番茄ACO基因的克隆及其RNAi对乙烯释放的抑制

筛选番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)幼苗cDNA文库获得与番茄抗性相关的克隆E11,设计引物,利用RT-PCR方法从受到病原侵染的番茄叶片中获得长1018bp的候选片段,同源性分析发现该片段与其它作物上发表的ACO基因序列高度同源,同源率83%～99%,推断该基因为番茄ACO基因家族的新成员。在此基础上,用BP克隆的方法构建该基因的RNA干涉(RNAi)载体pD311,对番茄进行遗传转化,获得卡那霉素抗性植株27棵,分子检测证实外源片段成功导入番茄基因组中。对获得的转基因植株的乙烯生成量测定结果表明,RNAi结构的导入大大抑制了内源ACO基因的表达,从而导致乙烯的生成大大降低。     

番茄ACO基因的克隆及其RNAi对乙烯产量的抑制

筛选番茄幼苗cDNA文库获得与番茄抗性相关的克隆E11，设计引物，利用RT-PCR方法从受到病原浸染的番茄叶片中获得长1018 bp的候选片段，同源性分析发现该片段与其他作物上已发表的ACO基因序列高度同源：同源率从83%~99%，推断该基因为番茄ACO基因家族的新成员。在此基础上，用BP克隆的方法构建该基因的RNA干涉（RNAi）载体pD311，对番茄进行遗传转化，获得卡那霉素抗性植株27棵，分子检测证实外源片段成功导入其中番茄基因组中。对获得的转基因植株的乙烯生成量测定结果表明，RNAi结构的导入大大抑制了内源ACO基因的表达，从而导致乙烯的生成大大降低。     

根癌农杆菌介导的甘蓝高效稳定的遗传转化系统的建立及对CpTI基因转化的研究

通过对影响根癌农杆菌转化的多种因素的比较和探索后，建立了一种以农杆菌介导的高效和稳定的甘蓝遗传转化系统。选择目前在生产上大量推广应用的6个优良甘蓝品种，用其无菌苗的下胚轴作为外植体，经《农杆菌LBA4404（含质粒pBin-TI-19-2)感染，在含卡那霉素50mg/L的抗性培养基上筛选，80％的外植体表现出抗性，形成愈伤组织并进一步分化成苗。每块愈伤组织最低成苗5株，最高可达22株。对部分抗性植株的总DNA进行Southern杂交，结果表明T－DNA上的CpTI基因已整合到甘蓝基因组中，外源基因的转化频率高达20％。通过抗小菜蛾实验发现，转基因植株未转基因植株有明显的抗性。     

冷诱导基因CBF-4转化辣椒与转基因植株抗寒性分析

以4个辣椒（Capsicum annuum L. ）品种为试材,利用根癌农杆菌介导的带柄子叶转化法将拟南芥CBF-4基因转入辣椒,通过调整预培养、共培养以及延迟培养时间等因素,优化并完善了甜椒品种B12的遗传转化体系,并对获得的60株卡那霉素抗性再生植株进行PCR和RT-PCR检测表明,46株为阳性转基因植株,转化率高达76.67%。经过低温处理后,对阳性植株的抗寒性生理、形态指标分析发现,转基因植株的SOD、POD和MDA活性都明显高于未转基因植株,转基因植株比未转基因植株的株型紧凑,叶片肥厚、平直,叶色浓绿,叶面积大。     

根癌农杆菌介导的葡萄遗传转化体系的优化

以梅鹿辄葡萄离体叶片为转化材料,对根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化过程中涉及的几个主要影响因素:抗菌素羧苄青霉素(Carb)的浓度、乙酰丁香酮(AS)的浓度、农杆菌菌液的浓度及卡那霉素筛选压进行优化。结果表明,抗菌素羧苄青霉素在浓度300mg·L-1下即可有效去除农杆菌,且对胚性愈伤组织的分化的影响不大;乙酰丁香酮(AS)的最适浓度为50μm·L-1;农杆菌菌液的浓度控制在OD6000.5~0.7时转化率最高;卡那霉素的筛选浓度控制在100mg·L-1。利用优化的农杆菌介导法进行转化,对再生苗进行PCR检测,结果显示,外源基因已导入了葡萄基因组中。本研究优化了农杆菌介导的葡萄遗传转化影响因素,并获得了转基因植株。     

以木糖异构酶基因作为选择标记的花生遗传转化

用木糖异构酶基因xylA替换掉pCAMBIA1301中的潮霉素磷酸转移酶基因(hygromycin-B-phosphotransferase,Hpt),构建了植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301-xylA。再利用农杆菌介导法将pCAMBIA1301-xylA导入花生,转移到添加蔗糖(5g/L)和不同浓度木糖(5,10,20,30g/L)的体胚诱导及体胚萌发培养基上培养。对外植体成苗率及转基因阳性率进行统计,结果表明,当木糖浓度为10g/L时,诱导成苗率为15.25%,再生植株生长健壮,且转基因阳性率高达77.27%,最终确定10g/L为最适木糖筛选浓度。该筛选方法利用木糖作为筛选剂,可以避免利用抗生素筛选可能造成的安全隐患,转化效率高,是一种安全、高效的筛选方法。     

反义乙烯受体LeFTR2基因对番茄的转化和功能分析

采用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法将LeETR2的部分反义序列导入番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)子叶外植体，经抗性筛选和组织培养获得再生植株。通过对转基因植株中插入序列的PCR检测和Southern杂交，证明转化番茄成功。通过对LeETR2的功能的初步研究结果表明，转基因植株顶端优势丧失、极端矮化和番茄果实的内源乙烯合成量增加。这提示此基因在植物乙烯信号感受与转导系统中起着负调控的作用。     

乙烯受体基因LeFTR1和LeFTR4的克隆及在番茄果实中的表达

为研究野生型番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill．cv．Lichun)和转反义ACS番茄果实中乙烯受体基因上eETR1和LeETR4的表达与乙烯的关系，实验用RT-PCR方法扩增了乙烯受体基因LeETR1和LeETR4片段，用两片段作探针进行Northern杂交。结果表明：两受体基因的表达在番茄果实成熟进程中变化不明显，LeETR4在同一时期的果实外果皮中表达水平低于其在辐射壁和中柱的表达。转反义ACS番茄果实中LeETR1和LeETR4的表达水平显著低于野生型番茄果实，外源乙烯处理转反义ACS番茄果实，促进两个受体基因的表达。可见果实中LeETR1和LeETR4的表达受乙烯调控的影响。     

过量表达OsNPR1基因稳定提高水稻对白叶枯病的抗性

在拟南芥中,NPR1是系统获得抗性SA信号传导途径中的一个重要的调节因子,在水稻中已克隆到与之同源的OsNPR1基因。构建OsNPR1基因水稻过量表达载体,并将其转化粳稻TP309得到转基因植株;通过自交纯合,得到17个纯合株系;对T3、T4代纯合株系进行PCR鉴定,证实转基因纯合株系中外源伪OsNPR1基因具有遗传稳定性;检测了T1、T2代转基因株系和T3代转基因纯合株系对水稻白叶枯病病原细菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv．oryzae的抗病性,结果表明,在T1、T2代中70％以上的株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著提高,T3代中约67％的株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著提高,说明这种抗病性的提高具有遗传稳定性。OsNPR1基因可作为选育水稻抗白叶枯病新种质的一个良好的候选基因。     

大熊猫生长激素基因AmGH的植物表达载体构建及其在烟草中的表达

以大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生长激素基因AmGH构建到植物表达载体pCAMBIA13011-GH上,用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium turaefacicas)GV3101介导转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)无菌叶片外植体,经过两轮潮霉素(hygromycin,Hyg)筛选,从50株再生植株中筛选到12株抗性植株,经GUS组织化学检测和PCR鉴定,其中4株为阳性,表明AmGH基因已成功地转化并整合到烟草基因组中,RT-PCR检测表明,大熊猫生长激素基因AmGH已在转基因烟草中表达.这是首次报道大熊猫生长激素基因在植物系统中表达.     

利用EST序列鉴定葡萄应答外源赤霉素的基因

为了利用NCBI上大量的葡萄(Vitis viniferaL.)EST序列进行葡萄应答外源赤霉素基因的信息挖掘,通过本地化Blast、Blast2go等工具以及其他生物信息学工具和数据库,对NCBI上经过赤霉素(gibberellins,GA)诱导后的葡萄EST序列进行处理,获得了45条仅在赤霉素处理后表达的无冗余EST序列。Blastx注释结果显示,45条序列中有25条序列注释为假定蛋白或未知蛋白(约占55.6%),14条序列无注释信息(约占31.1%),6条序列(13.1%)注释有推定功能,其中包括整合酶蛋白(EE077049)、SPX结构域基因1(EE085000)、丝氨酸羧肽酶类44蛋白(EE091188)、CHY1(EE092187)、假尿苷合酶/转运蛋白(EE106096)、钾离子通道蛋白(EE108944)。Blast2go分析显示,共有29条序列通过基因本体论(GO)注释180个GO号,分属于分子功能(molecula rfunction)、细胞成分(cellular component)、生物过程(biological process)三大类的不同水平。初步推断,在外源赤霉素对葡萄进行处理后,应答基因主要具有结合活性(46.34%)和催化活性(39.02%)两方面的分子功能。其作用空间分布为整个细胞(44.68%)或者细胞器(40.43%)中,并且主要通过参与细胞生理过程(28.57%)和代谢过程(25.71%)等一系列复杂的生理生化反应完成整个应答过程。为进一步研究赤霉素处理后导致葡萄的基因表达情况提供了基本资料。     

Effects of Foliar Biofertilizer Sprays on Nutrient Uptake,Yield, and Quality Parameters of Blaufrankish (Vitis vinifera L.) Grapes

Nowadays the main task of scientists is to find natural ways of improving plant productivity that lead to environmentally friendly agriculture. Biofertilizers have a great potential to achieve this aim but unfortunately there is little information about their application in grape growing in Hungary. For this reason, a foliar nutrition experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two biofertilizers (an algae product and a biostimulator, containing amino acids) on yield, leaf nutrient concentration, and quality parameters of Blaufrankish grape variety. The study was conducted in 2012 at Noszvaj in northeastern Hungary in a 24-year-old grapevine plantation on cv. Blaufrankish. Treatments (application time and doses) were adjusted to the phenological phases of grapevine. Effect of treatments was monitored by soil and leaf analysis, grape quality measurements, and field observations. Treatments increased the yield but did not affect the fruit quality compared to the control. The applied products significantly increased the bunch weight and the size of berries. Applied biofertilizers had no effect on leaf nutrient concentration. According to our field observations, it seemed that treated vines had larger and greener leaves.     

鄞红葡萄及其8个优良单株主要性状差异分析

为筛选出具有潜在研究价值的优良性状葡萄植株,以鄞红葡萄及其8个优良单株5-1、5-2、10-1、10-2、20-1、20-2、40-1和40-2为研究材料,观测实生后代叶片、枝条和果实等主要形态特征和性状差异,并以其幼叶为材料,采用SSR分子标记技术分析8个优良单株与亲本鄞红之间的遗传差异。形态观测结果表明,5-2、10-2、20-1和20-2与亲本在果实成熟期、叶片形态和果皮色泽方面皆存在较大差异。分子标记结果表明,使用筛选出的24条带型清晰、多态性较高的引物,共扩增出237条带,多态性条带219条,平均多态性位点百分率为92.5%。聚类结果显示,实生后代和亲本遗传相似系数变化范围为0.60~0.79,在遗传相似系数0.65处,9份葡萄材料分为两大类群,第1类包括10-2和20-1,第2类包括5-2、20-2、5-1、10-1、40-1、40-2和鄞红;其中,5-2、10-2、20-1和20-2与亲本遗传相似系数较低,遗传差异较大,是早熟、外观品质优良的株系。本研究结果对丰富我国南方葡萄品种多样性具有重要意义。     

陕229干旱复水诱导基因表达及小麦乙烯受体(TaERS)基因特征分析

为了解小麦响应水分胁迫后复水条件下的基因表达特征,以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)主栽品种陕229的3叶1心期幼苗为材料,采用消减杂交技术,构建了干旱复水条件下的SSH-cDNA表达文库。从消减文库中随机挑选59个插入片段大于400bp的阳性克隆测序,去除冗余序列和嵌合序列后,获得高质量EST序列32条(GenBank登录号为ES466767~ES466798)。序列比对分析表明,小麦干旱后复水的基因表达与植物对其他非生物胁迫的响应具有交叉性;17条EST序列与已知编码蛋白的基因同源性较高,涉及植物的信号传导、能量代谢、转录调控等方面;其他序列为新的EST。以其中一个与乙烯受体基因(ERS)同源性较高的EST序列为基础,采用同源克隆及RACE技术从小麦中分离了4个乙烯受体基因的全长cDNA序列,长度分别为2090、2271、2216和1886bp。4个全长cDNA序列所编码氨基酸序列的同源性极高(99%以上),且均具有ERS典型的GAF、HisKA和HATPase-c跨膜结构,分别命名为TaERS1(HM347272),TaERS2(HM601437),TaERS3(HM601438)和TaERS4(HQ111523)。植物ERS氨基酸序列多重比较表明,小麦与水稻的相似性最高(93%);TaERS基因的全长cDNA序列间比较共发现SNP位点23个。定量PCR表达分析显示,小麦TaERS家族基因参与了小麦植株响应水分胁迫和复水的调控机制。研究结果有助于进一步认识小麦干旱后复水的基因表达谱和小麦水分高效利用机制,探索小麦乙烯受体在水分高效利用中的作用。     

控释复合肥田间养分释放特征及对土壤硝态氮和铵态氮累积的影响

通过水中溶出率法和田间玉米根下土埋法,研究聚合物包膜控释复合肥的养分释放特征及其对土壤中NO3^--N和NH4^＋-N累积的影响。结果表明,浸提温度越低,控释复合肥的养分释放速率越慢,CRF1和CRF2在15℃的释放期分别是25℃的1.5,1.67倍,5℃的释放期皆为25℃的2倍;夏季CRF3田间养分释放速率稍慢于水中溶出速率,从第7天到第84天二者累积养分释放率平均变幅为3.12%;春季CRF4田间养分释放明显慢于水中溶出速率,最大变幅达31.8%;与CCF处理相比,施用控释复合肥能够显著提高玉米生长期耕层的NH4^＋-N含量和0-20 cm土层的NO3^--N含量,显著减少20-40 cm土层的NO3^--N的累积,且CRF3-H处理与CCF处理比较,在第14天和第84天时20-40 cm土层的NO3--N含量仍然表现为差异显著。因此,应根据不同地域的气候条件和作物需求,选用养分释放特征适宜的控释肥料,达到增效、节肥、安全、环保的目的。     

番茄茸毛相关基因ShMYB1的克隆与表达分析

番茄茸毛具有多种生物学功能,为了探究番茄中控制茸毛的基因,本研究采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)从野生种多毛番茄(Solanumhabroc haites)LA1777中,获得了一个与茸毛相关的R2R3 MYB Subgroup 9家族新成员EST241733的全长编码区cDNA序列,命名为ShMYB1。经生物信息学分析,克隆的ShMYB1基因长1350bp,编码338个氨基酸。该基因具有保守的R2R3MYB结构域和Subgroup 9特异motif序列。荧光定量PCR结果表明,ShMYB1基因在番茄叶和花中表达量高,在根、茎、果实中没有表达。在不同发育时期的叶片中表达量差异不大,但是在幼花蕾表达量最高,随花蕾的增大,表达量显著降低。在几个番茄茸毛突变体与对应的野生型中,这个基因表达量存在明显差异。推测该基因与番茄表皮茸毛发生和花发育有关。     

The Characterization of Heavy Metals in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Cultivar Rkatsiteli and Wild Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) from East Serbia by ICP-OES and BAFs

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in combination with calculation of various biological factors, was used in this study not only for a simple illustration of the present status of some essential and non-essential metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the grapevine cultivar Rkatsiteli and wild blackberry from East Serbia but also for the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. Great majority of detected metal concentrations were in normal ranges except in few cases: Zn concentrations were at the level of deficiency in almost all plant parts, and some Cu and As concentrations were at the levels that could be considered phytotoxic. Biological accumulation factors provided very informative data on metal accumulation and translocation in both plants and pointed to low accumulation rates of metals except in the case of Cu, Zn, and As in some wild blackberry tissues.     

Stereoisomeric distribution of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate in dry and sweet white wines made from Vitis vinifera (Var. Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon)

The enantiomeric distribution of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA) in Vitis vinifera wines was determined by combining two techniques: specific purification of volatile thiols from the wines using p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and separation of the chiral molecules by gas-phase chromatography on a cyclodextrin capillary column. The R and S enantiomer ratios of these two thiols in dry white Sauvignon blanc and Semillon wines are approximately 30:70 for A3MH and 50:50 for 3MH. However, in sweet white wines made from grapes affected by "noble rot" due to the development of Botrytis cinerea on ripe grapes, the proportion of the R and S forms of 3MH is in the vicinity of 30:70. During alcoholic fermentation, a change in the ratio of the two enantiomers of 3MH in dry white wines was observed. At the beginning of fermentation (around density 1.08), the S form represented over 60%; then, at lower density, as fermentation proceeded, the enatiomeric ratio approached 50:50. The ratio of the two 3MHA enantiomers remained constant throughout fermentation. On the contrary, the distribution of the two 3MH enantiomers changed very little during fermentation of the botrytized sweet wines. The perception thresholds for the R and S forms of 3MH in hydroalcoholic model solution are similar (50 and 60 ng/L). These two enantiomers have quite different aromas: The R form is fruitier, with a zesty aroma reminiscent of grapefruit, while the S form smells more of passion fruit. The perception thresholds of the R and S enantiomers of 3MHA are slightly different (9 and 2.5 ng/L). The less odoriferous R form is reminiscent of passion fruit, while the S form has a more herbaceous odor of boxwood.     

控释肥在基质栽培中的养分淋溶及其对基质理化性质的影响

无土栽培是设施农业中广泛采用的先进技术,能有效克服土壤连作障碍,具有省水、省肥、省工等土壤栽培难以比拟的优势,控释肥在基质栽培中的应用,使无土栽培技术的发展前景更加广阔。本文通过无土栽培试验,研究了控释复合肥在基质中的养分变化规律及其对基质理化性质的影响。研究结果表明,控释肥氮、磷、钾、铁和锌的释放规律基本一致,且养分的控制释放减少了养分流失,降低了基质中的盐分浓度,与普通速效肥相比更具有安全性;控释肥明显改变了基质的容重、孔隙度,改善了基质的水气状况,从而为作物的生长提供了良好的生长环境。     

Effects of cluster light exposure on 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine accumulation and degradation patterns in red wine grapes ( Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Cabernet Franc)

The effects of light exposure on 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) accumulation and degradation in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Franc berries were assessed by comparison of shaded and exposed clusters within the same vine throughout a growing season. Twenty-seven vines were shoot-thinned to create regions of high and low cluster-light exposure within each vine. Samples were collected at 10 time points starting from 5 to 130 days postbloom. The experimental design allowed for intravine comparison of IBMP levels between treatments at each time. Vine-to-vine variability of IBMP and the correlation of IBMP to malic acid were also evaluated. Cluster exposure reduced accumulation of IBMP at all preveraison time points by 21-44%, but did not increase postveraison degradation. Significant vine-to-vine variability in IBMP content was observed, with the highest level of IBMP in shaded berries in the most vigorous block of vines. Although IBMP concentration by weight decreased significantly due to dilution just prior to color change (veraison), no significant IBMP degradation per berry occurred until after color change (day 70 postbloom). By contrast, malic acid degradation began prior to color change, and malic acid concentrations were not affected by cluster exposure preveraison, but were affected postveraison. A survey of 13 sites in New York state (Seneca Lake) showed that IBMP concentrations at 2 weeks preveraison were highly correlated (R(2) = 0.936, p < 0.0001) to levels at harvest, whereas classic grape maturity indices at harvest were uncorrelated with IBMP at harvest. In summary, light exposure conditions critically influence IBMP accumulation but not IBMP degradation.