不同磁场环境和培养基对拟南芥种子诱导愈伤组织的影响

为探明磁场强度和培养基成份在拟南芥愈伤组织诱导中的作用,以野生型拟南芥(Columbia型)种子为材料,研究3种磁场环境(亚磁场、地磁场和中强磁场)、4种诱导培养基(NB1、NB2、MS1、MS2)条件下愈伤组织的诱导情况。结果显示,与地磁场相比,亚磁场对接种后第3～6天愈伤组织的发生有明显的抑制作用,中强磁场有明显的促进作用;在接种后第3～7天,NB2、MS2比NB1、MS1培养基促进了愈伤组织形成,且差异显著。愈伤组织净重反映了细胞增殖的状态,统计结果显示,与地磁场相比,亚磁场对细胞增殖没有明显影响,而中强磁场有显著的抑制作用;NB2、MS2比NB1、MS1培养基促进了细胞增殖,且差异显著。以上试验结果说明,磁场强度和培养基成份的变化对拟南芥种子诱导愈伤组织过程中第3～7天的愈伤组织形成和细胞增殖有不同程度影响,但2因素不存在交互作用,且2种因素对15d后的愈伤组织总出愈率无显著影响。6-BA对早期的愈伤组织诱导和细胞增殖均有促进作用,而且在地磁和亚磁场中,添加有6-BA的NB2和MS2培养基所诱导的愈伤组织色泽鲜亮,致密度适中,利于后续继代培养。     

虎杖茎尖离体再生体系的建立和优化

研究了苗龄、接种方式、不同植物生长调节剂、硝酸银和蔗糖等对虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum)茎尖愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化和生根的影响。结果表明:愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基是MS+蔗糖28g/L+琼脂5.5g/L+2,4-D 1.5mg/L+6-BA 1.0mg/L,诱导率为100%;3-7d苗龄的虎杖茎尖愈伤组织诱导能力无显著差异,诱导率均达到95%以上,此后随着苗龄的增加,愈伤组织诱导能力快速下降,苗龄为12d时愈伤组织诱导率只有55.6%;以正插(形态学下端插入培养基)方式接种的外植体愈伤组织诱导率显著大于反插(形态学上端插入培养基)和平放的;不定芽分化最佳培养基为MS+AgNO34.0mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6.0g/L+NAA 0.5mg/L+TDZ 0.8mg/L,分化率为83.9%,增殖系数为7.63;生根培养基选用1/2 MS+蔗糖26g/L+琼脂6.5g/L+活性碳3%+IBA 0.2mg/L+NAA 0.3mg/L,生根率为100%。用透气膜封口比用聚乙烯菌膜生根率明显提高,生根明显提前。     

海蓬子愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生

本试验研究了培养基成分对海蓬子愈伤组织诱导、继代培养、植株分化和生根的影响。结果表明:愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基是MS+Thidiazuron(TDZ)1.0mg/L+NAA1.0mg/L+蔗糖30.0g/L+琼脂7.0g/L;继代培养的最适培养基为MS+NAA1.0mg/L+TDZ0.1mg/L+蔗糖30.0g/L+Gelrite3.0g/L,愈伤组织快速生长;愈伤组织分化的培养基为MS+NAA1.0mg/L+TDZ0.1mg/L+BA2.0mg/L+蔗糖30.0g/L+琼脂7.0g/L+NaCl8g/L,愈伤组织分化频率可达62.2%。生根培养基中添加0.5mg/L的麦芽提取物(maltextract,ME)可显著增加每株的平均根数。NaCl促进海蓬子愈伤组织的分化,麦芽提取物可促进幼苗侧根的发生,但NaCl和麦芽提取物均不利于愈伤组织的诱导。本试验建立了较高频率的海蓬子愈伤组织诱导及植株再生体系。     

玉米未成熟胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率与内源激素含量的关系

以胚性愈伤组织诱导率高低不同的9个玉米自交系未成熟胚为外植体,用改良N6培养基诱导培养愈伤组织。酶联免疫法测定不同培养时间后未成熟胚,以及由此诱导的胚性和非胚性愈伤组织,内源脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3、GA4)和细胞分裂素(DHZRI、PA、ZR)含量。结果发现,胚性愈伤组织诱导率与未成熟胚ABA和IAA含量正相关,与胚性和非胚性愈伤组织ABA含量正相关,与胚性愈伤组织GA3含量负相关。在胚性愈伤组织开始发生之际,外植体的ABA和IAA含量出现峰值,GA3含量出现低谷。因此认为,未成熟胚高水平的ABAI、AA含量和低水平的GA3含量,有利于胚性愈伤组织的诱导。但是胚性愈伤组织的ABA含量却低于非胚性愈伤组织,且胚性愈伤组织诱导率与胚性愈伤组织IAA含量负相关。由此看来,胚性愈伤组织的诱导和保持,可能还与各种激素的协同作用有关。     

正交试验优化余甘子愈伤组织诱导培养基研究

以余甘子无菌幼苗作为材料,通过正交试验研究影响余甘子愈伤组织诱导的因素,以完善余甘子组织培养体系。结果表明:以茎或叶作为外植体,在MS+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D +0.5 mg/L 6-BA培养基中,愈伤组织诱导率达87.9%以上,愈伤组织生长良好。     

中华结缕草成熟胚再生影响因素研究

以中华结缕草(Zoysia sinica Hance)成熟胚为外植体,研究了培养基、水解酪蛋白(CH)、水解乳蛋白(LH)、植物生长调节剂等对愈伤组织诱导及其生长的影响,以及不同继代周期对愈伤组织分化及植株再生的影响。结果表明:2,4-D是影响愈伤组织诱导的关键因素;MS无机成分及有机成分含量对愈伤组织生长影响不显著,附加CH 500mg/L利于愈伤组织生长;继代培养次数直接影响胚性愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生;不经继代培养转入分化培养基的愈伤组织植株再生率最高达34.2%,随继代次数的增加,再生率明显下降,继代培养3次的愈伤组织再生率低于10%。     

紫花苜蓿组织培养体系的建立

通过外植体类型、生长素和细胞分裂素浓度等因素对紫花苜蓿愈伤组织诱导、分化影响的试验,建立了高效的紫花苜蓿组织培养体系,即以真叶为外植体,在MS+0.2mg/L2,4-D+0.01mg/LNAA+0.2mg/LKT培养基上进行愈伤组织的诱导,诱导率可达到100%,愈伤组织继代2～3次,然后在MS培养基上分化,分化率可达90%。分化苗转入1/2MS培养基进行生根,形成完整的组培苗。愈伤组织诱导的正交试验表明,2,4-D浓度是影响苜蓿愈伤组织诱导率的主要因素,其次是外植体类型、NAA浓度、6-BA浓度和KT浓度;对苜蓿愈伤褐化率影响较大的因素是外植体类型,其次是KT、2,4-D、6-BA、NAA浓度。外植体类型对愈伤组织诱导率和褐化率的影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01);生长素(2,4-D、NAA)对苜蓿愈伤组织的诱导作用大于细胞分裂素(6-BA、KT)。分化试验表明,紫花苜蓿愈伤组织分化的主要决定因素是愈伤诱导培养基的激素配比。     

香蕉花蕾诱导愈伤组织再生体系优化

研究诱导香蕉花蕾愈伤组织再生的最佳外植体部位、TDZ(噻苯隆)浓度和光照条件等因素。以2个不同品种的香蕉(桂蕉六号和矮蕉)花蕾的不同部位作为外植体,通过诱导花蕾形成愈伤组织等过程进行研究。试验获得了较高的愈伤组织诱导率,试验中TDZ对花蕾愈伤组织的诱导效果表现出较大差异,桂蕉六号花蕾的顶端和矮蕉花蕾的中部最容易诱导产生愈伤组织,不同外植体对TDZ和光照的敏感程度不同。     

水杨酸诱导下人参培养物差异表达基因片段的克隆

本研究以人参愈伤悬浮细胞为材料,在其生长的第28天添加1×10^-3mg／L水杨酸,测定水杨酸添加后,过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶等3种酶在72h内的变化及皂苷含量,结果表明：水杨酸添加后对过氧化物酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活力影响最大,分别在24h和48h达到最大峰值,在18h开始影响多酚氧化酶的活力,培养物生长的第28天添加水杨酸可以明显提高人参愈伤组织中皂苷的合成。确定添加水杨酸后24h提取总RNA,进行cDNA-RDA分析,筛选差异片段。确定差异基因并在GenBank中注册,注册号为FE900130。为探讨水杨酸作为诱导子对人参次生代谢的影响奠定基础。     

籼稻胚性愈伤组织继代培养基体系优化及愈伤组织褐化原因剖析

农杆菌(Agrobactrium tumefaciens)介导的转化技术己广泛应用于粳稻品种(Oryza sativa ssp.japonica)中,但迄今未能找到适合于籼稻品种(O.sativa ssp.indica)高效遗传转化的农杆菌介导转化体系,籼稻品种的愈伤组织在继代过程中的严重褐化是最主要的制约因素之一.本研究以籼稻品种93-11为材料,通过响应面设计分析方法,进行二次多项式回归拟合,预测数学模型,研究2,4-二.氯苯氧基乙酸(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D)浓度、N6-呋喃甲基腺嘌呤(kinetin,KT)浓度和碳源中蔗糖和麦芽糖的比例对籼稻品种愈伤组织诱导的影响,确定了最适宜93-11成熟胚诱导愈伤组织的培养基成分:以MS为基本培养基,添加2.92 mg/L 2,4-D、0.59 mg/L KT、16.37 g/L蔗糖和13.63 g/L麦芽糖;并以此优化培养基继代籼稻愈伤组织.为了研究93-11愈伤褐化的原因,采用组织学与解剖学方法,观察93-11正常愈伤组织和褐化愈伤组织.结果表明,两者的表观结构存在较大差异,正常愈伤组织表面粗糙,凹凸不平;褐化愈伤组织表面结构看似光滑,但是放大后发现这种平滑结构是由于所有细胞失去规则圆形变为无活性扁平状,且细胞不易成团,细胞之间空隙小而少形成的.用qRT-PCR技术分析了褐化相关基因在褐化愈伤组织中的表达情况,发现切伤后与褐化相关的基因生长素输入载体1基因(auxin1,AUX1)和蔗糖非依赖1蛋白激酶2基因(sucrose non-fermenting 1-related nrotein kinase 2,SnRK2)的表达量虽然都比较低,但是在93-11成熟胚诱导的正常愈伤组织和褐化愈伤组织中存在明显差异,而酚类物质氧化途径中与酚类物质合成的基因苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)和多酚氧化酶基因(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)在正常愈伤组织还是褐化愈伤组织中都没有检测到表达量.发现组织培养切伤是愈伤组织褐化的主要原因,为进一步阐明愈伤组织的褐化机理提供参考.     

Effects of elicitors on the production of resveratrol and viniferins in cell cultures of Vitis vinifera L. cv Italia

Methyl jasmonate, jasmonic acid and chitosan were tested as elicitors on cell suspension cultures obtained from Vitis vinifera cv Italia to investigate their effect on stilbene production. Stilbene accumulation in the callus, grown under nonelicited conditions, was also investigated. Calli and cell suspensions were obtained in a B5 culture medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L(-1) NAA and 1 mg L(-1) KIN. Stilbene determination was achieved by HPLC/DAD/MS. Whereas callus biosynthesized only piceid, cell suspensions elicited with jasmonates produced several stilbenes, mainly viniferins. In suspended cells, methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid were the most effective in stimulating stilbene biosynthesis, whereas chitosan was less effective; in fact, the amount of stilbenes obtained with this elicitor was not significantly different from that obtained for the control cells. The maximum production of total stilbenes was at day 20 of culture with 0.970 and 1.023 mg g(-1) DW for MeJA and JA, respectively.     

Modified cyclodextrins are chemically defined glucan inducers of defense responses in grapevine cell cultures

In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), defense responses after microbial infection or treatment with elicitors involve accumulation of phytoalexins, oxidative burst, and the synthesis of pathogenesis-related proteins. Oligosaccharide fractions from fungal or algal cell walls efficiently induce the defense responses, but a detailed analysis of the elicitor-plant cell surface interaction at the molecular level is precluded by the lack of chemically pure oligosaccharide elicitors. A grapevine liquid cell culture system was used to examine the properties of cyclodextrins (CDs) as inducers of defense responses. This work shows that the chemically pure heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-betaCD caused a dramatic extracellular accumulation of the phytoalexin resveratrol and changes in peroxidase activity and isoenzymatic pattern. Other modified CDs tested on several grapevine cell lines resulted in different eliciting capacities of CDs and different sensibilities of the cell lines. The spent medium of elicited cultures was shown to disturb Botrytis cinerea growth in a plate assay.     

Novel, unnatural benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole-7-carboxylate elicitors of taxoid biosynthesis

In order to establish the chemical biological technology for production of valuable secondary metabolites, a novel family of unnatural elicitors derived from the plant activator benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole-7-carboxylic acid were designed and synthesized. New synthetic elicitors that showed powerful eliciting activities upon taxoid biosynthesis by Taxus chinensis suspension cells were obtained. For example, benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole-7-carboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxybenzoxyl)ethyl ester was more effective and resulted in nearly 40% increase in taxuyunnanine C content and production in comparison with methyl jasmonate, which was previously reported as the most powerful chemical elicitor for taxoid biosynthesis. The novel class of elicitors was found to induce plant defense responses, including promotion of H(2)O(2) levels originating from oxidative burst and activation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Interestingly the plant defense responses induced corresponded well to the superior stimulating activity in T. chinensis cell cultures. The work indicates that the newly synthesized benzothiadiazoles can act as a new family of elicitors for taxoid biosynthesis in plant cells.     

Resveratrol content of Palomino fino grapes: influence of vintage and fungal infection

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of certain factors on the resveratrol content of Palomino fino grapes, cultivated in the Jerez-Xérèz-Sherry area, at the moment of harvest. The results show that the resveratrol content is highly influenced by the climatic conditions prior to the period of maturation of the fruit. On the other hand, the gray mold pressure in the vineyard, a fungal infection caused by Botrytis cinerea, increased the resveratrol contents at the early stages of fungal development. When Botrytis development was extensive, the resveratrol content tended to decrease in the juice but tended to increase in the skin. Physiological stress of the plant leads to increases in the resveratrol content, caused as much by the climatic conditions of the vintage as by biotic factors. In this case resveratrol is present mainly in the glycosylated form.     

诱抗剂对水稻幼苗耐盐性的诱导作用

本试验对水稻幼苗做诱抗剂处理并进行盐胁迫,测定了不同品种幼苗各性状耐盐性诱导率,并进一步对品种R6幼苗的生理特性分析。结果表明,诱抗剂对不同水稻品种幼苗的耐盐性诱导率有明显差异,品种R6的根长诱导率最高;用诱抗剂处理水稻品种R6后,耐盐能力比盐胁迫对照显著提高,表现为增加了根系活跃吸收表面积、叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量,明显增强了根系活力,降低丙二醛含量。诱抗剂还具有调节IAA和ABA内源激素含量及其分布的作用。     

Physicochemical properties and bioactivity of fungal chitin and chitosan

Chitinous material was extracted from mycelia of Aspergillus niger and Mucor rouxii grown in yeast peptone dextrose broth for 15 and 21 days, respectively. The extracted material was characterized for purity, degree of acetylation, and crystallinity and tested for antibacterial and eliciting properties. The maximum glucosamine level determined in the mycelium of A. niger was 11.10% dw and in the mycelium of M. rouxii was 20.13% dw. On the basis of the stepwise extraction of freeze-dried mycelia, it appeared that M. rouxii mycelia contained both chitin and chitosan, whereas A. niger contained only chitin. The yields of crude chitin from A. niger and M. rouxii were 24.01 and 13.25%, respectively, and the yield of chitosan from M. rouxii was 12.49%. Significant amounts (7.42-39.81%) of glucan were associated with chitinous compounds from both species and could not be eliminated by the extraction method used. The degrees of acetylation were determined to be 76.53 and 50.07% for chitin from A. niger and M. rouxii, respectively, and 19.5% for M. rouxii chitosan. The crystallinity of fungal chitin and chitosan was estimated to be less intense than in corresponding materials from shrimp shells. The extracted chitin and chitosan in a concentration of 0.1% reduced Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 2576 counts by 0.5-1.5 logs during a 4 day incubation in tryptic soy broth at 25 degrees C. Furthermore, all tested chitinous materials from fungal sources significantly reduced lesions caused by Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum in harvested apples.     

基于液滴微流控的壳寡糖植物免疫诱导剂荧光检测

为了建立基于液滴微流控芯片平台的植物免疫诱导剂的荧光信号检测技术,该文设计制作了具有液滴生成结构的芯片,制备包裹烟草(BY-2)细胞的液滴,并对包裹了细胞的液滴数目进行统计分析。将包裹细胞的液滴孵育一氧化氮探针后使用质量浓度为50μg/m L壳寡糖处理,在荧光显微镜下观测其产生的荧光,利用荧光酶标仪对比采用96孔板和液滴承载的细胞的荧光变化趋势。结果显示,水相流速为100μL/h,油相流速为300μL/h时,微流控芯片产生的液滴尺寸适合包裹细胞,其中液滴包裹单细胞的比例达22.9%。经壳寡糖处理后的细胞在生成的液滴中产生了明显的荧光,且用96孔板和液滴承载的细胞的荧光变化趋势一致。研究结果为开发基于液滴微流控技术的植物免疫诱导剂的高通量筛选平台提供参考。     

Isolation and identification of stilbenes in two varieties of Polygonum cuspidatum

The roots of two varieties of Polygonum cuspidatum (Hu Zhang and Mexican Bamboo) were analyzed for resveratrol and analogues. The roots of each variety were dried and ground into a powder. The powdered roots were then extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction of the Mexican Bamboo was then subjected to fractionation and purification using silica gel column chromatography and semipreparative HPLC. In addition to resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene), three stilbene glucosides were identified by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and MS. The stilbene glucosides were shown to be a piceatannol glucoside (3,5,3', 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside), resveratroloside (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside), and piceid (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside). The levels of the piceatannol glucoside and piceid were twice as high in the Mexican Bamboo as compared to the Hu Zhang.