梨、茄梨和红茄梨为试材,研究了梨果皮色素的构成和理化性质.结果表明,梨果皮色素为水溶性色素,对光照、提取液pH及保存温度条件较敏感,在提取液pH值中性条件下采取低温避光保存,色素含量稳定.通过特定试剂染色反应和紫外可见光谱分析表明,梨果皮色素属于黄酮类,不含橙酮和C5-OH,合有花青苷、类黄酮、查尔酮、儿茶素、黄酮醇、二氢黄酮、二氢黄酮醇、黄酮醇-3-0-糖苷、酚羟基;可能含有异黄酮、3',4',5'--三羟基等官能团.     

2个梨品种生长发育中果实品质变化动态观测

以79-1梨和龙香梨为试材，对2个梨品种果实发育过程中外观品质、糖酸含量和色素含量进行测定。结果表明：随着果实的生长发育，单果重、果实横径、果实纵径、果梗长度、果梗粗度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量和花青素含量均呈上升趋势，果形指数、pH值、可滴定酸含量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和类胡萝卜素含量均呈下降趋势；果实成熟期，79-1梨的果实大小和重量均大于龙香梨，79-1梨的可溶性固形物含量、pH值、可滴定酸含量均高于龙香梨，79-1梨的可溶性糖、花青素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量均低于龙香梨；果实品质指标的相关性分析结果表明，果实成熟期可溶性固形物含量与可溶性糖含量呈负相关，与可滴定酸含量呈正相关，类胡萝卜素含量与花青素含量呈正相关，与叶绿素含量呈负相关。     

‘巍山红雪梨’和‘美人酥’叶绿素、花色苷和类黄酮的动态变化分析

【目的】探究云南红梨果实各部分(果皮、果肉和种子)花色苷、叶绿素和类黄酮的动态变化规律,力求为优质红梨的生产提供理论依据。【方法】以云南境内主栽的‘美人酥’和‘巍山红雪梨’2个品种为试材,取其不同发育期的果实,将其果皮、果肉和种子分离,对花色苷、叶绿素和类黄酮含量进行测定。【结果】‘美人酥’各部位花色苷含量为0.395~0.896 g·L-1;‘巍山红雪梨’各部位花色苷含量为0.047~0.854 g·L-1。‘美人酥’各部位叶绿素含量为0.011~0.132g·L-1;‘巍山红雪梨’各部位叶绿素含量为0.023~0.203 g·L-1。‘美人酥’各部位类黄酮含量为0.689~2.564 g·L-1;‘巍山红雪梨’各部位类黄酮含量为0.182~0.974 g·L-1。红色砂梨各部位类黄酮含量花色苷含量叶绿素含量。花色苷在果实成熟过程中各部位含量都呈上升趋势而叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,类黄酮的含量在果皮中先升后降,在果肉中呈降—升—降的趋势。【结论】果实花色苷的变化规律有异于类黄酮和叶绿素,而类黄酮和叶绿素的变化规律相似。     

两个品种绿皮梨及其红色芽变品种光合生理特性的比较

以"早酥"梨、"巴梨"与其红色芽变"红早酥"梨、"红巴梨"为试材,在田间条件下,比较研究了4个梨品种功能叶片的光合生理特性的差异和叶片色素含量的变化。结果表明:4个梨品种净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈单峰型,且日变化平均值大小依次为:"早酥"梨"红早酥"梨"红巴梨""巴梨";4个梨品种蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化曲线呈单峰型;"早酥"与"红早酥"梨气孔导度(Gs)日变化曲线呈双峰型,"巴梨"与"红巴梨"为单峰型;"早酥"与"红早酥"梨胞间CO2浓度(Ci)日变化曲线呈双谷型,"巴梨"与"红巴梨"为单谷型;瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)和光能利用效率(LUE)日变化曲线均呈单谷型。红色芽变的"红早酥"梨与"红巴梨"叶片中叶绿素、花色素苷含量均显著高于其对应的"早酥"梨与"巴梨"。     

苹果果实发育期果皮色泽与色素变化及其相关性分析

以不同色泽野生种质"东北黄海棠Malus.prunifolia(Willd.)Borkh.""冬红果M.prunifolia(Willd.)Borkh.""早白海棠M.asiatica Nakai"果实为试材,对果实发育不同时期果皮色泽、果皮中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮和总酚等色素的相对含量进行测定,分析果皮色素、色差的变化及其相关性。结果表明,3个种质苹果发育过程中果皮类胡萝卜素、叶绿素、总酚和类黄酮整体呈下降趋势,类胡萝卜素、叶绿素在东北黄海棠近成熟期含量略有上升,总酚和类黄酮在东北黄海棠花后50d到成熟期含量逐渐上升;冬红果近成熟期果实果皮花青苷含量增加,其他2个种质花青苷含量变化呈略微下降趋势;类胡萝卜素与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、花青苷、类黄酮、总酚以及L*值都有显著或极显著相关性;叶绿素与类黄酮、总酚有显著或极显著相关性;L*值与花青苷、总酚、类黄酮、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素显著或极显著相关;不同种质苹果皮色差值、各色素之间的相关性不完全一致。     

‘红香酥’梨果皮色素变化规律及套袋对其形成的影响

为探讨提高‘红香酥’着色的套袋技术措施,以‘红香酥’梨为试材,研究了果实发育过程中果皮花青苷含量的变化及果园温度、套袋时期对果皮花青苷积累的影响。结果表明,‘红香酥’梨果皮花青苷合成与积累高峰出现在果实发育后期,期间含量有所下降,接近果实成熟时花青苷含量急剧增加,成熟时达到最高峰;叶绿素含量从盛花后100 d开始逐渐降低,至果实成熟时达到最低值;类胡萝卜素含量在盛花后90 d以后一直保持较低的水平;昼夜温差不影响花青苷的积累,但较低的昼夜气温有利于花青苷的积累;花后30 d套袋,果实成熟前60 d去袋可显著提高果皮花青苷含量,但对叶绿素含量影响不显著。单独利用套袋技术不能显著改善‘红香酥’梨果实着色。     

竹节参果实呈色生理机制研究

以5个不同呈色时期竹节参果实为试材,采用酶标仪检测法,研究了竹节参果实生长发育过程中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色苷、类黄酮和总酚含量对果实呈色的影响,以期为揭示竹节参果实呈色生理机制提供参考依据。结果表明：果实、果皮叶绿素含量变化规律随果实转色呈逐渐降低趋势,果实绿果期含量最高1.060 mg·g^-1;类胡萝卜素含量变化规律与叶绿素含量变化规律呈相反趋势,果皮成熟期含量最高0.234 mg·g^-1;花色苷含量的变化规律与类胡萝卜素含量变化相似呈逐渐上升趋势,果皮成熟期含量最高3.393 mg·g^-1。而果实总酚、类黄酮含量合成变化规律呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势,均是成熟时期果皮含量最高,总酚为2.790 mg·g^-1,类黄酮为7.256 mg·g^-1。因此,竹节参果实从绿果期进入转色期时,果实中的叶绿素逐渐被破坏,类胡萝卜素开始在果皮显现出来,花色苷也开始合成,总酚与类黄酮物质对竹节参果实呈色为正向调控作用。     

烯效唑对南果梨着色及品质的影响

研究了烯效唑对南果梨着色和果实品质的影响。结果表明:于果实成熟期喷布0.1g/LS3307+0.3%CaCl2+0.1%K2SO4极显著提高了南果梨果皮花青素含量、红果率、果实可溶性糖含量,降低了叶绿素、类胡萝卜素及有机酸含量,且单果重增加。     

枸杞果实发育过程中果实色素、糖含量的变化

枸杞果实生长发育过程中叶绿素含量呈下降的趋势,而花青苷含量、类胡萝卜素含量呈上升的趋势,类黄酮含量有升有降,至果实成熟时降至最低点.枸杞果实成熟时其主要色素为花青苷、类胡萝卜素,花青苷:类胡萝卜素为1:5.46.枸杞可溶性总糖含量的变化趋势为前期变化不明显,近成熟迅速积累至最高.成熟时果糖、葡萄糖含量均急剧增加,果实花青苷、类胡萝卜素含量与不同种类糖含量之间呈极显著正相关.     

6个扁桃品种引种试验初报

本文通过对美国品种引种研究表明:6个扁桃品种浓帕烈(Nonpareil)、索诺拉(Sonora)、汤姆逊(Thompson)、米星(Mis-sion)、尼普露斯(Nepulusu ltera)、布特(Butte),综合性状表现优良,抗逆性较强,适宜在新疆莎车地区发展。     

Chilling requirements of Paeonia cultivars

Dormant second year potted plants of Paeonia ‘Coral Sunset’, ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, and ‘Sarah Bernhardt’ were placed into three chilling regimes (constant 1, 4, or 7°C) for different durations (3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks) to ascertain their chilling requirements for shoot and flower production. Chilling was followed by forcing for up to 5 weeks at 18°C, then plants were maintained in a controlled greenhouse until flowering had finished. Mean number of shoots and flowers per plant were recorded and the time taken for shoots to sprout was calculated.Control plants (forced immediately without chilling) produced no shoots or flowers. For all cultivars, the proportion of plants that sprouted, and the mean number of shoots and flowers increased as plants were subjected to colder chilling temperatures, or longer chilling durations. However, there were no significant within-cultivar differences between different treatments of 9 weeks or more. The time taken for sprouting to occur after the completion of each chilling treatment consistently decreased as the duration of the chilling treatment increased. In most cases, lower chilling temperatures lead to more rapid sprouting once plants were placed in the 18°C forcing conditions.When a simple model was fitted where the chilling temperature and duration of each treatment was described by a cumulative normal curve rising from zero to some maximum value (or potential) once adequate chilling had been received, we found that temperatures of 4 and 7°C provided only 83 and 59%, respectively, of the chilling accumulated per unit time at 1°C. ‘Coral Sunset’, an interspecific hybrid early flowering type, required the greatest amount of chilling to sprout consistently, while ‘Sarah Bernhardt’, a very late flowering type, required the least. Of the three cultivars, ‘Sarah Bernhardt’ also required the least amount of chilling to achieve its potential shoot and flower numbers, while ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, a mid-season flowering type, required the most chilling to achieve the same end for these two variables. This suggests that the response to spring temperatures as well as chilling influences the time of flowering.     

甜油桃新品种美秋和红芙蓉

美秋、红芙蓉甜油桃成熟期分别在 8月中旬和 8月下旬 ,属中熟和晚熟甜油桃品种。 2个品种果型大或特大 ,外观艳丽 ,品质上等 ,丰产 ,适应性强。 2 0 0 0年 6月通过北京市农作物品种审定委员会审定。目前 2个品种已在北京、山东、辽宁、河北等省 (市 )推广 67hm2 。     

3个甜樱桃新品种

甜樱桃原产欧洲,早期引进我国的品种主要有大紫、那翁、黄玉、滨库、大锦等.20世纪60～70年代大连市农业科学研究所等科研单位育成了红灯、红艳、红蜜、巨红、佳红、红樱桃等品种.为提高甜樱桃品种的市场竞争力,我们于20世纪80年代开始樱桃实生育种,以期育出新的优良品种.     

宁夏黄瓜新品种及主栽品种对白粉病的抗性评价

通过盆栽接种试验和田间自然发病调查相结合的方式进行了10个黄瓜新品种和2个黄瓜主栽品种(‘博美626‘’德尔88’)对白粉病的抗性鉴定,旨在明确不同黄瓜品种对白粉病的抗性水平,为黄瓜抗病品种的筛选和农业防治提供科学依据。试验结果表明,除‘德尔100’易感白粉病外,其他11个品种均对白粉病具有不同程度的抗性,其中‘津早3号‘’粤青1号‘’德尔80‘’德尔11‘’德尔12’达到高抗,而宁夏主栽品种‘博美626‘’德尔88’只达到中抗;从不同黄瓜品种生长指标和产量测定结果来看‘,德尔11‘’德尔80‘’津早3号’均表现出了优势,其产量均高于主栽品种,而‘德尔12‘’粤青1号’长势相对较差,产量低于主栽品种。总体来讲,新品种‘德尔11‘’德尔80‘’津早3号’在宁夏具有推广价值,可进一步进行大面积试验示范。     

Genetic diversity of Indonesian cauliflower cultivars and their relationships with hybrid cultivars grown in Australia

The objectives of this study were to investigate genetic variation and relationships between Indonesia-, Australian- and European-based cultivars and to evaluate variation within Indonesia cultivars as all cultivars are open-pollinated. Eight cauliflower cultivars collected from three production regions in Indonesia and four F₁ hybrids cultivars grown in Australia were evaluated using RAPD and ISSR markers. DNA polymorphisms generated from 10 polymorphic RAPD primers were used to construct a dendogram using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and to generate a fingerprinting key. ISSR marker analysis using 14 primers were attempted but DNA polymorphisms could not be clearly identified. The RAPD technique indicated that variation occurred both within and between Indonesian cultivars. Comparison between Indonesian-, Australian- and European-based cultivars showed that Indonesian cultivars have unique genotypes and would be good sources of genes for future crop improvement.     

3个栗新品种的选育

通过 2 0余年栗杂交育种研究 ,选育出辽栗 10号、辽栗 15号、辽栗 2 3号 3个新品种 ,2 0 0 2年 9月由辽宁省林木良种审定委员会与辽宁省科技厅组织了良种审定与成果鉴定。     

Elemental composition of various peach cultivars

A comparative study on elemental composition of various peach cultivars was implemented to see whether a single set of sufficiency ranges might be used for all the cultivars. For this purpose, concentrations of the elements (N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co and Pb) were determined in the leaf and fruit parts of peach cultivars, Redhaven, Glohaven and J.H. Hale.     

The cold requirement of tulip cultivars

Results of 8 years of trials have been used to assess the cold requirements of 116 tulip cultivars, expressed as the number of days of cold (9°C) required to produce flowers in 21 days at 18°C. The data are compared with commercial recommendations for the dates of transferring tulips to the glasshouse for forcing.     

Relative salt tolerance of pistachio cultivars

Summary

The effects of four soil NaCl levels (0, 1 600, 3 200, and 4 800 μg g^?1) on the growth, chemical composition and plant water relationships of pistachio cvs Badami, Fandoghi and Kale-ghoochi were studied in an arid calcareous soil in a glasshouse experiment. Fandoghi was less tolerant to NaCl salinity probably because of higher uptake and/or transport of CI and Na ions, lesser osmoregulatory ability, and greater reductions in the top and root dry weights with respect to the CI concentration in the soil saturation extract. The 50% reduction in the top and root dry weights were obtained, respectively, at an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of 9.3 and 10.0 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Badami’, 7.9 and 7.9 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Fandoghi’ and 9.6 and 10.0 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Kaleghoochi’. Growth of tops and roots was stopped, respectively, at ECe values of 18.7 and 20.6 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Badami’; 15.9 and 15.5 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Fandoghi’, and 19.2 and 20.4 mmhos cm^?1 for ‘Kale-ghoochi’.