姜油纳米乳液特性与贮藏稳定性研究

研究了以辛烯基琥珀酸酯化淀粉为乳化剂、由超声波技术制备的姜油纳米乳液的微观结构、流变性、抑菌特性及贮藏稳定性。透射电子显微镜图像显示,姜油纳米乳液的制备改善了姜油乳液的微观结构。稳态扫描结果表明,姜油纳米乳液呈典型的剪切变稀流变行为,具有牛顿流体特征,频率扫描结果表明其具有粘弹性。纳米包埋体系对姜油的抗菌能力没有显著影响,PG Purity Gum 2000(PG)和Hi-Cap 100(HC)姜油纳米乳液均有较好的抑菌能力。在4、25、55℃贮藏28 d后,姜油纳米乳液物理稳定性良好,姜辣素的保留率在80%以上,5种主要挥发性风味物质中的α-姜黄烯和α-姜烯变化不显著。PG姜油纳米乳液贮藏稳定性优于HC姜油纳米乳液。     

酶解辛烯基琥珀酸酐玉米淀粉特性研究

本文在大量单因素试验和响应面分析试验的基础上以玉米淀粉为原料,对其进行了辛烯基琥珀酸酐(OSA)酯化,并用α-淀粉酶酶解,制备了辛烯基琥珀酸酐酶解玉米淀粉,并对制备的辛烯基琥珀酸酐酶解玉米淀粉的透明度、凝沉性、溶解度、冻融稳定性、乳化能力和乳化稳定性研究。结果显示:酯化淀粉和酶解辛烯基琥珀酸酐淀粉的透明度、冻融稳定性、溶解度较原淀粉有很大的提高,凝沉性是酯化淀粉>酶解辛烯基琥珀酸酐淀粉>原淀粉。酯化淀粉和酶解辛烯基琥珀酸酐淀粉的乳化性比原淀粉提高,但是乳化稳定性是酶解辛烯基琥珀酸酐淀粉>酯化淀粉。     

玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯乳液制备及其稳定性研究

为了探索适宜的玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯(ZDP)乳液制备工艺,通过高压均质方法,采用2种天然乳化剂:大豆卵磷脂(SL)和乳清分离蛋白(WPI)和4种合成乳化剂:十聚甘油单油酸酯(PGE18)、十聚甘油单月桂酸酯(PGE12)、蔗糖酯(SE15)和吐温80(T80),以及2种不同油相:大豆油(SO)和中链甘油三酯(MCT),分别制备了ZDP乳液,研究了不同乳化剂种类和质量分数以及油相种类对ZDP乳液性质和稳定性的影响。同时,在最佳乳化剂条件下,研究了ZDP添加量对乳液性质的影响。研究结果表明:天然乳化剂乳化制备所得ZDP乳液平均粒径大,且稳定性一般。小分子合成乳化剂制得的ZDP乳液平均粒径小,但稳定性差异大。其中,PGE18为乳化剂时制备的乳液各项指标较好,且在质量分数为0.8%时乳化效果最好。MCT为油相较SO为油相制备所得乳液稳定性好。因此,选择质量分数为0.8%的PGE18为乳化剂,MCT为油相,高压均质可以制得粒径小于200 nm的ZDP乳液,且在4℃下贮藏28 d仍可保留约90%的ZDP。ZDP添加量变化在4~32 nmol/g时对ZDP乳液的粒径和电位无显著影响。     

乳化剂与内水相镁盐浓度对油包水乳液稳定性的影响

研究并讨论了内水相镁盐与疏水乳化剂PGPR对油包水(W/O)乳液稳定性的影响。制备W/O乳液的油水质量比为3∶2,油相中疏水乳化剂聚甘油蓖麻醇酸酯(PGPR)质量分数为0.5%~2.0%,水相中Mg Cl2·6H2O的质量分数为0~12.0%。采用Turbiscan Lab Expert稳定性分析仪分析了W/O乳液贮藏14 d过程中的整体稳定性。结果表明:在14 d贮藏过程中,液滴的聚沉和沉淀会导致乳液失稳。提高疏水乳化剂PGPR和镁盐的浓度可提高W/O乳液的稳定性。对W/O乳液的粒径分布及油水两相界面特性进行分析,发现W/O乳液稳定的机制在于乳液粒径的减小以及油水界面张力的降低。此外,油水两相界面粘弹性也在一定程度上改善了乳液稳定性,油水界面膜粘弹性随着镁盐浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势。     

大豆-乳清混合蛋白对O/W乳液稳定性及流变性的影响

采用大豆分离蛋白-乳清分离蛋白(SPI-WPI)作为乳化剂制备O/W（水包油）乳液,通过测定粒径、Zeta电位、乳化活性指数、乳化稳定性系数、乳液稳定性系数、扫描电镜、流变等指标,探究不同蛋白混合比例及浓度对复合乳液稳定性及流变特性的影响。结果表明：当SPI-WPI乳液蛋白质量分数为2.0%、SPI与WPI质量比为1∶9时,乳液体积平均粒径最小,为288.56nm,Zeta电位绝对值达到最大,为35.0mV,乳化活性指数最大,为108.23m2/g,乳化稳定性指数最大,为3.78471min,稳定性系数最大,为93.59%,此时乳液稳定性最好。当SPI-WPI乳液蛋白质量分数为2.0%、SPI与WPI质量比为9∶1时,乳液的粘度最大,乳液的剪切应力最大,流变特性较好。添加乳清分离蛋白增大了乳液的稳定性,降低了乳液的粘度和剪切力。     

十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯制备研究

以大米淀粉为原料,以十二烯基琥珀酸酐为酯化剂,采用湿法制备十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(SSDS)。研究淀粉乳浓度、反应温度、时间、体系pH值及DDSA添加量对十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯取代度的影响,在此基础上进行正交试验优化制备工艺。结果表明:淀粉乳浓度35%、反应温度40℃、pH值9.0、反应时间6 h及DDSA用量7.5%的条件下,十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯取代度最高、达0.029 700。     

交联酯化作用对木薯淀粉流变特性的影响研究

利用数显黏度计研究了木薯淀粉(NS)、交联淀粉(CS)、辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(OSAS)和交联辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(COSAS)糊的流变特性,考察了淀粉浓度和NaCl对这4种淀粉糊流变性能的影响。结果表明:随NS、CS和COSAS浓度增大,这3种淀粉糊均具有增强的触变性,但OSAS基本上没有触变性;NS、CS、OSAS和COSAS糊均呈非牛顿流体特征,不同浓度下这4种淀粉糊表观黏度随剪切速率的变化可用Ostwald-Dewaele方程描述。随着外加NaCl浓度增加,NS糊黏度迅速降低,表现出聚电解质溶液的通性,CS糊黏度总体上呈上升趋势,表现为具有一定耐盐能力;NaCl浓度在0.5%~3.0%范围内,OSAS糊黏度先降后升,COSAS糊呈上升趋势,具有明显的盐增稠现象,说明交联酯化作用改善了木薯淀粉的黏盐特性。     

大豆亲脂蛋白-甲基纤维素W/O/W乳液稳定性研究

采用大豆亲脂蛋白（Soybean lipophilic protein, LP）和甲基纤维素（Methyl cellulose, MC）的复合物作为亲水性乳化剂形成W/O/W乳液外水相,以聚蓖麻酸甘油酯（Polyglycerol polyricinoleate, PGPR）为亲脂性乳化剂,橄榄油为油相,并以维生素B₁₂为指示剂,按两步法制备W/O/W型双层乳液。通过对微观结构、储藏稳定性、粒径、电位、乳液粘弹性等指标的测定,探究不同外水相比例及复合物中LP与MC的不同比例对W/O/W乳液稳定性的影响。实验结果表明：当LP与MC质量比为3∶1,外水相质量分数为70%时,W/O/W乳液液滴间的作用力最强、粒径最小、Zeta-电位绝对值最大、对活性物质的保护作用最强、28 d储藏稳定性指数较高,流变学性质较好。     

复配乳化剂乳化生物油/柴油技

以非离子表面活性剂为乳化剂,对生物油和柴油混合制备乳化油技术进行了研究.以乳化油稳定性为评价指标,研究了乳化剂的选择,并考察了HLB值、乳化温度、乳化时间对乳化油稳定性的影响.试验结果表明:在乳化温度为30～50℃的条件下,以2%的司班80和吐温80复配液并辅以0.1%的正辛醇构成的HLB值为8的乳化剂乳化含有5%生物油和柴油的混合液,可以形成油包水(W/O)型乳化油,其稳定时间可达60h;显微镜照片显示,乳化油中粒径为5～15μm的生物油液滴占60%以上.     

纯胶工业化复合反应法制备的研究

本文以玉米淀粉为原料,采用湿相、微波复合法生产纯胶(SSOS)。在湿式酯化反应中,分别以反应时间(A)、反应温度(B)、反应pH值(C)和淀粉乳浓度(D)单因素进行试验,在此基础上进行四因素三水平正交试验,总结出影响反应因素从大到小的依次为反应pH值、淀粉乳浓度、反应温度和反应时间。总结出最优生产条件为:反应时间12h、反应温度35℃、反应pH值8.5和淀粉乳质量分数为35。用该工艺进行中试试验进行验证,所生产的辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯取代度为0.0211。用微波进行复合处理,确定加热时间为3.5min,加热功率应该在400W,所生产的纯胶(SSOS)取代度为0.0223,取代度提高了0.0021。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。