17个小麦F2群体中单株籽粒GMP含量的分布

为给GMP性状在后代中的选择提供依据,以17个小麦杂交组合的F2群体为材料,分析了单株籽粒GMP含量在不同组合F2群体中的分布状况.结果表明,不同组合的F2代单株籽粒GMP含量的分布是连续的,呈正态或偏态分布,符合数量性状遗传特点.在不同亲本的组合后代中,F2代单株籽粒GMP表现出不同的分布倾向,70.6%的组合以超高亲和倾高亲分布为主,出现23.5%近中亲和5.9%倾低亲分布,无超低亲分离现象.因此,在具有不同GMP含量亲本的杂交组合后代分离群体中,能够筛选出高GMP含量的育种材料.     

CHA杂种小麦品质优势的多代利用研究

以6个优质材料和7个丰产材料为亲本,按优/优、优/丰和丰/丰三种类型组配23个杂交组合,分析了F1、F2的品质性状杂种优势和亲子关系,研究了小麦HMW-GS的遗传及其与杂种小麦品质的关系,探讨了CHA杂种F1、F2优势利用的可行性及培育优质杂种小麦的选配规律。结果表明:同一组合F1、F2的品质优势没有规律性变化,其值大多介于双亲之间,各组合品质指标与亲本呈正相关,选择高值双亲可获得较高的F1、F2组合,亲本基因型对杂种小麦的品质起决定作用,选择时应着重考虑优/丰和优/优类型。F1、F2代品质优势显著,杂种小麦F1及F2代在生产中具有利用可行性。小麦HMW-GS的分离符合孟德尔基因分离规律,选择优质亚基多的亲本杂交,可提高其在杂交后代中的出现频率,进而提高杂种小麦的品质。     

大豆亲本差异对杂种F1产量的影响

以不同来源的36个大豆育成品种为亲本,配制29个杂交组合,分析了F1代产量性状之间的杂种优势、亲本间各性状差异与杂种优势的关系、来源地不同的亲本以及亲本间遗传距离的杂种优势表现.结果表明:大豆产量的杂种优势主要来源于单株荚数和粒数的优势;单株荚数和单株产量超亲优势显著高于百粒重和株高等性状;亲本间单株荚数、单株产量和百...     

籼稻紫叶种质hrd1的鉴定及杂种优势分析

籼稻紫叶材料hrd1来源于特籼占13与02428杂交后代。农艺性状考察表明,籼稻紫叶种质hrd1紫色性状表现稳定、叶绿素含量正常,其株高较矮、分蘖中强、柱头双外露率极高,农艺性状较优良。以hrd1为母本与11个水稻品种配制杂交组合,对杂种F1及亲本的主要农艺性状进行统计分析,结果表明:hrd1与11个品种杂交F1在主要农艺、经济性状上都表现了较强的杂种优势,特别是单株穗重杂种优势表现突出。该种质在标记性状转育和杂种优势利用中具有一定价值。     

大豆不同亲本组合对早世代群体油分含量的影响

设置高油×高油、中油×高油和中油×低油3种组合,对各组合F1、F2代单株油分含量进行分析测定,研究了大豆不同亲本组合对早世代群体油分含量的影响.结果表明:大豆杂交组合亲本油分含量对F1、F2代单株、群体油分含量和F2代群体油分含量数量特征及含量频率分布均有显著影响,亲本油分含量与F2代群体油分含量呈显著相关.不同油分含量的大豆杂交亲本组合类型对F2代单株及群体油分含量有显著的影响.     

转Bt基因水稻杂种后代的农艺性状分析

以克螟稻Ts5为亲本与另5个感虫亲本作正反杂交,结果表明10个杂交组合的F1代中,以Ts5为父本所配组合杂种优势强于以Ts5为母本所配的组合.F2代的抗虫株与非抗虫株群体在农艺性状上无显著差异;但某些农艺性状,F2代的抗虫株、非抗虫株群体与亲本相比,达显著或极显著差异.F3代的抗虫株与非抗虫株群体及亲本在分蘖动态变化上无显著差异.试验结果为低代抗虫株系的田间筛选提供了参考依据.     

高油大豆杂交F_2代品质性状与农艺性状的通径分析

选择5个高油大豆品种(系)作为亲本,配成4个杂交组合.对杂交F2代进行品质性状与主要农艺性状的相关分析和通径分析.结果表明:脂肪含量与蛋白质含量、主茎节数、单株产量、百粒重呈极显著负相关;蛋白质含量与主茎节数、分枝数、单株荚数和单株粒数的相关性达到显著或极显著水平.单株产量与主茎节数、分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数和百粒重达极显著正相关.单株产量对脂肪含量的直接负效应最大,单株粒数对蛋白质含量的直接负效应最大,单株荚数对蛋脂总量的间接负效应最大,单株粒数对单株产量的直接正效应最大.     

大豆品种远缘杂交F1代的杂种优势分析

为探讨大豆品种远缘杂交F1代的杂种优势差异,采用地理纬度相近的中国辽宁省和美国俄亥俄州新育成亚有限型品种各4个和4个辽宁省20年代老品种为亲本,配置组成地理远缘和时代远缘杂交F1代,对F1代主要形态性状、产量性状、生理性状的杂种优势进行了分析.结果表明:大豆部分形态性状、产量性状、生理性状具有较高的杂种优势,但不同类型杂交组合间差异显著.地理远缘的亲本间杂交会产生明显的杂种优势,并且地理远缘的亲本间杂交的杂种优势要高于时代远缘的亲本间杂交,但百粒重、粒茎比、光合速率这三个性状的杂种优势均以新老品种杂交的高.     

大豆骨干亲本中豆32主要农艺性状的配合力分析

为了明确大豆骨干亲本中豆32主要农艺性状的配合力特点,以中豆32及9个大豆品种(种质)为亲本,采用不完全双列杂交法组配30个杂交组合,分析比较各杂交组合10个产量和品质相关性状的配合力及遗传参数。配合力分析表明：骨干亲本中豆32具有较高的一般配合(GCA),除百粒重和蛋白含量GCA为负值外,其余8个性状GCA均为正值,尤其在有效分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株产量4个性状上表现突出。中豆32组配的杂交组合大部分表现优异,具有较高的特殊配合力(SCA),30个杂交组合中,中豆32×郑8516、中豆32×中黄13、中豆32×新四粒黄、中豆32×宁豆5号和中豆32×中黄319产量相关性状的SCA均较高。遗传分析表明,各组合的株高、主茎节数、有效分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重、单株产量、蛋白含量和脂肪含量主要受基因加性效应影响,底荚高度则受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同影响。研究表明,中豆32具有较好的配合力,育种中根据其农艺性状的配合力特点加以利用,易获得强优势组合。     

小麦沉淀值的研究进展

沉淀值是评价小麦面筋强度和烘烤品质的重要指标。本文综述了沉淀值在小麦不同品种间的变异、遗传力、杂种优势和配合力方面的研究概况;分析了沉淀值与重要农艺性状（抽穗期、株高、产量因素等）、品质性状和ＨＭＷ麦谷蛋白亚基组成的相关关系,认为沉淀值作为早代选择指标,既简便有效,又有利于协调产量与品质以及品质性状之间的关系。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.