Copper Accumulations in Soils,Coffee, Banana,and Bean Plants Following Copper-Based Fungicides in Coffee Farms in Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions,Tanzania

This study was carried out to investigate the levels of copper (Cu) contamination in coffee fields in Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions, Tanzania, to increase the database on the contamination of soils by Cu-based fungicides in coffee fields. Surface (0–20 cm deep) soil samples were collected from different farms in Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions. Coffee, banana, and bean plant samples were collected from the locations of soil sampling. Soil and plant samples were analyzed at the Department of Soil Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. It was found that the calcium chloride (CaCl₂)–extractable Cu was less than the detection limit of flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable (24 to 366 mg Cu kg^?1 soil) and aqua regia–extractable (80 to 806 mg Cu kg^?1 soil) Cu levels were high enough to raise environmental alarm (based on European Union guidelines) in the Cu fungicide–treated soils as compared with natural Cu levels in untreated soils (1 to 12 mg Cu kg^?1 soil for DTPA and 22 to 32 mg Cu kg^?1 soil for aqua regia–extractable Cu). Coffee, banana, and bean plants grown on soils contaminated by Cu fungicides had varied concentrations of Cu that were greater than the concentrations of Cu in the plants collected from the uncontaminated soils. Stepwise regression analysis carried out to investigate the relationships between the soil properties and the concentrations of Cu in plants revealed a significant (P = 0.01) positive relationship (R² = 0.4) between organic carbon and the concentration of Cu in banana leaves. Aqua regia–extractable Cu was positively correlated (P = 0.03, R² = 0.4) with the concentrations of Cu in banana leaves. For bean leaves, electrical conductivity (EC) had a positive significant (P = 0.01) relationship (R² = 0.56) with the concentrations of Cu in the plants. It is recommended that further research be carried out to investigate the dynamics and bioavailability of Cu for the different crops interplanted in the coffee fields.     

Metal Concentrations in Organs of the Clam Amiantis umbonella and Their Use in Monitoring Metal Contamination of Coastal Sediments

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of metal concentrations in clam organs to monitor metal contamination in coastal sediments. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were measured in the kidneys, gonads, mantles, gills, digestive gland, and hearts of the infaunal clam Amiantis umbonella collected from a contaminated site near desalination and power plant discharges, and a reference site in Kuwait Bay. Metal concentrations in sediment and sediment pore water were also measured at the collection sites of individual clams at the contaminated site. The concentrations of all metals in all organs (except Zn in the digestive gland) were significantly higher in clams from the contaminated site than from the reference site. Metal concentrations in several organs in A. umbonella from the contaminated site were correlated with those in the sediments and pore waters to which they were exposed. However, fresh weights of gonads, gills, and mantles were significantly lower in clams from the contaminated site compared to the reference site, indicating that the observed elevated concentrations of metals in the organs of clams from the contaminated site largely reflect lower organ weights, rather than higher metal loads, and that these organs in A. umbonella and perhaps other clams are not appropriate for use as biomonitors of metal contamination. Metal concentrations in clam kidneys showed a wide dynamic range with respect to environmental contamination and kidney weight was not variable. Therefore, metal concentrations in clam kidneys provide a reliable biomonitor of contaminant metals in coastal marine sediments.     

湖泊底泥土地利用对土壤中铜形态的影响因素研究

研究了盆栽种植冬小麦条件下,质地、pH、碳氮比、有机质、水分5个影响因素对底泥土地利用后土壤中重金属铜形态及冬小麦各器官对铜的吸收、籽粒产量、生物量的影响。结果表明,土壤中铜的各形态含量均随底泥施用量的增加而增加;粘质土、高pH、高碳氮比、高有机质、低水分含量条件,可导致土壤中可交换态铜含量减少;铜在冬小麦各器官中的含量顺序为根系茎叶籽粒,并且随底泥施用量的增加而增加;在壤土条件、pH约7.80、碳氮比25∶1、高有机质、高水分条件下,冬小麦籽粒产量最高,生物量最大。     

Speciation and Concentrations of Mercury in Certain Coastal Marine Sediments

Concentrations of total mercury (Hg), methyl Hg and Hg(II) were determined in coastal marine sediments collected from the Baltic, South China and the Bering Seas. Methyl Hg concentrations in sediments were between 0.01 and 2 ng g-¹ on a dry weight basis, accounting for only <1% of the total Hg concentrations. The percentage of Hg(II) (i.e. available Hg) in total Hg was between 5 and 13 suggesting that most of the Hg in sediments was bound as HgS and/or Hg-humic complexes. Relatively larger proportion of methyl Hg was found in less polluted freshwater sediments than in marine sediments. Methyl Hg concentrations in marine sediments were not found to be correlated with total Hg and/or Hg (II) concentrations.     

岷江上游干旱河谷不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳和易氧化态碳特征

生态交错带是全球变化敏感区,研究生态交错带不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳的变化,可为生态交错带因人类活动引起的土地利用和覆被变化对土壤碳汇功能的影响提供基础数据。该文研究了岷江上流干旱河谷/山地森林交错带具有代表性的高山栎地、灌丛地、灌木林地、花椒地、农耕地以及人工刺槐林地不同土层深度土壤中有机碳和易氧化态碳的含量和分布特征,以及易氧化态碳与有机碳的关系。结果表明:不同土地利用类型的有机碳含量和易氧化态碳含量随土层深度的增加而减少;易氧化态碳与有机碳间呈极显著的相关性;土壤易氧化态碳占有机碳的比例波动为3.57%～12.71%,表现为高山栎地＞农耕地＞灌木林地＞人工刺槐林地＞灌丛地＞花椒地。研究结果说明植被类型是导致岷江上游干旱河谷/山地森林交错带不同土地利用类型土壤中有机碳和易氧化态碳含量差异的重要原因。     

奶牛血样中铜及铜蓝蛋白含量及它们间的相关性研究

本试验检测西宁地区２３头西门塔尔育成牛血清和血浆样品中的铜和铜蓝蛋白（ＣＰＬ）含量，并检查了它们间的相关性。结果表明：血浆和血清铜平均值均低于正常值范围，其中血浆铜在０．５μｇ·ｍＬ－１以下者占被检牛数的６９．５７％，血清铜在０．４μｇ·ｍＬ－１以下者占８２．６１％，提示该牛场至少存在着低铜血症；血清铜与血清ＣＰＬ、血清铜与血浆ＣＰＬ含量间的相关系数ｒ分别为０．７９８５和０．８４９４，其余各关系间（血清铜与血浆铜、血浆铜与血浆ＣＰＬ、血浆铜与血清ＣＰＬ、血浆ＣＰＬ与血清ＣＰＬ间）相关系数ｒ均在０．９１以上。     

Copper,Cadmium, and Zinc Concentrations in Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Selected Fish-Forage Organisms (Aquatic Insects) in the Upper Sacramento River,California

This study assessed the downstream extent andseverity of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn)contamination from acid mine drainage on juvenile chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and aquatic insects over aroughly 270-km reach of the Sacramento River below KeswickReservoir. During April–May 1998, salmon were collected fromfour sites in the river and from a fish hatchery that receiveswater from Battle Creek. Salmon from river sites were examinedfor gut contents to document their consumption of variousinvertebrate taxa, whereas salmon from river sites and thehatchery were used for metal determinations. Midge(Chironomidae) and caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae and mayfly(Ephemeroptera) nymphs were collected for metal determinationsduring April–June from river sites and from Battle and Buttecreeks. The fish hatchery and Battle and Butte creeks served asreference sites because they had no history of receiving minedrainage. Salmon consumed mostly midge larvae and pupae (44.0%,damp-dry biomass), caddisfly larvae (18.9%), Cladocera (5.8%),and mayfly nymphs (5.7%). These results demonstrated thatinsects selected for metal determinations were important as fishforage. Dry-weight concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn weregenerally far higher in salmon and insects from the river thanfrom reference sites. Within the river, high metalconcentrations persisted as far downstream as South Meridian (thelowermost sampling site). Maximum concentrations of Cd (30.7 μg g^-1) and Zn (1230 μg g^-1),but not Cu (87.4 μg g^-1), in insects exceeded amounts that other investigators reported as toxic when fed for prolonged periods to juvenile salmonids.     

Community dynamics of soil Collembola in floodplains of the Upper Rhine Valley

In floodplain habitats inundation is a seasonally reoccurring phenomena. It represents a natural disturbance for the biocoenoses, causing their successional development to be reset. Collembola generally have developmental cycles that coincide with the yearly inundation incidences. They show perpetual regeneration, which is dependent on flooding intensity. Collembolan communities have been studied in floodplains of the Upper Rhine Valley since the mid-1990s. The development of collembolan communities was followed spatially in different floodplain levels in close vicinity to one another (with different inundation durations within the same year) as well as temporally within the same floodplain levels in different sites. Community development and structure depended mostly on inundation duration and differed from year to year in the same site. Through the differences in the population densities of the various species between sites as well as in different years, species groups, differing in their inundation tolerance, were distinguished. The species occurred either sympatrically or belonged to a common regional species pool (metacommunity). Which species dominated at individual sites depended on the inundation intensity of the individual site and year. The mixture of different inundation tolerances as well as regeneration strategies in the metacommunity, coupled with probable species exchange between patches, determines the composition and structure of local collembolan communities in floodplain forests. These communities are very heterogeneous at small spatial scales. They can thus differentially respond to different flooding intensities and maintain stabile metacommunities despite frequent, but irregular natural disturbances.     

岷江上游山地森林－干旱河谷交错带不同土地 利用类型土壤有机碳储量

生态交错带是全球气候变化的最敏感区域,因而对生态交错带不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳的研究,可为生态交错带土地利用和有效管理提供基础数据。岷江上游山地森林－干旱河谷交错带6种土地利用类型的土壤有机碳含量和有机碳储量均随土壤深度的增加而降低;土壤有机碳储量的大小顺序为天然川滇高山栎次生林（104.15±4.84t/hm²）>灌木林地（100.84±2.43t/hm²）>灌丛地（97.35±15.21t/hm²）>经济林（85.16±10.58t/hm²）>人工刺槐林（70.78±12.43t/hm²）>农耕地（56.56±7.21t/hm²）;农耕地转变为人工刺槐林和经济林后,其土壤有机碳储量分别增加了25.13%和50.56%;人为干扰以及交错带生态系统的脆弱性及其叠加效应是导致岷江上游山地森林－干旱河谷交错带不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳储量偏低的重要原因。     

Geographic Classification of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Mosses and Stream Sediments in the Federal Republic of Germany

The results of the first German moss monitoring programme to estimate heavy metal pollution in the Federal Republic of Germany were combined with other large-scale investigations carried out in Germany and then classified geographically in a new form. Using Monte Carlo assisted factor analysis, six factors indicating sources of pollution were identified from the sets of element data from the moss monitoring project (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, Zn) and the data sets for SO₂ and particulate. The geographic distribution patterns of the factor values showed the regions in which the various sources are to be found. By combining the data the primarily anthropogenic chromium concentrations of the mosses were compared with the mainly geogenic chromium concentrations of the stream sediments in the form of examples. After normalization, the transformed chromium concentrations were transferred to a map of the entire area using inverse distance weighting. Anthropogenic and geogenic influences are being discussed on the basis of the results.     

黄河上游沉积物中磷的存在形态及生物可利用性

采用七步连续提取法分别对黄河上游11个不同段位表层沉积物样中7种形态磷进行了分离分析,探讨了其变化规律和分布特征,分析了其生物可利用性及对黄河及海洋水体营养状况的影响。结果表明：所获得沉积物中磷的7种赋存形态为：交换态磷（Ex-P）、铝结合态磷（Al-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（Obs-P）、自生钙结合磷（Ca-P）、原生碎屑磷（De-P）和有机磷（OP）,其中De-P和Ca-P的含量范围分别为139.08～482.89mg.kg-1和40.30～125.55mg.kg-1,二者共占总磷（TP,为各形态磷的总和）含量的约87%,是沉积磷和无机磷（IP,前6种磷形态之和）的主要存在形态;OP含量范围为6.14～36.74mg.kg-1,平均占TP的4%;Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P和Obs-P含量均较低,平均值分别为7.53、25.85、5.05mg.kg-1和0.64mg.kg-1,共占TP含量的约9%。各形态磷的含量分布直接与取样点及沉积物粒径有关。Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Or-P和部分Ca-P作为黄河表层沉积物中潜在的生物可利用磷（BP）,其总量至少占TP的5.91%～30.17%。根据黄河每年进入渤海的输沙量可初步估算出黄河泥沙入海后为海洋提供的BP的量达3.21～8.92万t。     

汉江上游郧县一级阶地发育土壤的诊断层特征及分类

阐明秦岭南侧北亚热带环境中以黄土为母质所发育土壤的诊断层特征及其对土壤分类的意义。选择位于汉江上游郧县前坊村的一级河流阶地土壤剖面为研究对象,对其粒度、磁化率、元素、矿物及结构进行了研究。结果表明,汉江河谷分布的土壤具有A-AB-Bt1-Bt2-BC-C剖面形态;Bt层具有“黏化层”的标志特征,并呈现黏磐的诊断特征,其黏化程度与中国典型黏磐湿润淋溶土有良好的可比性;黏土矿物以伊利石为主,少量高岭石,风化程度处在脱钙作用的后期阶段,尚未出现显著的富铝作用,达到中等成壤的强度;土壤类型可归为黏磐湿润淋溶土。     

岷江上游森林/干旱河谷交错带不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳和活性有机碳特征

研究了岷江上游森林/干旱河谷交错带川滇高山栎次生林、人工刺槐林、灌木林地、灌丛地、经济林和农耕地6种土地利用类型的土壤有机碳及微生物量碳、水溶性有机碳和易氧化碳。结果表明:6种土地利用类型土壤有机碳及3种活性有机碳含量以川滇高山栎次生林高于或显著高于其他土地类型(p<0.05),以农耕地低于或显著低于其他土地类型(p<0.05)。6种土地利用类型的土壤平均有机碳含量(13.65g/kg)低于同区域土壤的平均有机碳含量(17 g/kg)。6种土地利用类型的土壤微生物量碳、水溶性有机碳和土壤易氧化碳占有机碳的比率分别介于1.36%~2.35%,0.82%~1.34%和7.77%~10.50%之间。研究结果说明交错带6种土地利用类型的土壤有机碳含量较低,有不断下降的趋势,且活性大,容易转化。因此,减少人为干扰对于维持和增加森林/干旱河谷交错带土壤有机碳具有重要的作用。     

Mercury Concentrations in Lake Sediments – Revisiting the Predictive Power of Catchment Morphometry and Organic Matter Composition

Lake sediments are a potential source of mercury (Hg) for aquatic biota. Here, we investigated the predictive power of (a) key parameters for lake catchment morphometry and (b) organic matter composition of sediments in an effort to account for observed variations of total (THg) and methyl (MeHg) mercury concentrations in lake sediments. Using regression models we demonstrate that the morphometric parameters lake depth as well as inclination of catchment soils and lake bottoms can significantly predict variations of THg concentrations, but not MeHg, at profundal lake sediments. Although THg and MeHg concentrations in sediments could not be predicted by specific organic matter sources, as elucidated by atomic C/N ratios, our data suggest that wetland-derived total organic carbon (TOC) contained less THg concentrations than TOC derived from mostly forested watersheds. However, TOC concentrations could significantly predict MeHg concentrations and the proportion of methylated Hg at all sediment stations. Finally, from an ecotoxicological point of view, we propose that concentrations of TOC at surface lake sediments, rather than parameters of catchment morphometry, may predict dietary sources of MeHg for benthic consumers and consequently perhaps for organisms at higher trophic levels.     

塔里木河干流上中游河床沉积物粒度分形特征初探

利用体积分形维数模型对塔里木河干流上中游河床沉积物的粒度分形特征进行分析,并探讨了沉积物分形维数与粒度组成、粒度参数的相关关系,结果表明:(1)塔里木河干流上中游河床沉积物粒度粒径介于0~9 mm,黏粒、粉粒与砂粒含量的均值分别为11.46%、53.29%和35.25%,采集样品中有2/3为细粒土,其余为细粒土质砂,沉积物质地相对较细。(2)沉积物体积分形维数介于1.921~2.403,均值为2.114,河床沉积物粒度组成相对简单。(3)沉积物分形维数与黏粒及粉粒含量呈显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.594、0.372,与砂粒含量呈显著的负相关关系,相关系数为-0.538,分形维数越大,沉积物质地越细。(4)分形维数与平均粒径呈显著的负相关关系,相关系数为-0.529,与标准差、偏度和峰度呈现显著的负相关关系,相关系数分别为0.272、0.714和0.483,分形维数可反应沉积物粒度参数的综合特征。     

石羊河流域水资源保护与可持续利用对策

根据石羊河流域水资源开发利用现状,分析了水资源缺乏的原因及造成的危害,提出了加强对水资源的统一管理;实行水资源优化配置;积极争取外流域调水;优化农业种植和资源配置结构等水资源保护和可持续利用的对策。     

Methodology and Results of the REKLIP Atmospheric Emission Inventory of the Upper Rhine Valley Transborder Region

In the frame of the climatological project REKLIPwhich involves part of Switzerland, Germany and Franceand concerns the upper Rhine valley, an atmosphericemission inventory has been established with a spatialresolution of a square kilometer and a time resolutionup to one hour. Anthropogenic emissions of SO₂, NO_x,CO, HCl and volatile organic compounds (VOC) divided into thirty compounds or group of compounds as well as biogenic emissions of NMVOC have been taken into account for the year 1990. This inventory has been updated for the following years until 1993 and some hourly emissions inventories have been derived for a period of several days of September 1992,corresponding to a REKLIP intensive measurement campaign.     

林芝河谷地区典型农田土壤主要性质及重金属状况初探

选择西藏林芝河谷地区代表性麦田及蔬菜大棚土壤,对其主要土壤肥力指标、重金属浓度及相应小麦及蔬菜样的重金属浓度进行了测定。结果发现:该区耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮处于中等及较缺乏水平,全磷、全钾、有效锌处于缺乏水平,速效磷、钾及有效铜处于较丰富水平;研究区土壤及作物铜、锌、镉浓度均未超出我国土壤环境质量标准,但农业生产活动造成了表层土壤铜、锌、镉的富集。研究区耕地应注重有机肥、化肥及微量元素的合理施用,同时注意农业生产活动造成的土壤酸化、重金属富集问题并加以监控,以促进该区农业的可持续发展。     

桂林市菜地土壤和蔬菜铜含量及其健康风险

在桂林地区蔬菜和菜地土壤铜含量进行大规模调查基础上,评价其污染程度,并用THQ评估经食用蔬菜摄入铜的健康风险。结果显示,桂林地区菜地土壤铜含量范围、中值、算术均值和几何均值分别为11.69～348.8mg·kg-1和27.41、34.62、29.43mg·kg-1,与桂林市土壤背景值相比,桂林市菜地土壤铜没有明显的积累;桂林地区蔬菜铜含量范围和平均值分别为0.032～3.530mg·kg-1和0.324mg·kg-1,与其他城市蔬菜铜含量相比,桂林地区蔬菜铜含量处于较低水平,通过蔬菜摄入铜的健康风险小。蔬菜对铜的富集能力以辣椒最高,因而其抗污染能力较差,白菜、包菜和萝卜对铜的富集能力最低。     

Carbonate Rhizoliths in Dune Sands of the Belaya River Valley (Upper Angara Region)

Eurasian Soil Science - Results of investigating carbonate rhizoliths formed in the Early Holocene dune sands in the Belaya River valley are presented. Carbonate accumulations are characterized by...