食蟹猴妊娠早期剖宫取胎术的建立

为建立规范的食蟹猴妊娠早期剖宫取胎术以获得实验用胚胎，对16只妊娠食蟹猴(胎儿胎龄为28～70 d)使用盐酸氯胺酮和异氟烷施行麻醉后，进行剖宫取胎术，并给予静脉滴注止血、消炎药物7 d和肌内注射缩宫素3 d等术后护理。共获得21枚结构完整的胚胎，受术食蟹猴的切口在术后2周左右愈合。结果表明：所建立的食蟹猴妊娠早期剖宫取胎术可获得高质量的实验用胚胎。     

噻拉嗪和氯胺酮复合麻醉对蕨麻小型猪血压和脉搏的影响

为了解氯胺酮、噻拉嗪复合麻醉对蕨麻小型猪血压和脉搏的影响状况,测量了12头蕨麻小型猪在清醒状态下的血压和脉搏,氯胺酮和噻拉嗪复合麻醉后,再次测量血压和脉搏,比较两种状态下蕨麻小型猪血压和脉搏的差异。结果表明,在使用氯胺酮和噻拉嗪复合麻醉后蕨麻小型猪收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压和脉搏变化不明显。     

食蟹猴肝门静脉置管并体外留置模型的建立

目的:建立食蟹猴肝门静脉置管并体外留置模型。方法:将6只食蟹猴行气管插管吸入麻醉,取右腹直肌切口,定位肠系膜上静脉及肝门静脉主干,游离、切断肠系膜上静脉左侧属支,将中心静脉导管(PICC)插入并置于肝门静脉主干内,结扎固定。导管末端经右侧腹壁皮下引至背部穿出固定并穿特制猴衣保护。结果:实验组6只食蟹猴麻醉效果良好,手术全部成功,平均手术时间约1h,术后7d手术切口愈合。结论:食蟹猴肝门静脉置管并体外留置模型成功建立,为开展相关实验研究提供技术支持。     

食蟹猴体温、呼吸率、血压值和脉搏数的测定

为提供食蟹猴一般生理指标,本实验测定124只食蟹猴的肛温、呼吸率、血压和脉搏,比较不同性别和不同年龄组之间测定参数的差异.结果表明,1～1.8岁青幼年组、3～6岁成年组食蟹猴的体温、呼吸率、血压和脉搏均无明显性别差异.青幼年组与成年组相比较,血压无明显差异,但肛温、呼吸率明显高于成年组食蟹猴,而脉搏则明显低于成年组(P<0.01) .结论:食蟹猴上述生理参数性别之间差异不明显,随着年龄的变化血压变化不大,但肛温和呼吸率随着年龄的增长而减少,脉搏数则随着年龄的增长而增多,呈现较为复杂的年龄相关性.     

基于遥测技术的巴马小型猪及食蟹猴循环系统监测研究

为了研究清醒动物心血管系统功能特点及其在新药开发中的应用价值,笔者分别将植入式生理信号遥感系统的植入体埋置于巴马小型猪及食蟹猴皮下及腹腔,待动物手术完全康复后分别用遥测技术记录清醒动物24 h内的心电血压体温信号,并考察其生理节律变化特点。结果表明,清醒小型猪收缩压为120 mm Hg~145 mm Hg,舒张压为77 mm Hg~95 mm Hg,平均动脉压为91 mm Hg~111 mm Hg。巴马小型猪心率为85次/min~115次/min。食蟹猴收缩压为96 mm Hg~111 mm Hg,平均动脉压为69 mm Hg~88 mm Hg,心率为116次/min~164次/min。巴马小型猪的24h血压高于食蟹猴,心率低于食蟹猴。昼夜节律对小型猪生理指标的影响小于食蟹猴。24 h内,小型猪血压、心率基本平稳,仅在夜间心率血压等均略有升高趋势,期间数值变异加大。对24 h内QT间期的变异情况研究表明,以协方差对每只动物个体计算校正系数然后对QT间期进行校正在巴马小型猪与食蟹猴中均是最佳方法。此外,食蟹猴QTcb明显优于QTcf;而在巴马小型猪,QTcb与QTcf方法相当,无明显差异。24 h内,巴马小型猪心率变化程度与食蟹猴相比较小,QT间期变化程度也较小。故清醒巴马小型猪具有生理参数波动小、抗环境干扰能力强的特点,适于作为心血管功能评价的模型动物。     

微生态制剂对食蟹猴生长性能的影响

目的:研究微生态制剂不同添加水平对食蟹猴生长性能的影响.方法:分别采用0.5 g/kg、1.0 g/kg、2.0 g/kg的微生态制剂诱导的食蟹猴生长性能为模型,检测微生态制剂饲用后食蟹猴月增重、月采食量、料重比.结果:1.0 g/kg、2.0 g/kg的微生态制剂添加组与对照组相比,月增重均显著提高(P<0.05),料重比均显著降低(P<0.05).结论:食蟹猴基础饲粮中添加1.0 g/kg、2.0 g/kg的微生态制剂均能显著提高食蟹猴的生长性能.     

恒河猴、食蟹猴毛发氨基酸和微量元素测定分析

目的:了解人工饲养环境条件下恒河猴、食蟹猴氨基酸和微量元素含量的基础值,为保障恒河猴、食蟹猴的饲养品质提供基础数据。方法:分别采集24只(雌雄各半)成年的恒河猴、食蟹猴被毛,测定其氨基酸及微量元素的含量,并进行比较分析。结果:毛发中丙氨酸(ALA)和铜的含量,食蟹猴组显著高于猕猴组(P0.05);异亮氨酸(ILE)的含量,恒河猴组极显著高于食蟹猴组(P0.01);亮氨酸(LEU)的含量,恒河猴组显著高于食蟹猴组(P0.05);其余氨基酸和微量元素的含量均无显著性差异(P0.05)。不同性别恒河猴、食蟹猴19种氨基酸和5种微量元素均无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

食蟹猴直肠脱的手术治疗

食蟹猴是一种重要的非人灵长类实验动物,人工繁殖是目前获得食蟹猴的主要途径,在实际生产中需经常对食蟹猴种群进行调整并群,由于非人灵长目动物具有很强的等级制度,因此在并群过程中,食蟹猴通过争斗而形成等级明显的群体,而争斗也成为直肠脱出的一个主要原因。脱出的直肠感染后需及时采取手术治疗,并对术后动物进行人工护理。结果表明,手术治疗食蟹猴直肠脱具有很好的治愈效果。     

手术建立食蟹猴遥测动物模型的体会

目的:探讨手术建立食蟹猴遥测动物模型及应用过程中遇到的一些问题,并提出一些相应的解决办法。方法:回顾我院大动物实验中心28例食蟹猴在手术建立遥测动物模型及应用中出现的一些问题,分析了常见的切口感染、自助拆线、手术切口线头排异反应等临床异常产生的原因。结果:处理了食蟹猴遥测动物模型过程中出现的一些异常情况并提出了解决办法。结论:成功建立了食蟹猴遥测动物模型,可使动物在清醒无刺激的环境下得到更加真实的一些生理数据,特别是需要在心血管指标,心电图指标的食蟹猴动物实验中尤为重要。     

食蟹猴-猪异种体细胞核移植的初步研究

采用食蟹猴耳部成纤维细胞作为核供体利用电融合法构建猴-猪异种核移植胚胎,研究其核重编机制并寻找适宜的培养基,初步建立食蟹猴-猪异种核移植体系。结果显示:(1)重构胚胎激活后3 h,供体核的大小基本不发生变化,但在激活后6 h大部分形成膨大的类原核。(2)食蟹猴-猪异种核移植胚胎融合率为74.2%,有70.5%的重构胚胎发生卵裂,29%的卵裂胚胎发育到桑椹胚阶段。(3)在NCSU-23+10%FCS和TCM199+10%FCS培养基中,重构胚突破4-细胞阻滞发育到8-细胞以上的比例分别为23.5%和17.0%,在NCSU-23培养基中的为19.9%,但是只有在NCSU23+10%FCS和TCM199+10%FCS培养基中重构胚胎发育到囊胚阶段(1.4%vs1.1%),尽管差异不显著。本研究首次建立了食蟹猴-猪异种体细胞克隆体系。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein