白细胞介素-15研究进展

白细胞介素-15(interleukin 15 IL-15)是近年发现的一种在分子结构及生物学性质方面与白细胞介素-2(interleukin 2 IL-2)相似的细胞因子。自从1994年发现以来,由于其在医学及兽医学上的重要的生物学作用而受到研究者们的重视,在各个方面的深入研究已取得了一定的进展。本文对IL-15及其在兽医学上具有潜在应用价值的鸡IL-15(Chickeninterleukin 15 ChIL-is)近年来取得的研究进展作一综述,内容涉及IL-15的结构及受体、产生及基因表达、生物学作用。     

骨骼肌特异性钙蛋白酶与蛋白质降解

骨骼肌特异性钙蛋白酶calpain-3是钙蛋白酶系统的一员,与肌细胞生成和细胞凋亡密切相关,同时也被认为参与了蛋白质降解过程.本文主要从骨骼肌特异性钙蛋白酶的结构功能和生理活性,并结合近年来国际上的研究成果来分析骨骼肌特异性钙蛋白酶在骨骼肌蛋白质降解中的作用.     

IL-15与临床疾病相关的研究进展

IL-15是一个多效性的细胞因子,在先天和后天获得性免疫系统中起着重要的作用,包括免疫性效应细胞(特备是NK、NKT和CD8+T细胞)的发育、激活、寻靶、生存及维持各自的特异性.IL-15在促炎症、抗肿瘤、抗感染中起重要的作用.文章主要介绍近年来IL-15与临床疾病相关的研究进展.     

骨骼肌撞代谢及其调控的研究进展

骨骼肌糖代谢是动物骨骼肌蛋白质和肌内脂肪合成以及肌肉活动的重要能量来源,其代谢速度和程度对最终肉质形成发挥重要的作用.文章结合近年来的文献报道和本试验室的研究结果系统综述了骨骼肌糖代谢的过程、组织学基础、分子学基础及其调控机制,为从分子水平系统深入开展骨骼肌糖代谢调控研究提供参考.     

microRNAs调控动物骨骼肌发育的研究进展

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类重要的内源性非编码小分子RNA,参与调控机体生长、发育的各个环节。近年研究表明,miRNAs在动物骨骼肌发育过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。本文综述了目前已发现的调控动物骨骼肌发育的关键miRNAs。     

白细胞介素-2在犬病防治中的应用

<正>白细胞介素-2(IL-2)是一种最早发现的具有广泛生物活性的细胞因子。一、IL-2的特点(一)较稳定:56℃1小时、37℃12小时或70℃15分钟处理仍保留活性,4℃可保存1年以上,其活性在PH2￣9范围内保持稳定。IL-2对蛋白酶敏感,对DNA酶、     

不同时长冷暴露下C2C12细胞中O-GlcNAc和IL-6表达的变化

冷暴露下骨骼肌中O-GlcNAc(O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine)糖基化修饰水平显著升高,作为"应激感受器"调控细胞信号转导及基因转录等;而骨骼肌作为分泌器官通过收缩产生的肌源性IL-6具有免疫作用,更能够调节骨骼肌中糖、脂代谢.本试验旨在检测不同时长冷暴露下小鼠成肌细胞系C2C12中O-...     

犊牛白肌病的综合防治

犊牛白肌病是由于微量元素硒和维生素E缺乏所造成的一种综合征,是以骨骼肌与心肌变性、并发运动障碍和急性心力衰竭的一种疾病。近年     

骨骼肌糖代谢及其调控的研究进展

骨骼肌糖代谢是动物骨骼肌蛋白质和肌内脂肪合成以及肌肉活动的重要能量来源,其代谢速度和程度对最终肉质形成发挥重要的作用。文章结合近年来的文献报道和本试验室的研究结果系统综述了骨骼肌糖代谢的过程、组织学基础、分子学基础及其调控机制,为从分子水平系统深入开展骨骼肌糖代谢调控研究提供参考。     

褪黑素对脂多糖刺激的滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞炎性因子表达的影响

试验旨在探究褪黑素（MLT）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞炎性反应的影响。选取滩羊妊娠30日龄胎儿为研究材料,使用Ⅳ型胶原酶分离获得滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞并进行体外培养,添加相应的诱导试剂对滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞进行诱导分化,利用免疫荧光检测骨骼肌卫星细胞表面标记物CD29、CD44、CD73及Vimentin的表达;在无胎牛血清的培养基中添加不同浓度（0、5、8和10 μg/mL）的LPS培养骨骼肌卫星细胞,利用实时荧光定量PCR （qRT-PCR）检测白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）等炎性相关因子mRNA水平变化,筛选最佳的LPS处理浓度;在无胎牛血清的培养基中添加不同浓度（0.1和0.5 μmol/L） MLT与最佳浓度LPS共培养骨骼肌卫星细胞,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测IL-6、IL-8和干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）等炎性相关因子mRNA水平变化。免疫荧光结果显示,滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞表面标志物CD29、CD44、CD73及Vimentin表达呈阳性,且具有诱导成肌、成脂和成骨分化的特性。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,与对照组相比,不同浓度的LPS处理均可显著增加细胞炎性相关因子基因的表达（P<0.05）,并且8 μg/mL LPS处理时炎性相关因子mRNA表达最强;当MLT与LPS共培养骨骼肌卫星细胞时,与LPS单独处理相比,0.5 μmol/L MLT与LPS共同处理组中IL-6 mRNA表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）。综上表明,MLT具有缓解LPS刺激的滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞炎性反应的作用。本试验结果为进一步开展MLT缓解LPS诱导的骨骼肌卫星细胞炎性反应的调控机制研究奠定了基础。     

The effect of dietary copper supplementation on fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of adipose depots in Boer x Spanish goats

A feeding trial was designed to examine the effects of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO(4).5H(2)O) on the fatty acid composition and oxidative stability in muscle and adipose tissues of Boer x Spanish goat kids. Fifteen (n = 5 per treatment) goats were fed 0, 100, or 200 mg of supplemental Cu per day as copper sulfate for 98 d. The animals were slaughtered, and LM, s.c. adipose from the sternal region, and mesenteric adipose tissues were collected. Total lipids were extracted with chloroform:methanol (2:1), methylated and isolated via GLC from all tissues. The subsequent peaks were then positively identified by mass spectrometry. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were measured also. In s.c. adipose, dietary Cu significantly decreased C14:0 (P = 0.03) and C16:0 (P = 0.01). In muscle, C15:0 (P = 0.03) was linearly increased by Cu. Dietary Cu supplementation did not influence oxidative stability in goat muscle or s.c. adipose. Copper supplementation at 200 mg/d resulted in a significant increase in malondialdehyde in mesenteric adipose (P = 0.01) compared with the 0 or 100 mg/d groups. These results indicate that lipid composition may differ from depot to depot and that depending on the depot, dietary Cu seems to elicit a variable response on the fatty acid composition.     

Total radioactive residues and clenbuterol residues in swine after dietary administration of [14C]clenbuterol for seven days and preslaughter withdrawal periods of zero, three, or seven days

Nine barrows (23.8 +/- 0.9 kg) and 9 gilts (23.1 +/- 0.9 kg) were used to determine the disposition of radiocarbon after oral [14C]clenbuterol (4-amino-alpha-[t-butylaminomethyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl [7-(14)C]alcohol hydrochloride) administration and to determine total and parent residues in edible tissues. Three barrows and three gilts, housed in metabolism crates, were fed 1 ppm [14C]clenbuterol HCl for seven consecutive days in three separate trials; a single barrow and gilt from each trial was slaughtered after 0-, 3-, or 7-d preslaughter withdrawal periods. Urine and feces were collected during the dosing and the withdrawal period; edible and inedible tissues were collected at slaughter. Total recovery of radiocarbon was 94.2 +/- 6.5%. Total clenbuterol absorption was greater than 75% for barrows and 60% for gilts. Total radioactive residues in tissues were not different (P > 0.05) between barrows and gilts. Concentrations of parent clenbuterol in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and lung did not differ between barrows and gilts (P > 0.05). Total radioactive and parent residues declined in tissues as withdrawal period increased. After the 0-d withdrawal period, total liver residues (286 ppb) were approximately equal to lung residues, twice those of the kidney, and about 15 times those of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. After a 7-d withdrawal period, total radioactive residues in liver (15 ppb) were roughly three times greater than lung, kidney, and adipose tissue total residues and about 13 times those of skeletal muscle total residues. Parent clenbuterol represented 79, 63, 42, 67, and 100% of the total radioactive residue in adipose tissue, kidney, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle, respectively, in hogs slaughtered with a 0-d withdrawal period. With increasing withdrawal period, the percentage of total radioactive residue present as parent clenbuterol within edible tissues (including lung) decreased, so that after a 7-d withdrawal period, 7, 16, and 29% of the total residue was composed of parent clenbuterol in kidney, liver, and lung, respectively. After a 7-d withdrawal period, parent clenbuterol exceeded the European maximum residue limit (0.5 ppb) 4.6-fold in liver and 2.4-fold in lung. In muscle, clenbuterol was approximately 40 times the limit after a 0-d withdrawal period but had dropped below 0.5 ppb after a 3-d withdrawal period. Results from this study indicate that clenbuterol HCl is well absorbed in swine and that the use of clenbuterol in this species in an off-label manner is inconsistent with human food safety standards used in developed countries.     

Novel findings regarding Glut-4 expression in adipose tissue and muscle in horses--a preliminary report

One of the hallmarks of insulin resistance is a reduction in glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) expression in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle. However, while Glut-4 has been demonstrated in skeletal and cardiac muscles in horses it has not been demonstrated in adipose tissue. The initial objectives of the present study were: (1) to test the hypothesis that Glut-4 expression would vary between selected key skeletal muscles; (2) to test the hypothesis that it would also vary between representative adipose tissue depots, and (3) to see whether expression would be greater in adipose tissue compared to muscle. Glut-4 expression was determined by Western blot using samples obtained from post mortem biopsies obtained from four muscles (gluteus medius, semitendinosus, heart, and diaphragm), and four adipose tissues (subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and omental) in three horses. There were no differences (P>0.05) in Glut-4 protein expression between the muscles sampled. Likewise there were no differences (P>0.05) in Glut-4 protein expression between fat depots. There was a significant difference (P=0.03) when pooled means for Glut-4 expression in muscle (58.8+/-2.5 densitometry units) were compared with adipose tissue (115.8+/-15.7). This difference in Glut-4 expression in these two tissues with distinctly different metabolic reasons for taking up glucose may warrant further investigation to see if there are more pronounced differences in Glut-4 expression in muscle and adipose tissue in various populations of horses.     

Effects of in vitro ronnel on metabolic activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle from steers

Ronnel [0,0-dimethyl 0-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate] is an organophosphate pesticide with growth-promoting properties. Experiments were conducted to determine effects of ronnel on oxidation of and fatty acid synthesis from acetate and glucose as indices of metabolic activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle from 6-, 12- and 18-mo-old steers. Ronnel depressed metabolic activity in adipose tissue from 6- and 12-mo-old steers without concomitantly decreasing metabolic activity in skeletal muscle. Production of CO2 and fatty acids from acetate and glucose in tissues from 18-mo-old steers was influenced less by ronnel than in tissues from younger steers. Interactions of ronnel with thyroxine or growth hormone on acetate oxidation and conversion to fatty acids in adipose tissue also were investigated. Thyroxine increased acetate oxidation and decreased fatty acid synthesis. Ronnel interfered with the metabolic effects of thyroxine. Growth hormone, with or without ronnel, did not affect metabolic activity of adipose tissue. Ronnel seemingly alters the partitioning of acetate and glucose between major metabolic processes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.     

Enzymes of glucose and fatty acid metabolism of liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and mammary gland of lactating and non-lactating sheep

The effect of peak lactation on the activities of a number of enzymes of glucose and lipid metabolism of perirenal and subcutaneous adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney cortex and mammary parenchyma of sheep are described. Enzymes studied included hexokinase (glucose utilization), pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis), pyruvate dehydrogenase (glucose oxidation and production of acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis), acetyl CoA carboxylase (fatty acid synthesis) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (fatty acid esterification). Major changes that were found include a decrease in activities of enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and esterification in adipose tissues, decreased activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in muscle and adipose tissues and increased pyruvate carboxylase; there was no change in activities of enzyme of fatty acid esterification in liver. Activities of hexokinase, acetyl CoA carboxylase and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase have been estimated per tissue; this shows the quantitative importance of limiting glucose utilization by muscle and of suppression of fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue for efficient partitioning of nutrients for milk production.     

Beta 3-adrenergic agonist up-regulates uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 in skeletal muscle of the mouse

Chronic stimulation of the beta3-adrenergic receptor (AR) in obese animals resulted in a reduced adiposity associated with an increased expression of thermogenic uncoupling protein (UCP)1 in adipose tissues. In this study, the mRNA expression of newly cloned UCP isoforms (UCP2 and UCP3) were examined in obese yellow KK and C57BL control mice. UCP2 mRNA was found in all tissues examined, with higher levels in adipose tissues and skeletal muscle of the obese mice. UCP3 mRNA was expressed in skeletal muscle, heart and brown adipose tissue similarly in the two mouse strains. Daily injection of a selective beta3-adrenergic agonist, CL316,243 (0.1 mg/kg), for 10 days resulted in a marked reduction of white fat pad weight and 1.8-4.8-fold increase in the mRNA levels of UCP2 and UCP3 in skeletal muscle of obese mice. No noticeable change in the UCP2 and 3 mRNA levels was found in brown and white adipose tissues. It was also found that CL316,243 injection produced a marked and sustained elevation of the plasma free fatty acid level. These results, together with our previous findings of the fatty acid-induced UCP expression in a myocyte cell line in vitro, suggest that the beta3-AR agonist-induced UCP expression in skeletal muscle may be mediated through the elevated plasma free fatty acids. It was also suggested that anti-obesity effect of beta3-AR agonists is attributable to increased thermogenesis not only by UCP1 but also by UCP2 and UCP3.     

朗德鹅肌生成抑制素基因组织分布研究

采用PCR和测序的方法检测肌生成抑制素基因在朗德鹅组织中的分布情况,研究结果表明,肌生成抑制素基因在大脑、小脑、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胰脏、腹脂、皮下脂肪、骨骼肌中均有表达。肌生成抑制素基因在组织中广泛分布说明了其功能的重要性。     

Expression of genes for interleukins, neuropeptides, growth hormone receptor, and leptin receptor in adipose tissue from growing broiler chickens

In this study, total RNA was collected from abdominal adipose tissue samples obtained from 10 broiler chickens at 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk of age and prepared for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was used to examine the influence of age on the expression of the adipose tissue genes for IL-1β, -6, -10, -15, -18; brain-derived neurotropic factor; ciliary neurotropic factor; interferon γ, neuropeptide Y receptor Y1; neuropeptide Y; nucleobindin 2; growth hormone receptor; leptin receptor; and visfatin. Between 3 and 6 wk of age, leptin receptor expression decreased (P = 0.013) with age, whereas expression of IL-15 (P = 0.015) and growth hormone receptor (P = 0.002) increased. Furthermore, IL-18 (P < 0.001) and visfatin (P = 0.007) expression increased between 4 and 6 wk of age. This is a unique exhibition of age-related changes in cytokine gene expression in chicken adipose tissue. Future studies are needed to elucidate the role of adipose tissue cytokines in growth and, possibly, disease resistance.