Influence of NaCl Salinity on Growth and Metabolic Status of Protein and Amino Acids in Rice Seedlings

Seeds of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance when grown under increasing level of NaCl salinity and seedling vigour as well as metabolic status of total and soluble proteins, amino acids were evaluated in seedlings at increasing days of growth it was observed that increasing level of salinity caused loss in dry wt. of seedlings as well as reduction in lengths of root and shoot. In both sets of cultivars salt stressed seedlings showed higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins, total amino acids compared to non salinized seedlings. In roots of salt susceptible cvs. Ratna and Jaya increased salinity up to 14 mmhos/cm remarkably increased total as well as soluble protein level whereas in shoots moderate level of salinity increased protein level compared to controls and higher salinity level caused suppression in such increase. Tolerant cultivars always maintained higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins and total amino acids in salt stressed seedlings compared to susceptibles. Amino acids which accumulated greatly in salinized seedlings were arginine, phenylalanine, alanine, leucine, proline, valine and glutamine. Results suggest possible role of proteins and amino acids in confering salt tolerance in rice.     

Effect of NaCl Salinity and Putrescine on Shoot Growth, Tissue Ion Concentration and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L. var. GR-3)

Interactive effect of NaCl salinity and putrescine on shoot growth, ion (Na⁺, K⁺ and CI⁻) concentration in leaf, stem and inflorescence and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L. var. GR-3) were studied. When rice plants were subjected to salt stress (12 dS/m) the extension growth and dry weight of shoot system as well as total leaf area and chlorophyll content were found markedly reduced. Analysis of leaf, stem and inflorescence of salt-stressed plants showed higher concentration of Na⁺ and Cl ions and lower concentration of K⁺ ion compared to the control. Salinization also caused a considerable fall in grain yield.
Foliar application of putrescine (10⁻⁵M) significantly increased the growth and yield of salt-stressed plants. Putrescine treatment decreased the influx of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions and increased the K⁺ level in all the tissues of salinized plants examined. Putrescine also increased the chlorophyll content in salt-stressed plants. These results suggest that exogenous application of putrescine can be used successfully to ameliorate the stress injuries caused by NaCl salinity in rice plants to a considerable extent.     

Protective Effects of Polyamines against Oxidative Stress Induced by Water and Cold Stress in Chickpea

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yields are drastically reduced by water and cold stress that occur individually or simultaneously in northern region of India. The comparative effects of both the stresses were investigated at the metabolic level by examining the endogenous status of polyamines (PAS), active oxygen species and antioxidants. Chickpea plants (15‐day old) growing hydroponically under controlled conditions (light/ dark; 24/21 °C, 16/8 h; irradiance 250 μmol m^?2 s^?1) were subjected to water deficit stress (Ψ_s of ?0.2 to ?1.0 MPa) and cold stress (5–25 °C) for 4 days. LD₅₀ in terms of root growth rate (RGR), electrolyte leakage and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction activity was observed at ?0.6 MPa and 10 °C for water and cold stress, respectively. In a subsequent experiment, 15‐day‐old plants were exposed to these stress levels under the above‐mentioned growth conditions for 7 days and analysed for various parameters. In cold‐stressed plants (CS), putrescine (PUT) was observed to be relatively higher while water‐stressed plants (WS) had more of spermidine (SPD). Spermine (SPM) levels increased more rapidly in WS and declined on the fourth day of stress while in CS, a gradual increase occurred that decreased on the seventh day. The accumulation of PAs was short‐lived under the combined presence of both the stresses. Hydrogen peroxide elevated abruptly in WS and remained higher than CS while the latter showed a marked increase in malondialdehyde content. Ascorbic acid increased sharply in WS that decreased on the fourth day while CS showed a relatively gradual increase that reached its maximum on the fourth day and declined subsequently. Glutathione was significantly higher in CS plants in comparison with WS and CS + WS plants. The activity levels of superoxide dismutase were higher up to 4 days and declined subsequently while those of WS stayed higher till the last day of stress. Ascorbate peroxidase levels were significantly higher in CS plants while catalase activity was comparatively more in WS. Exogenous application of PAs reduced the level of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde content and raised the level of antioxidants. Put caused 44 and 32 % increase in RGR in CS and WS, respectively, while SPD resulted in 110 and 25 % enhancement in WS and CS, respectively. Under combination of stresses, RGR increased by 21, 53 and 10 % by Put, SPD and SPM, respectively. The effects of PAs could be reversed largely by their biosynthetic inhibitors. α‐difluoromethylornithine (a biosynthetic inhibitor of putrescine) caused more damage to CS while cyclohexylamine (inhibitor of SPD and SPM biosynthesis) was more inhibitory in WS.     

Water Stress-induced Injury to Reproductive Phase in Chickpea: Evaluation of Stress Sensitivity in Wild and Cultivated Species in Relation to Abscisic Acid and Polyamines

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is more sensitive to water stress during its reproductive growth and consequently experiences substantial yield loss. Wild species being relatively tolerant to abiotic stresses offer a potential gene source for incorporation of drought tolerance in cultivated species. In the present study, the differential stress sensitivity of wild (Cicer reticulatum Ladiz.) and cultivated species (C. arietinum) was evaluated by subjecting the plants of both the species to water stress for 14 days during the reproductive phase and examined for stress injury, endogenous status of polyamines (PA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Comparatively, the cultivated species experienced higher stress injury (assessed as electrolyte leakage, 2,3,5‐triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction ability, chlorophyll loss) as well as decreased leaf water potential (Ψ_w; ?2.48 MPa) than the wild species (?1.98 MPa). The stressed plants of cultivated species lost more number of flowers (62 %) and pods (65 %) when compared with the unstressed ones while those of wild species showed 30 % and 44 % loss, respectively. The number of infertile pods was significantly more in stressed plants of cultivated species than in those of wild species. The endogenous status of PA revealed that putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) levels accumulated to a higher extent in the cultivated species relative to the wild species until the eighth day of stress, and thereafter, the wild species had significantly higher levels of PA. In contrast, ABA levels increased to a higher extent in the wild species until the eighth day of stress and declined subsequently to a greater degree than the cultivated species. The injury to reproductive growth appeared to accentuate with reduction in leaf Ψ_w that was coupled with depletion of PA in both the species, especially in the cultivated one. Exogenous application of 10 mm PUT partially alleviated the damage to reproductive growth by increasing the leaf water status and chlorophyll content while decreasing the ABA content, which resulted in improvement of retention of flowers and pods, particularly in the cultivated species.     

亚精胺在缓解菜豆幼苗低温胁迫中的作用

为了研究外源亚精胺对菜豆幼苗耐低温性的影响。本研究以菜豆低温敏感型品种‘P16093’和耐低温型品种‘P16165’的幼苗为试验材料,设置常温对照(CK)、4℃低温(LT)以及4℃低温条件下喷施外源亚精胺(LT+Spd)3个处理组,对植株生长形态、抗氧化系统、渗透调节物质、生物膜、内源多胺含量进行测定。结果表明,低温条件下外源亚精胺的喷施能够促进植物生长,缓解低温对菜豆幼苗株高、茎粗、鲜重、干重的影响;与LT组相比喷施外源亚精胺使得低温下两品种幼苗叶片中电解质渗透率降低,最多下降了16.94%;丙二醛含量升高,在第8天分别上升了42.81%和70.59%;可溶性蛋白含量下降,脯氨酸含量上升;抗氧化酶活性升高;内源腐胺和亚精胺含量增加。研究结果表明外源亚精胺可以通过调控植物体内多胺代谢,增强ROS清除系统来缓解菜豆幼苗低温胁迫下受到的损伤。     

营养组合调控降低砷对水稻苗毒害的初步研究

以水稻品种汕优63为材料,采用高(为正常浓度的1倍)、中(正常浓度)、低(为正常浓度的0.5倍)3个营养液梯度水平,探讨N,P,K营养元素组合浓度下无机砷As(III)和As(V)对水稻苗期生长的影响,以及水稻根系、叶片中砷含量的变化。结果表明,高N,高P营养液处理下,水稻的根长、株高和干质量均明显大于正常营养液的对照组,而高K营养液处理下水稻苗的根长、株高和干质量与对照比较没有明显变化。低N,低P和低K营养液处理下,水稻的根长、株高和干质量均小于正常营养液的对照组。高N、高P处理下,水稻根系和叶片中As(III)和As(V)的含量均显著下降,P对水稻中As(III)的含量影响比N明显,N对水稻中As(V)的影响含量比P明显。     

水稻苗期耐盐性遗传的世代平均数分析

以耐盐品种Pokkali和盐敏感品种Peta为亲本配成一套9家系材料，分别用60和100 mol/m3NaCl盐渍营养液对其4周龄秧苗持续处理4周后考察死叶级别和地上部鲜干重比值的世代平均数。多元回归分析表明，2项指标都存在显著的遗传、盐浓度和遗传×盐浓度效应。其中遗传效应由基因加性、显性或加性×加性分量构成，遗传×盐浓度效应含     

Silicon Alleviates PEG‐Induced Water‐Deficit Stress in Upland Rice Seedlings by Enhancing Osmotic Adjustment

This study investigates the effect of added silicon (Si, as sodium silicate) on water status–related parameters, osmolytes accumulation and gas exchange in the leaves of hydroponically grown upland rice seedlings under polyethylene glycol (PEG‐6000)‐induced water stress, the aims being to explore whether Si has been involved in osmotic adjustment (OA) in upland rice plants. Fifty‐five‐day‐old seedlings were subjected to 8.5 % (m/v) PEG‐6000 treatment without or with 2.5 mm Si for 7 days. The results showed that addition of Si to culture solution could partially improve total, free, and bound water contents in both leaves and roots, which were all decreased under water stress. Application of Si increased water potential (Ψ_w) and osmotic potential (Ψ_π) in both roots and leaves while maintained higher turgor pressure (Ψ_p), in comparison with the plants without Si application. Added Si also stimulated the active accumulation of some osmolytes in both leaves and roots of stressed plants, which suggested enhanced OA ability. Analysis of gas exchange in leaves showed that net photosynthetic rate, transpiration, and water‐use efficiency (WUE) were decreased under water stress, whereas application of Si enhanced the photosynthesis and improved the WUE. This study suggests that PEG‐induced water stress in rice could be partially alleviated by addition of Si. This alleviative effect was partially attributable to enhanced OA ability by means of active accumulation of osmolytes.     

Salinity Induced Accumulation of Free Amino Acids in Germinating Rice Seeds Differing in Salt Tolerance

Metabolic status of total and individual free amino acids were studied in endosperms and embryoaxes of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance, growing under increasing levels of saline stress. At all saline treatment levels and in controls salt tolerant cultivars had higher levels of total free amino acids in germinating seed parts than sensitives. Individual free amino acids which always maintained higher levels in germinating tolerant seeds over sensitives were aspartic acid, arginine, glycine and leucine. Salinity caused accumulation of free amino acids in germinating seed parts in all cultivars. Maximum accumulation was of arginine followed by leucine, alanine, valine, glutamine and proline. Individual amino acids accumulated greatly in tolerant cultivars than sensitives. Increased salinity caused decrease in the levels of aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, lysine and histidine in growing embryoaxes. Results suggest possible relationship between levels of free amino acids arginine, leucine, alanine, valine, glutamine and proline and degree of salt tolerance in rice. These all amino acids should be considered in combination as indices for salt tolerance in rice.     

Root Growth of a Salt Susceptible and a Salt Resistant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) During Seedling Establishment Under NaCl Salinity

The salt susceptible rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cv. Jaya and salt resistant cv. Damodar seed germination and seedling growth rates were studied in laboratory and field conditions. The effect of salinity on seed germination, shoot and root length, seedling vigour index (SVI) and increase in the root: shoot length ratio in the laboratory was relatively more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar. The relative susceptibility to salinity was more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar in the field also. However, their responses varied with growth period. The root: shoot length and fresh and dry weight ratios increased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Jaya. The root: shoot fresh and dry weight ratio decreased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Damodar. However, the root: shoot fresh weight ratio decreased with salinity at 25 days in the susceptible cv. Jaya. The root and shoot length fresh and dry weight of cv. Damodar was enhanced at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl treatment compared to the control seedlings at 25 days. SVI in cv. Jaya decreased with salinity in the laboratory and field conditions. SVI in cv. Damodar, SVI showed little change at 15 days but decreased with salinity of 1–3% NaCl with an enhancement at 0.5% NaCl level in the laboratory and at 25 days in field conditions.     

低磷胁迫对不同水稻品种幼苗光合作用的影响

低磷胁迫下,水稻叶片的无机磷含量、光合速率、RuBP羧化酶活性下降.与低磷敏感品种沪占七相比，耐低磷品种大粒稻无机磷含量、RuBP羧化酶活性下降的幅度更小.在低磷胁迫初期(10 d)较低光强下，大粒稻与沪占七光合速率受低磷的影响相近，而较高光强下以及胁迫后期(20 d)大粒稻受低磷影响较小.叶绿素荧光参数测定表明，在低磷胁     

Exogenous Application of Putrescine Ameliorates the Effect of High Temperature in Gossypium hirsutum L. Flowers and Fruit Development

Polyamines have been shown to stimulate fruit set and the initial phase of fruit development in several crops. The effect of exogenous application of putrescine on ovary development and seed set of cotton under high temperature stress was investigated under controlled environmental conditions. Putrescine was applied to floral buds of cotton, 24 h prior to anthesis, and caused a significant increase in putrescine content of cotton ovaries collected at anthesis compared with the control treatment. However, there was no increase in spermidine and spermine. High temperature (38 °C) significantly decreased the spermidine content of cotton ovaries in both years of the study compared with the untreated control (30 °C). Spermine was significantly decreased in the high temperature treatment the first year of the study; however, this result was not consistent for the second year. Ovarian putrescine concentration was not affected by the high temperature treatment. Increased temperatures in this study decreased seed set in cotton flowers; however, exogenous application of putrescine ameliorated the negative effect of high temperature on seed set, as expressed by the number of seeds per cotton boll. This was evident in both years of the study. Exogenous application of Putrescine increased the level of putrescine in cotton flowers, which was associated with increased seed set despite the negative effect of increased temperature.     

砷胁迫对苗期水稻光合生理的影响

以水稻品种汕优63为材料,在田间土培条件种植下,采用不同浓度、不同形态砷溶液处理,探讨砷对苗期水稻光合生理特性的影响。结果表明,砷处理后降低了水稻光合作用参数(净光合速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、气孔限制值、叶绿素含量等),且随着砷浓度的升高,其参数下降幅度增大。水稻形态指标测定结果表明,砷处理导致水稻根长、株高增长缓慢,植株干质量积累减少。同时本研究还发现不同形态砷(无机砷、有机砷)处理水稻后,以无机砷对水稻光合特性的影响作用较大。     

水稻小孢子形成和发育过程中胼胝质的动态变化

利用活体荧光显微术,PEG切片荧光显微术,半薄切片光学显微术和透射电镜观察了粳稻台中65小孢子形成和发育过程中胼胝质的动态变化。结果发现,胼胝质最早于小孢子母细胞形成期出现于花粉囊中。进入小孢子母细胞减数分裂期,胼胝质首先在小孢子母细胞靠近药室中央的初生细胞壁上沉积,并于减数分裂Ⅰ终变期形成完整的胼胝质壁;随后胼胝质在小孢子母细胞中央开始沉积,并向四周扩展形成第1个赤道板,随后形成第2个赤道板;减数分裂后,四分体周围的胼胝质解体释放出小孢子。小孢子早期,绒毡层细胞中积累胼胝质类物质,小孢子核周围也开始沉积胼胝质,逐渐形成完整胼胝质壁;小胞子晚期,绒毡层细胞开始解体,药室内壁细胞开始加厚,其加厚的物质为胼胝质类物质。二胞花粉早期,小孢子进行不均等分裂,形成营养细胞和具有胼胝质壁的生殖细胞,随后营养细胞的细胞质中积累胼胝质,生殖细胞的胼胝质壁开始解体;二胞花粉晚期,药室内壁加厚完成,营养细胞的细胞质中继续积累胼胝质,花粉成熟期,营养细胞的细胞质中积累了大量胼胝质。对胼胝质在小孢子形成和发育过程中的功能进行了讨论。     

外源一氧化氮供体SNP对水稻叶片中由硒引起的脂质过氧化的调节作用

一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)是植物中一种重要的信号分子, 在诱导种子萌发, 影响植物生长发育, 促进植物细胞衰亡等方面发挥着重要作用。然而对于外源NO是否参与了Se诱导的脂质过氧化调节过程仍不为人知。我们研究了0.2 μmol L^-1和20 μmol L^-1Na₂SeO₃及一氧化氮供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside, SNP)处理对水稻叶片叶绿素、H₂O₂和硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, TBARS)含量, 愈创木酚过氧化物酶(guaiacol peroxidase, GPX)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase, APX)活性等生理生化指标的影响。结果表明, 1 μmol L^-1SNP处理促进GPX、APX和CAT活性, 缓解膜脂过氧化, 降低TBARS含量;显著提高0.2 μmol L^-1Na₂SeO₃处理下水稻叶片中叶绿素含量。在20 μmol L^-1Na₂SeO₃处理下, 外加1 μmol L^-1SNP更加显著促进GPX和CAT活性, 与此同时明显降低20 μmol L^-1Na₂SeO₃处理引起的H₂O₂含量上升, 并降低TBARS含量。NO对植物中由Se引起的脂质过氧化具有调节作用。     

水稻BZIP类转录因子在逆境胁迫下的作用

BZIP类转录因子在植物的逆境胁迫下起着重要作用。本研究构建水稻转录因子OsBZIP88过量表达载体pHB-Osbzip88和干涉载体RNAi-Osbzip88,通过遗传转化获得转基因植株,并对转基因植株在逆境胁迫下的表型鉴定。结果表明,过表达转基因植株抗胁迫能力高于野生型和干涉转基因植株。对OsBZIP88定量表达实验表明:OsBZIP88在水稻各组织中均有不同程度表达,且在叶片中表达量最高。本研究初步探明水稻转录因子OsBZIP88在水稻逆境胁迫应答中具有重要的作用,过量表达转录因子OsBZIP88能够增强水稻的抗逆能力。研究结果为进一步了解BZIP类家族基因和挖掘水稻抗逆基因提供了一定的依据。     

水稻愈伤组织继代培养中游离氨基酸库的变化与再分化的相关

以4个水稻品种的成熟胚诱导的愈伤组织为材料，研究了继代培养中胚性与非胚性愈伤组织的游离氨基酸库的变化和愈伤组织再分化的关系，结果表明，天冬酰胺含量随愈伤组织继代培养时间的延长而成倍增加，而酷氨酸、鸟氨酸和氨含量则显著减少，品种之间表现一致，与愈伤组织分化率的相关系数达显著或极显著水平，胚性愈伤组织经     

Cadmium Suppresses Phosphate Level and Inhibits the Activity of Phosphatases in Growing Rice Seedlings

The effect of increasing concentration of Cd in situ on the metabolic status of total phosphate and the activity of its metabolizing enzymes acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatases were examined in growing rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Some 500 μ m Cd in the medium caused 68–77% decline in phosphate content in shoots and 56–66% decline in roots in 20-day-old seedlings of the two rice cultivars Ratna and Jaya. In situ Cd levels of 100 μ m and 500 μ m led to a significant decline in the activities of the three phosphorolytic enzymes studied. Inhibition in the acid phosphatase activity was greater in roots than in shoots. With 500 μ m Cd 62–88% inhibition in acid phosphatase activity was observed in roots. A similar Cd level caused 28–31% inhibition in shoots in 20-day-old seedlings, whereas inorganic pyrophosphatase activity was inhibited by 27–53% in roots and nearly 50% in shoots. Under in vitro conditions more than 200 μ m Cd(NO₃)₂ in the reaction medium significantly inhibited the activities of the phosphorolytic enzymes. Alkaline phosphatase appeared to be more tolerant than acid phosphatase at lower (20–100 μ m ) concentrations whereas the activity of inorganic pyrophosphatase was completely lost with 2 mM Cd. Isoenzymic studies revealed three acid phosphatase isoenzymes with R _F values of 0.18, 0.24 and 0.40 in both roots and shoots. The band intensities decreased under Cd treatments. The results indicate suppression of the activities of phosphatases due to Cd in growing seedlings.     

D-精氨酸对渗透胁迫下水稻幼苗多胺含量和抗旱性的影响

摘要：以 ‘湘早籼32号’和 ‘旱116’为材料,研究渗透胁迫下外源D-Arg对水稻幼苗多胺含量和抗旱性的影响。结果表明,渗透胁迫下,外源D-Arg明显抑制水稻幼苗相对干重增长率和根系中Put、Spd和Spm含量的升高,而对株高相对增长率影响不明显。外源D-Arg+Put明显促进幼苗相对干重增长率和根系中Put、Spd和Spm含量的升高,且促进株高相对增长率的增加。表明,外源D-Arg不利于水稻幼苗抗旱性的提高,且Put能逆转D-Arg的抑制效应。     

水稻OsSUTs基因对弱光胁迫的应答分析

光照对植物的生长发育十分重要,弱光胁迫对水稻生长发育会产生不良的影响.为研究弱光对水稻蔗糖转运蛋白基因(OsSUTs)表达的影响,本研究对水稻品种'日本晴'进行遮光和不遮光(对照)栽培,检测不同光处理的2组材料OsSUTs基因家族的mRNA相对表达情况、农艺性状和生育期长短.结果显示,弱光胁迫可抑制水稻生长发育进程,导...