Diversifying native pinewoods using artificial regeneration

Little is known about broadleaf establishment within the nativepinewoods of Scotland, yet such information is critical to currentrestoration initiatives. A 2-year field trial was set up toassess the growth and performance of seedlings of four broadleavedspecies within different developmental stages of Pinus sylvestris(Scots pine) woodland in the Scottish Highlands. The developmentalstages included stem initiation (establishment stage), stemexclusion (thicket/pole stage) and canopy break up (old-growthcanopy), providing sites of varying shade and resource availability.It was predicted that differences in establishment between siteswould occur due to species-specific differences in ‘tolerance’of shade, low-nutrient availability and poor soil drainage.Analysis of trial results showed high survival but growth rates(relative stem height and basal diameter growth) declined rapidlyin year two. In year two, Ilex aquifolium achieved the highestmean growth rates in the stem exclusion stands (average 15 percent light) where there was a lower percentage of Phytomyzailicis (holly leaf miner) infection and frost damage. Sorbusaucuparia exhibited generalist behaviour with similar growthand performance across all stand treatments. Betula pubescensmaintained similar growth rates across stand types but was moresusceptible to insect damage in deeper shade. Overall, Alnusglutinosa grew more successfully than the other species andachieved highest mean growth rates in canopy break up (average44 per cent light) and stand initiation (average 71 per centlight) stages. Broadleaf establishment within pinewood standsis challenging on account of acidic nutrient-poor soil regimes,and in places, poor drainage, aggressive understorey competitionand canopies that restrict light availability and insect herbivory.Forest restoration techniques, including matching species tosite, accelerating establishment and using framework species(individuals of high field performance that are able to restoresite productivity and nutrient cycles), are discussed.     

Exploring for senescence signals in native scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Scottish Highlands

The main aim of this project was to explore whether the pine trees in Glen Affric (GAF), one of the more extensive pine woodlands in the northern Scottish Highlands, are, on average, reaching a senescent stage which could ultimately be detrimental to the sustainability of the pine woodland in this region under present management conditions. This aim was realized by (1) comparing the mean stand age of the GAF trees to other pine woodlands around Scotland, (2) exploring whether there was a significant pre-death trend in ring-width series from naturally dead trees and (3) assessing whether a notable change in response of tree growth to climate was noted as a function of age which could indicate that trees were entering a state of senescence.     

Forestry on the Scottish Border Hills

The physical conditions of the Border hills are briefly described.The general problems of both private and State-owned woodlandsare discussed; in particular those of afforestation of peatareas and the danger of windblow. Future management and regenerationis considered and the probable methods to be used are suggested.     

新疆五属叶状地衣的化学研究

利用薄层层析（TLC）和微量结晶（MCT）方法,对新疆5属34种叶状地衣的化学成份进行了检测,报道了所含的主要地衣化学成分,并依据检测结果,首次对所检测种类地衣进行了聚类分析,对它们之间的亲缘关系作了简单探讨。     

Skull lichens: A curious chapter in the history of phytotherapy

Lichens growing on skulls were known in late medieval times as usnea or moss of a dead man's skull and were recommended as highly beneficial in various diseases. They were, in addition, the main ingredient of Unguentum armariun, a liniment used in a curious medical practice: the magnetic cure of wounds. We can place this chapter of the history of phytotherapy within the wider cultural context of the period, which saw the definition of nature become increasingly more fluid and open to a variety of novel interpretations.     

学区房另类的教育投资

整个六月不仅有让许多家长和考生都精神高度紧张的高考,更有关系到孩子今后能否接受更好教育的中考,“学区房”这个特别的名词也因此应运而生。从某种意义上讲,学区房是房地产市场的衍生品,同样也是现行教育体制下的一个独特的现象,随着社会竞争的日益激烈,家长为使孩子不输在教育的起跑线上,不惜花费重金购置一切属于教育质量好的小学学区的房产。一部分家长认为,在学校附近购买房产居住,将有利于家长管理孩子的生活和学习,孩子也可以提高学习的效率。另一方面,学区房成为一些房地产商的一个促销手段,也成为部分投资者的新宠,好的学区房普遍高出其他房源的20%,尽管价格不菲,但往往更受关注。     

丽水市园林绿化乡土树种开发利用探讨

介绍了丽水园林绿化乡土树种资源状况,分析了乡土树种在丽水市绿化建设中的意义及应用途径,并提出合理开发利用乡土树种的建议。为丽水园林绿化乡土树种的选择应用和深入研究提供基本资料。     

Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical studies of some lichens from south of Spain

The antimicrobial activity of some lichens from south Spain has been studied and some of plant constituents were identified. Activity against some Gram (+) bacteria has been observed in lichens containing usnic acid.     

Scottish farmers' intentions to afforest land in the context of farm diversification

Increasing woodland area in the United Kingdom is strongly supported in policies, but there is evidence of low rates of new planting, infrequent uptake of farm forestry, and negative attitudes to woodland among farmers. Additionally, there is a wider context of increasing farm diversification, and a need for greater understanding of farmers' attitudes and behaviour related to afforestation. This paper uses a representative survey of Scottish farmers (survey year: 2013, respondents used in analysis: 1735) to compare farmers who intended to expand forestry in future and farmers with alternative combinations of intended and past behaviour in relation to forestry. Overall, we find that certain characteristics: already operating forestry, reporting types of non-farming activities, involvement in environmental schemes, having a high education level, having a relatively high number of employees, and being relatively recent entrants to holdings, were more frequently found among farmers intending to increase forestry in future than farmers described as ‘non-increasers’ who did not intend to increase forestry and also had not expanded it in the past. Farmers with these characteristics could be a useful focus in attempts to expand woodland at larger scales, and encouraging small-scale tree planting could be an effective policy approach.     

“乡土树种”在园林绿化中的应用

通过对乡土树种应用优势的分析,阐述了湖南乡土树种的应用价值,同时提出在应用中创造园林景观。     

Silviculture of Scottish Forests at a Time of Change

Summary

During the 20th century, a sustained afforestation programme was carried out in Scotland, which increased the forest cover from about 4% of the country in 1900 to 17% in 2002. The expansion was achieved primarily through the establishment of evenaged plantations of fast-growing conifer species, most of which were not native to the British Isles. Many of these forests will reach financial maturity in the next two decades, thereby providing a valuable timber resource for the Scottish economy, and giving the opportunity to diversify the forests to meet the multifunctional objectives outlined in the recent Scottish Forestry Strategy. However, diversifying these forests requires the adoption of a range of silvicultural systems and not simply perpetuating the clearfelling and replanting system that has characterized plantation management. These new approaches include greater use of continuous cover forestry and the restoration of native woodlands on sites previously planted with conifers. A sustained period of low timber prices is also influencing this process, as managers are more aware both of the high replanting costs involved in plantation silviculture and of the subsidies given to manage stands for nonmarket benefits. The effect of these changes upon the structure and nature of Scottish forests is unclear, and a sectoral analysis should be undertaken to explore the potential impacts.     

湖南优良乡土樱花的育苗技术

樱花是著名的春季观花乔木,湖南的山地有大量的乡土樱花分布。这些丰富的资源为合理利用和开发湖南优良的乡土樱花创造了条件。本文根据樱花生物性状,在种子繁育、播种、芽苗移栽、大苗培育等方面进行育苗技术试验,积累了一定经验,以期为开发乡土樱花资源提供技术参考。     

湛江市珍稀天然樟树群落调查与分析

样方调查结果表明：湛江珍稀天然樟树群落有种子植物46科75属96种;乔木层由樟树占绝对优势,灌木层由阴香、大青、紫玉盘为优势种。乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数H值2.146、Simpson指数D值5.717、Pielou指数J值0.705、种间相遇机率PIE值0.825;灌木层H值3.054、Simpson指数D值13.435、Pielou指数J值0.802、种间相遇机率PIE值0.926。该樟树群落的植物物种多样性丰富、群落结构稳定,应作为自然保护小区重点就地保护。     

贵州乡土植物及其在园林绿化中的应用

针对贵州境内植物资源十分丰富、珍稀特有植物众多、而城镇绿化植物种类贫乏、缺少地方特色的状况，提出了将乡土植物作为园林绿化植物开发应用的意义及技术路线。     

Assessing seed desiccation responses of native trees in the Caribbean

New Forests - Native trees from the Caribbean were tested for seed desiccation responses, by adapting the “100-seed test” protocol. Ninety-seven seed lots of 91 species were collected...     

Wettability of Sitka spruce timber stored in a Scottish sawmill yard

Kiln-dried and air-dried Sitka spruce battens were exposed to outdoor weathering within stickered, close packed and wrapped packs and at the upper surface of these packs. A four-week exposure period was used in James Jones and Sons Ltd. sawmill yard near Aboyne, NE Scotland. The wettability of batten samples removed from the packs of timber was determined by a drop contact angle method using a video tape technique. Timber exposed to air drying before weathering in the experimental packs generally had a greater wettability than kiln-dried timber at the end of the exposure period. However, kiln-dried timber stored in stickered packs developed a greater wettability than similarly stored air-dried timber, suggesting that the kiln drying process increased the susceptibility of timber to developing increased wettability. Close-packed timber protected from sunlight and rain water, by covering the upper surface of the pack with microporous plastic sheeting, maintained a lower wettability than unprotected close-packed or stickered timber. Fungal spoilage was unlikely to develop on timber stored in pack types which developed high timber wettability, the storage conditions leading to an increase in wettability were adverse to fungal development. Kiln-dried timber stored in stickered packs in the sawmill yard may become particularly vulnerable to fungal attack if subsequently exposed to damp conditions in service. Received 15 October 1998     

Retention patches maintain diversity of epiphytic and epixylic indicator lichens more effectively than solitary trees

The effectiveness of retention trees and patches in preserving diversity of nine epiphytic and epixylic old-growth forest lichens was studied in north boreal spruce forests in Finland. We compared (1) 7–8-year-old retention cuts, with at least 5–10 living or dead retention trees per hectare, (2) 10–12-year-old clear-cuts, with some scattered living and dead retention trees on the sites, (3) old-growth spruce forests, and (4) 7-8-year-old retention patches (0.06–0.45?ha) representing the original tree species composition of old-growth forests. The occurrence of indicator lichens was studied on 150 deciduous trees and snags in each forest category. The species richness was significantly higher in old-growth forests than in the clear-cuts and retention cuts, but did not differ between old-growth forests and retention patches. Only three species were found in clear-cuts and two in retention cuts. Foliose cyanolichens Leptogium saturninum and Nephroma bellum thrived on solitary retention trees, whereas humidity-requiring pin lichens from the genus Chaenotheca were found only in old-growth forests and retention patches. Our results suggest that the ability of epiphytic and epixylic species to survive on retained trees depends on several factors: (1) substrate quality (tree species, tree type and diameter of a tree), (2) environmental factors (e.g. humidity, slope exposition), and (3) morphological and physiological characteristics of species. Besides of substrate trees, the retained conifers (esp. spruce) seem to be important in retention patches to provide the shading necessary to maintain humidity.     

Leishmanicidal evaluation of extracts from native plants of the Yucatan peninsula

Methanol extracts were prepared from different parts of 18 plants collected in the Yucatan peninsula and evaluated in an in vitro bioassay for leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. The ten most potent plant extracts (IC(50)<50 microg/ml) were Aphelandra scabra leaves, Byrsonima bucidaefolia bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Clusia flava leaves, Cupania dentata bark, Diphysa carthagenensis leaves, Dorstenia contrajerva whole plant, Milleria quinqueflora roots, Tridax procumbens whole plant, and Vitex gaumeri bark.     

大力提倡发展乡土树种——东北地区城市绿化乡土树种推荐

在全球气候总体变暖的大背景下,我国北方地区冬春季气候异常波动现象频繁发生,常常导致园林树木生长异常,主要表现为边缘树种树木春季发芽推迟、枯黄及死亡。由于东北地区的乡土树种在本地区经历了长期的演化过程,与边缘树种相比,对气候的异常变化适应性较强。东北地区城市绿化应大力推广应用椴树、蒙古栎、色木槭、朝鲜槐等乡土树种。