赤点石斑鱼病毒性神经坏死症的组织病理和电镜观察

用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）检测患病赤点石斑鱼苗，呈Beta诺达病毒阳性。光学显微镜下观察到病鱼的脑、视网膜、脊髓有空泡．在脑部，空泡主要分布在端脑、间脑和小脑。受感染的细胞明显收缩、致密变化和嗜碱性。包涵体常为圆形，大小不一。透射电镜下，在感染细胞的细胞质可观察到含有病毒粒子的致密体。病毒粒子呈等面体，无外膜，直径为25～28nm，随机分布在细胞质或在致密体内排列成品格状。致密体大小不一。偶尔观察到较大致密体的外膜已破裂，病毒粒子被释放到细胞质。     

应用生产函数确定网箱养殖赤点石斑鱼最佳放养密度

根据广东省惠阳县网箱养殖的生产统计数据,拟合了赤点石斑鱼的生产函数。该生产函数为不过原点的二次模型,其变量包括放养密度、养殖期、鱼种规格、养殖期以及成活率等。该模型的产量生产函数为：Ｙ＝－．０００ ４９５Ｄ＾２＋０．９３０Ｄ－０．０００ ８８７Ｄ．Ｆｓ－０．０１０ ３Ｄ．Ｃｐ＋０．６８６Ｆｓ＋５．４４８Ｃｐ－１６９．７８３,Ｒ＾２＝０．８９７０。据此求得最大经济效益的放养密度与养殖规格、养殖期及上     

饥饿对斜带石斑鱼肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

在室外水泥池(4m×1.5m×1m)进行石斑鱼(62.3±0.6g)的饥饿实验,每池放养35尾,设3个重复,实验时间分别为0、1、2、3和4周。随着饥饿时间的延长,体重减轻,肥满度和肝体比显著降低;肌肉水分显著增加而蛋白质含量显著下降(P<0.05),脂肪含量在第1周下降后基本保持稳定。肝脏饱和脂肪酸在饥饿前3周基本保持不变,第4周显著下降。单不饱和脂肪酸在饥饿第1周保持不变,然后呈下降趋势。多不饱和脂肪酸和高不饱和脂肪酸的总和随着饥饿时间的延长,含量显著增加。与肝脏相比,肌肉中脂肪酸变化程度较小。随着饥饿时间的延长,肌肉中140减少而205增加。饥饿使肌肉中DHA/EPA比率呈下降趋势,但肝脏DHA/EPA比率显著上升;肌肉和肝脏中DHA EPA的百分比都随饥饿时间的延长而显著上升。     

赤点石斑鱼的普通变形菌病原学研究

对2002年7~9月在广东省阳西县发生大规模死亡的赤点石斑鱼进行病原学研究,现场调查发现养殖赤点石斑鱼平均死亡率高达80%,病鱼的体征为鱼体体表有轻度溃疡,明显的腹部膨胀。解剖发现内脏严重病变,肠坏死,有少量腹水。组织切片观察发现病鱼的心、肝、肠、脾脏中存在大量的细菌,菌体呈现弥漫分布,透亮,个体为球状或短杆状。从以上器官及血液分离到3个优势菌株,分别通过肌肉注射的方法感染健康赤点石斑鱼,筛选出其中毒力较强的1株。用法国梅里埃公司的API20E试剂盒,结合专用电脑软件进行鉴定,确定为普通变形菌(Proteusvulgaris)。用该菌株配制成梯度浓度的菌悬液,再次用肌肉注射的方法对健康赤点石斑鱼进行感染试验,得到其LD50为6.7×104cfu/ml,证实了普通变形菌对赤点石斑鱼具有强毒性,可能是引起这次大规模死亡的致病菌。     

赤点石斑鱼早繁试验初报

本文报道了2009年2—5月在福建省福鼎市室内水泥池开展赤点石斑鱼提早繁殖试验情况。244尾亲鱼经2个月加温强化培育,于2009年4月初开始自行产卵,产卵时间较正常季节提前约2个月,40天时间亲鱼共产卵4140万粒,卵受精率19．4％～33．9％,孵化率12．8％～36．4％。     

Effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid sources,microalgae meal and oil,on growth,fatty acid composition and docosahexaenoic acid retention of orange‐spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides

This study evaluated the effects of Aurantiochytrium spp. microalgae meal and oil as dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) sources on the growth, fatty acid composition and DHA retention of orange‐spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Dietary fish oil was replaced with microalgae meal or oil to provide an equal amount of DHA as a fish oil‐containing basal diet. In total, three experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial wt: 8.48 ± 0.06 g) in a recirculating system for 8 weeks. The weight gain and feed efficiency of the fish did not differ significantly among the experimental diets. The fatty acid composition of the whole body of the fish generally reflected the composition of their diet. The concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid in the whole body was higher in the fish fed the fish meal control diet than in those fed the two experimental diets The fish fed the control diet and those fed the diet containing microalgae oil exhibited higher DHA concentrations than did the fish fed the diet containing microalgae meal. The whole‐body DHA retention was the highest in the fish fed the diet with microalgae oil, followed by the fish fed the control diet. The lowest whole‐body DHA retention was observed in the fish fed the diet containing microalgae meal. The results suggested that the oil from Aurantiochytrium spp. microalgae can be used as DHA source for the grouper. DHA utilization by the fish was higher when the diet was supplemented with microalgae oil than with dry microalgae meal.     

生物饵料对赤点石斑鱼不同养殖阶段的影响

通过对赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)亲本强化、苗种繁育阶段的饵料进行研究,结果表明:采用牡蛎作为赤点石斑鱼亲本营养强化饵料使得亲本成活率达89.33%,所产的卵子平均受精率达78.9%、孵化率达80.1%,均显著高于使用南美白对虾和蛏子组(P<0.05);苗种培育至摄氏卤虫阶段,采用鱼油(4 g/L)与经小球藻强化轮虫和虾青素(5 g/L)混合代替,成活率29.53%,全长增长率175.00%,效果最佳;苗种培育至摄氏桡足类阶段,采用鱼油(4 g/L)与桡足类和虾青素(5 g/L)培育,成活率和全长增长率均显著高于其他组(P<0.05);而后期采用软颗粒料(鳗粉:鳀鱼=3:2,添加虾青素5 g/kg)可极显著提高赤点石斑鱼的养成成活率和全长增长率(P<0.01)。     

Effects of aromatizable and nonaromatizable androgens on the sex inversion of red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara)

The effects of aromatizable 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) and non-aromatizable 17α-methyldihydrotestosterone (MDHT) on sex inversion in red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara, were investigated. Fish were implanted with MT, MDHT and MT+AI (aromatase inhibitor, AI) respectively for one month. The results showed that the three treated groups turned into transitional stage with intersex gonads, which contained atretic oocytes and spermatogenic germ cells at all stages of spermatogenesis. The controls did not change sex. The gonads of more than half MT-implanted fish were in early transitional stages of sex inversion, whereas those of more than half MDHT and MT+AI-implanted fish were in late transitional stages of sex inversion. No difference in serum estradiol-17β (E₂) levels between the controls and the treated groups were observed, whereas 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and testosterone (T) levels increased in all treated groups. Significantly lower gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gonadal aromatase activity were observed in the treated groups, which were in accordance with the lower mRNA expression of P450aromA. However, P450aromB mRNA expression increased in the MT group, while it did not change in the MDHT group. These results suggest that the sex inversion of red-spotted grouper by MT and MDHT implantation might be due to the suppression of P450aromA gene expression, and resulting in both the decrease of the ovarian estrogen –secretion, as well as the increase in the 11-KT levels. Furthermore, the main reason for MT being less effective than MDHT might be due to partial aromatization of MT to estrogen.     

Gonadal development, aromatase activity and P450 aromatase gene expression during sex inversion of protogynous red-spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara (Temminck and Schlegel) after implantation of the aromatase inhibitor, fadrozole

In the present study, we implanted 2‐year‐old female red‐spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara, with a non‐steroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI), fadrozole, in the breeding season and examined changes in gonadal histology, serum sex steroids, aromatase activities and P450 aromatase (P450arom) gene expression in gonads after AI implantation. Aromatase inhibitor at doses from 0.1 to 10.0 mg kg^?1 BW induced a sex inversion and completion of spermatogenesis up to the functional male phase, but doses of 1.0 and 10.0 mg kg^?1 BW AI produced more males than 0.1 mg kg^?1 BW AI. Serum estradiol‐17β (E₂) levels decreased, but 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) levels increased significantly in all the AI‐implanted groups, whereas testosterone (T) levels increased significantly only in the 1.0 mg kg^?1 BW AI‐implanted group. Aromatase activities and P450arom gene expression in gonads were inhibited significantly in the AI‐implanted groups, which was in accordance with the decrease in serum E₂ levels. These results suggested the optimal dose of AI to induce sex inversion to be 1.0 mg kg^?1 BW. Furthermore, the sex inversion induced by AI may be attributed to the inhibition of P450arom gene expression and aromatase activity and the resultant decrease in the biosynthesis of endogenous E₂. Meanwhile, the elevated 11‐KT levels were also associated closely with the occurrence of sex inversion in protogynous red‐spotted grouper.     

赤点石斑鱼诺达病毒的纯化及其衣壳蛋白的Western-blot分析

采用差速离心,蔗糖(10%～40%,W/V)密度梯度离心和氯化铯(30%～40%,W/W)等密度梯度离心法,对赤点石斑鱼诺达病毒大亚湾株(RGCN)进行了纯化,测定计算其浮密度为1.3102～1.3243g·cm-3。通过Westernblot法检测到的病毒的结构蛋白的分子量为37和31kDa,而以31kDa的蛋白为主。     

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels with different protein‐to‐energy ratios on growth performance,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile red‐spotted grouper,Epinephelus akaara

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile red‐spotted grouper (7.85 ± 0.03 g fish^?1). Nine semi‐purified diets were formulated containing varying protein levels (440–520 g kg^?1, dry matter) and lipid levels (60–120 g kg^?1, dry matter). The weight gain of juvenile Epinephelus akaara was affected by dietary protein (p = .005) and its interaction with dietary lipid (p = .020). Viscerosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat ratio and whole‐body lipid level increased with increasing dietary lipid level (p < .001). Nitrogen retention was not affected by dietary protein and lipid, while lipid retention decreased with increasing dietary lipid level (p < .001). The plasma blood urea nitrogen increased with increasing dietary protein level (p = .003). This study showed that diet with 520 g kg^?1 protein and 60 g kg^?1 lipid with 30.58 mg kJ^?1 P:E provided a maximal growth for this species. Moreover, an increase in dietary lipid levels (from 60 to 90 g kg^?1) could reduce the protein requirement (from 520 to 480 g kg^?1) without affecting the growth performance, while higher fat deposition was observed in fish fed high‐lipid diets.     

不同培育方式对赤点石斑鱼成熟、产卵和孵化的影响

在深水网箱、传统小网箱和室内水泥池三种培育方式下,采用埋植外源激素的方法诱导赤点石斑鱼提前完成性转化,获得功能性雄鱼,并用所得雄鱼和人工驯化培育而成的雌鱼进行了亲鱼培育、产卵和孵化试验研究。结果表明:雌鱼性腺成熟以深水网箱培育为最好,室内水泥池培育次之,传统小网箱培育最差;转性效果深水网箱与室内水泥池培育相差无几,转性率分别为97.0%和94.6%,传统小网箱较差,转性率仅65.9%;自然雄鱼以深水网箱为最多。其中,2004年共获得亲鱼246 ind,施行转性手术100 ind,转性率达87.9%,先后获受精卵230.5×104粒,平均受精率22.4%,孵出仔鱼80×104ind,平均孵化率34.7%。     

养殖2龄赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)的营养价值与畸形原因分析

分析了在工厂化条件下养殖的赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)出现的畸形现象,发现其发育畸形特征可分为脊椎畸形和鳃颌畸形两大类。为了获得其营养学研究的基础资料,采用营养学方法测定和分析了正常、脊椎畸形、鳃颌畸形3种类型的鱼形体指标、肌肉成分及品质。结果显示,(1)脊椎畸形与鳃颌畸形鱼的全长、肌肉率分别为(21.97±1.50) cm、(71.12±1.45)%和(22.43±0.12) cm、(71.28±0.39)%,都与正常鱼的指标值(25.70±0.75) cm、(78.58±0.20)%差异显著;(2)3种类型鱼的肌肉中粗蛋白和粗灰分含量比较接近,差异不显著。脊椎畸形鱼的粗脂肪含量为(3.55±0.06)%,与正常鱼和鳃颌畸形鱼(2.71±0.07)%、(2.48±0.01)%差异显著;(3)脊椎畸形鱼的氨基酸总量(TAA)和必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为(17.55±0.65)%、83.04,鳃颌畸形鱼分别为(15.89±0.11)%、73.82,低于正常鱼的(19.86±0.52)%和89.25;(4)从内聚性、弹性、胶粘性和咀嚼性4个方面对3种类型鱼的肌肉品质评价研究表明,上述4个指标值的大小(规律)为正常鱼＞脊椎畸性鱼＞鳃颌畸形鱼。两类畸形鱼的营养价值低于正常鱼,其中鳃颌畸形鱼的最低。实验还对3类鱼脊椎、鳃颌骨中的 Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Ca、P 等含量进行了测定,研究表明,脊椎中其他各元素间含量差异不显著,仅有Fe、Mn 差异显著,说明 Fe、Mn 可能造成人工养殖的赤点石斑鱼脊椎畸形。     

循环水养殖赤点石斑鱼幼鱼放养密度研究

将体质量(10.82±0.17)g的赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)幼鱼饲养在室内循环水、直径40cm×水深50cm池中,每个池中10(G_(10))、20(G_(20))和40(G_(40))尾,投喂常规饲料,每周测4次水质。8周的养殖结果表明,养殖时间和放养密度均影响赤点石斑鱼的生长、存活和水质。随着养殖时间的加长,成活率逐步降低,但整体保持在40.00%~90.00%之间,G_(10)组的成活率显著高于G_(40)组(P0.05)。试验结束时,赤点石斑鱼的增重率(WGR)变化在(47.97±1.98)~(68.02±2.34)%之间,特定生长率(SGR)变化在(0.70±0.33)~(0.93±0.42)%/d之间,两指标不同密度组差异显著(P0.05),而各组鱼的肝体比(HIS)、内脏比(VSI)和肥满度(CF)差异不显著(P0.05)。     

赤点石斑鱼早期仔鱼轮虫日摄食量的研究

赤点石斑鱼早期仔鱼轮虫日摄食量的研究王涵生（福建省水产研究所，厦门３６１００５）关键词赤点石斑鱼，仔鱼，轮虫，日摄食量ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＤＡＩＬＹＣＯＮＳＵＭＥＤＮＵＭＢＥＲＳＯＦＲＯＴＩＦＥＲＦＥＤＢＹＴＨＥＥＡＲＬＹＬＡＲＶＡＥＯＦＥＰＩＮ...     

饥饿和补偿生长对点带石斑鱼幼鱼摄食和生长的影响

在水温29.2±0.2℃条件下,对点带石斑鱼幼鱼(1.832±0.03 g)进行了不同时间的饥饿后再供食的恢复生长试验。对照组(S0)持续投喂30 d,饥饿组S2、S4、S6、S8和S10分别饥饿2 d、4 d、6 d、8 d和10 d后再分别恢复投喂28 d、26 d、24 d、22 d和20 d。结果表明:饥饿组在恢复投喂后,体重迅速增重,且S2的体重超过了S0,但两者体重差异不显著(P>0.05),而其他各饥饿组的体重均显著低于S0和S2组(P<0.05)。点带石斑鱼经饥饿再恢复投喂,其特殊生长率和摄食率均显著高于S0(P<0.05);食物转化率呈波动变化,各饥饿组的食物转化率大部分均低于S0。比较分析认为,S2为完全补偿生长,其他各试验组为部分补偿生长,且这种补偿生长效应主要是通过恢复生长阶段提高摄食水平来实现。     

Isolation and characterization of collagens from the skin of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus)

ABSTRACT

Acid-solubilized collagen (ASC) and pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) were extracted from the skin of giant groupers (Epinephelus lanceolatus) with yields of 39.51 and 19.12%, respectively. ASC and PSC consisted of two different α chains (α1 and α2) and were characterized to be type I collagen with no disulfide bond. The imino acid contents of the ASC and PSC from giant grouper skin were 189 and 181 per 1,000 residues, respectively. The maximum endothermic temperatures (T_max) of ASC and PSC measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were 31.71 and 31.33°C, respectively. The denaturation temperatures of ASC and PSC measured by viscometry were 29.84 and 29.05°C, respectively. The maximum solubility in 0.5 M acetic acid was observed at pH 5 and pH 6 for ASC and PSC, respectively. A sharp decrease in solubility was observed for both ASC and PSC in the presence of NaCl above 3% (w/v).     

盐度对赤点石斑鱼受精卵发育的影响及仔鱼活力的判断

观察比较了10个盐度梯度（44.0,41.0,38.0,35.0，自然海水盐度30.5-32.5,27.0,24.0,21.0,18.0,15.0)下赤点石斑鱼受精卵的孵化率和畸形率，对12批初孵仔鱼进行耐饥饿试验。并测定其不投饵存活系数SAI值。结果表明，赤点石斑鱼受精卵孵化的适宜盐度为38.0-24.0，最适盐度为35.0-27.0。盐度高于35.0，孵化率随盐度的升高而降低，仔鱼畸形率则随之升高。盐度低于24.0，孵化率随盐度的降低而降低，仔鱼畸形率则随之升高，从盐度38.0到41.0以及24.0到21.0是2个对受精卵孵化率和仔鱼畸形率影响很大的盐度梯度，高于或低于这2个盐度梯度，孵化率即明显大幅度降低，畸形率则大幅度升高，赤点石斑鱼仔鱼的SAI值为3.19-12.42，低于长吻Sheng和黄条Shi的SAI值，仔鱼的SAI值与卵的受精率，孵化率呈正相关关系。只有SAI值大于5的仔鱼才有可能被进一步培育成苗，低于5的将在数天内死亡。     

不同蛋白质水平下添加小肽对石斑鱼生长、消化酶、血清生化和抗氧化能力的影响

设计6组实验,测定在3种不同饲料蛋白质水平（44%,48%,52%）下添加2种水平的小肽（0.05%,0.1%）对赤点石斑鱼（Epinephelus akaara）生长、消化酶、血清生化和抗氧化能力的影响。饲料分别为D1（44%,0.05%）,D2（44%,0.1%）,D3（48%,0.05%）,D4（48%,0.1%）,D5（52%,0.05%）,D6（52%,0.1%）。每组饲料3个平行,每个玻璃钢纤维桶（500 L）放15尾石斑鱼[初始体质量（42.16±0.23）g],实验进行8周。结果显示,各组石斑鱼增重、特定生长率、肌肉粗蛋白、脂肪和灰分无显著差异,随着蛋白质和小肽水平的增加,肌肉粗脂肪、血清胆固醇和甘油三酯质量浓度降低（P<0.05）;胃蛋白酶活性在d2组最高,小肽对肠道淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性不存在显著影响,在d1组活性较高（p>0.05）;各组石斑鱼肝脏丙二醛和过氧化物酶差异不显著（P>0.05）。由上述结果可以看出在不同蛋白质水平下添加小肽可以降低石斑鱼的蛋白需求,促进脂肪代谢,增加消化酶活性。