Comparison of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community in Roots and Rhizosphere of Invasive Cenchrus incertus and Native Plant in Inner Mongolia,China

Plant invasions could significantly alter arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities, but the effect may vary with plant species and local environments. Identifying changes in the AM fungal community due to plant invasion could improve our understanding of the invasion processes. Here, we examined the AM fungal community composition both in roots and rhizo-sphere soils of the invasive plant Cenchrus incertus and the dominant native plant Setaria viridis in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses (T-RFLP). The results showed that AM fungal abundance in the rhizosphere soils of C. incertus was significantly lower than that of S. viridis. The AM fungal community com-position in the rhizosphere soils of the two plant species also largely differed. In general, AM fungal community structures in roots corresponded very wel to that in rhizosphere soils for both plant species. The dominant AM fungal type both in invasive and native plants was T-RFLP 524bp, which represents Glomus sp. (Virtual taxa 109 and 287). Three specific T-RF types (280, 190 and 141bp) were significantly more abundant in C. incertus, representing three clusters in Glomus which also named as VT (virtual taxa) 287, 64 and 214, Rhizophagus intraradices (VT 113) and Diversispora sp. (VT 60). While the specific T-RF types, 189 and 279bp, for S. viridis, only existed in Glomus cluster 1 (VT 156), were significantly less abundant in C. incertus. These results indicated that AM fungi might play an important role in the invasion process of C. incertus, which stil remains to be fur-ther investigated.     

Antagonistic Activities of Volatiles from Four Strains of Bacillus spp. and Paenibacillus spp. Against Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens

The four effective antagonistic Bacillus strains, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of cucumber in a greenhouse, produced antifungal volatiles. These volatiles strongly inhibited the growth of the most tested pathogenic fungi with wide host plants, induced the mycelial morphological abnormalities, and decreased the sclerotoid production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in sealed plates. Spores of Botrytis cinerea exposed to these volatiles for 24-48 h in cavity slides cracked and the sporaceous inclusion became brown and effused to the suspension. An interesting phenomenon observed was that all the bacterial volatiles exhibited intense inhibitory activities against the pigment formation of tested pathogenic fungi, including Ascochyta citrullina, Alternaria solani, Alternaria brassicae, and so on. Interactions mediated by microbial volatiles could be widespread in soils, and volatiles may play an important role in reducing disease levels. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence placed the four bacteria in three species Paenibacillus polymyxa （BMP-11）, Bacillus subtilis （BL02）, and Bacillus pumilus （BSH-4 and ZB 13）. Through headspace sampling and GC-MS analysis, a rich profile was found from B. subtilis and overlapping volatile patterns could be found among the different species. Studies are under the way to find the possible action mechanisms and to seek the effective application of bacterial volatiles in greenhouse.     

Changes in Soil Biota Resulting from Growth of the Invasive Weed,Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.（Compositae）, Enhance Its Success and Reduce Growth of Co-Occurring Plants

Exotic plant invasion presents a serious threat to native ecosystem structure and function. Little is known about the role of soil microbial communities in facilitating or resisting the spread of invasive plants into native communities. The purpose of this research is to understand how the invasive annual plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. facilitates its competition capacity through changing the structure and function of soil microbial communities. The soil characteristics of different areas invaded by A. artemisiifolia were examined. Greenhouse experiments were designed to assess the effect of A. artemisiifolia invasion-induced changes of soil biota on co-occurring plant growth, and on the interactions between A. artemisiifolia and three co-occurring plant species. The results showed that the soil organic C content was the highest in heavily invaded sites, the lowest in native plant sites, and intermediate in newly invaded sites. Soil available N, P and K concentrations in heavily invaded site were 2.4, 1.9 and 1.7 times higher than those in native plant soil, respectively. Soil pH decreased as A. artemisiifolia invasion intensity increased, and was lower in invaded sites（heavily invaded and newly invaded） than in native plant sites. The soil microbial community structure was clearly separated in the three types of sites, and A. artemisiifolia invasion increased anaerobe, sulfate-reducing bacteria and actinomycete abundance. Soil biota of invaded sites inhibits growth of co-occurring plants（Galinsoga parvifloraCav., Medicago sativa L. and Setaria plicata（Lam.） T. Cooke.） compared to soil biota from un-invaded sites, but facilitates A. artemisiifolia growth and competition with co-occurring plants. A. artemisiifolia biomass was 50-130% greater when competing with three co-occurring plants, compared to single-species competition only（invasion by A. artemisiifolia alone）, in heavily invaded soil. Results of the present study indicated that A. artemisiifolia invasion alters the soil microbial communit     

In Vitro Detection of Herbicide-Tolerant Fungi Isolated from Pesticides Polluted-Soil

Forty-five rhizofungal isolates were isolated, identified and characterized from 11 herbicides polluted-soil. Among the isolates, 10 fungal species proved to be the most potent and promising ones in herbicides tolerance. The herbicides exhibited severe and dramatic effect and modulation on fungal DNA and protein represented in DNA and protein profile. Severely loss in the total soluble cell ions （SCI） and total cell protein percentage （TCPC） concentrations were observed. The loss of SCI by glyphosate, Aspergillus flavus （86,30%） was the most affected one, followed by Penicillium spiculisporus （76,30%）, Penicilliurn verruculosum （64.40%） and Alternaria tenuissima （64%）, respectively. For pendimethalin, Alternaria tenuissima （54.01%） was the most affected fungi. For diclofop-methyl, Penicillium spiculisporus （74.20%） was the most affected fungi. The loss of TCPC by glyphosate, Alternaria tenuissima （64.71%） was the most effected fungi, followed by Penicillium spiculisporus （57.14%）, respectively. For pendimethalin, A. terreus （54.29%） w, as the most affected fungi. For diclofop-methyl, Penicillium spiculisporus （60%） was the most affected fungi, fbllowed by Alternaria tenuissima （58.82%）, Aspergillus tamarii （55.56%）, respectively. The results proved severe reductions and alteration in protein, SCI, TCPC and DNA in fungal strains exposed to these herbicides which might reflex a degree of tolerance occurred during the assimilation of those toxic compounds from the pesticides polluted-soil.     

Sequence Comparison of MHC Class Ⅱβ（Exon 2） and Phylogenetic Relationship Between Poultry and Mammalian

A fragment spanning over exon 2 and intron 2 of major histocompatibility complex B-LB Ⅱ genes was amplified using PCR,cloned and sequenced in 13 individuals from eight Chinese indigenous chicken breeds and one introduced breed. Another 41 sequences of MHC class Ⅱβ from ten vertebrate species were cited from the NCBI GenBank. Thirteen new B-LB Ⅱ alleles were found in the chicken breeds sampled. Alignment of the exon 2 sequences revealed 91.1-97.8% similarity to each other within the chickens sampled, and the chickens shared 84.1-87.0% homology to Phasianus colchicus, 78.5-81.5% similarity to Coturnixjaponica. The sequences in poultry showed 62.6-68.1% identity to HLA-DRB1, 50-61.5% similarity to DQB (HLA-, SLA- and H2-BB), 53.7-60% to HLA-DPB and 53.3-57.8% similarity to HLA-DOB. The frequency of nonsynonymous substitutions of nucleotide was higher than that of synonymous substitutions, and the frequencies of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions in poultry B-LB Ⅱ genes were lower than those observed in mammalian DRB1 and DQB1 genes. The deduced amino acid sequences of MHC class Ⅱ β1 domain exhibited extreme difference in conversed region and variable region patterns among the various species, but the two conserved cysteines forming disulfide-bond were shown consistent in poultry with that in mammalian species; and the carbohydrate attachment site was found more conserved in chicken, Homo sapiens, Bos taurus, Ovis aries and Capra hircus than in Sus scrofa and rodent animals. Compared with exon 2 of DQB1 genes of Homo sapiens, ruminant species and Sus scrofa, the differentia that the deletion of six nucleotides at position195 to 200 of exon 2 of DQB1 genes, and insertion of three nucleotides at position 247 to 249 of the exon 2 existed in rodent species were found, which led to the absence of three AA residues at position 65, 66,and 67 within β1 domain of DQB1 chain, and the insertion of one AA residue at position 85. The difference of the deletion of six nucleotides at position 72 to 77 of exon 2 of DPBI genes was observed with Homo sapiens DQB1, which caused absence of three AA residues at position 24, 25, and 26 of β1 domain of DPB1 chain. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the B-LB Ⅱ sequences from poultry are not orthologous to the class Ⅱ MHC β-chain genes of mammalian species. The tree indicated that genetic evolutionary relationship of chickens with Phasianus colchicus was much closer than with Coturnix japonica, and the DQB and DPB clusters are more tightly related to each other than to the remaining clusters.     

Screening of Fungus Antagonists against Six Main Disease Pathogens in Crops

28 soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of 16 plant species in six different distriers in Hunan. As a result of isolation and purification, 122 fungus strains were obtained of which the antagonistic activity was tested against six fungus pathogens in tmaato, cotton, cucumber, chilli, rice and rape, and 17 strains were found antagonistic to one or more pathogenic fungi.     

Testing of Seedborne Fungi in Wheat Germplasm Conserved in the National Crop Genebank of China

There is a primary understanding of the dominant fungi in wheat seeds conserved in the National Crop Genebank of China （NCGB） and an evaluation of the healthy status of wheat germplasm propagated in different regions. A total of 1 465 wheat accessions were detected for seedbone fungi by blotter, agar plate, and wash tests. By blotter test, 17 genera of fungi, including more than 30 species, were detected in 712 wheat accessions from Shaanxi, Hebei, and Qinghai provinces, China. Alternaria was the most frequently detected in wheat seeds from Shaanxi Province, followed by Rhizopus, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Gonatobotrys, Chaetomium, and others. Seedborne fungi in wheat seeds from Hebei Province, with relatively high incidence were Alternaria, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. In the seeds from Qinghai Province, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, and Trichothecium are important seed-borne fungi. The seed germination was reduced substantially when seeds were infected by Fusarium verticillioides （syn. F. moniliforme）, Bipolaris nodulosa, and Cladosporium herbarum. Eighteen genera and 25 species of fungi were identified in 353 accessions from Shaanxi Province using the agar plate test. The dominant fungi were Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Gonatobotrys, Penicillium, and Fusarium. The smut fungi, Ustilago tritici, was detected by the wash test in 400 accessions, but it was low in incidence in 300 seed samples from Shaanxi Province （1.3%）, and in 100 samples from Hebei Province （2.0%）. Totally 19 genera of fungi were detected in wheat seed samples, and some seedborne fungi were saprophytic and others were biotrophic which could cause seedborne diseases in the field.     

Resistance to the Whitefly Aleurotrachelus socialis（Hemiptera：Aleyrodidae） and SSR Marker Identification in Advanced Populations of the Hybrid Manihot esculenta subsp.Manihot flabellifolia

Genes resistant to Aleurotrachelus socialis were transferred to the F 1 from the interspecific hybrid wild species of Manihot flabellifolia to M.esculenta and two advanced generations of backcrosses（BC 1 and BC 2）.We characterized the resistance of A.socialis transferred to BC 2 parents（CW67-160,CW67-130,CW67-44）,MTAI-8（BC 1）,resistant（CMB9B-73） and susceptible（CMB9B-104） genotypes from contrasting pools,and resistant（MEcu-72） and susceptible（CMC-40） genotypes.Whitefly demography and biology were evaluated.SSR molecular markers associated with a phenotypic response of plant resistance were detected in segregating populations（BC 2）.Results showed that although female survival time was similar on all hosts,the lowest averages of longevity,fecundity and oviposition rate were observed in the resistant control MEcu- 72,only being significantly similar to the parent CW67-130.When the BC 1 and BC 2 populations were compared,it was found that A.socialis fecundity was eight times lower on CMB9B-73 progeny than on CW67-130,expressing the highest levels of resistance to the whitefly.Ten genotypes of CMB9A and CMB9B family had the best segregation.A total of 486 microsatellite primers were evaluated using bulked segregant analysis（BSA）,11 showed polymorphism between the contrasting pools and only one showed significant differences between resistant and susceptible individuals.In conclusion,fecundity was the parameter that impacted most on the intrinsic rate of A.socialis population growth.     

Inheritance of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） and Development of an AFLP Marker for Resistance Detection

Cucumber powdery mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber throughout the world. In the present study, inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in three crosses, and linkage of resistance with amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to powdery mildew. The joint analysis of multiple generations and AFLP technique has been applied in this study. The best model is the one with two major genes, additive, dominant, and epistatic effects, plus polygenes with additive, dominant, and epistatic effects （E-l-0 model）. The heritabilities of the major genes varied from 64.26% to 97.82%, and susceptibility was incompletely dominant for the two major genes in the three crosses studied. The additive effects of the two major genes and the dominant effect of the second major gene were high, and the epistatic effect of the additive-dominant between the two major genes was the highest in cross I . In cross II, the absolute value of the additive effect, dominant effect, and potential ratio of the first major gene were far higher than those of the second major gene, and the epistatic effect of the additive-additive was the highest. The genetic parameters of the two major genes in cross III were similar to those in cross II. Correlation and regression analyses showed that marker E25/M63-103 was linked to a susceptible gene controlling powdery mildew resistance. The marker could account for 19.98% of the phenotypic variation. When the marker was tested on a diverse set of 29 cucumber lines, the correlation between phenotype and genotype was not significant, which suggested cultivar specialty of gene expression or different methods of resistance to powdery mildew. The target DNA fragment was 103 bp in length, and only a small part was found to be homologous to DNA in the other species evaluated, which indicated that it was unique to the cucumber genome.     

松嫩盐碱草地蒲公英根围AM真菌侵染特性及种类多样性

为深入了解松嫩盐碱草地蒲公英根围AM真菌类型,丰富该地AM真菌资源多样性,以及为更高效地修复盐碱农业用地提供新的途径及想法,利用形态学鉴定的研究方法,对松嫩盐碱草地蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)根围AM真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi)侵染特性及其种类多样性进行研究。结果表明:1)在pH不同的土壤生态环境下,蒲公英根系均与AM真菌形成共生关系,并形成典型的重楼型(Paris-type,P型)菌根结构,且侵染率均达到100%。2)对利用湿筛法提取出的蒲公英根围土壤AM真菌孢子进行形态学鉴定,共鉴定出6属21种,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)10种,为本区域蒲公英根围AM真菌优势属,摩西球囊霉占比最多,为本区域蒲公英根围优势AM真菌;无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)5种;盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)3种;和平囊霉属(Pacispora)、原囊霉属(Archaeospor)、巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)各1种。3)由于此次试验中侵染率极高,说明轻度碱性的土壤情况可能有利于AM真菌与宿主植物亲和以及AM真菌的生长,并且该样地处于适宜菌丝生长的pH范围内。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Diversity in Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Under Arid Agroecosystems

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) were assessed for their qualitative and quantitative distribution from eight districts of Rajasthan. A total of three species of Acaulospora, one species of Entrophospora, two species of Gigaspora, twenty-one species of Glomus, seven species of Sclerocystis and three species of Scutellospora were recorded. A high diversity of AM fungi was observed and it varied at different study sites. Among these six genera, Glomus occurred most frequently. Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus aggregatum, and Glomus mosseae were found to be the most predominant AM fungi in infecting Prosopis cineraria. Acaulospora, G. fasciculatum, Sclerocystis was found in all the fields studied, while Scutellospora species were found only in few sites. A maximum of thirty-six AM fungal species were isolated and identified from Jodhpur, whereas only thirteen species were found from Jaisalmer. Spores of Glomus fasciculatum were found to be most abundant under Prosopis cineraria.     

鹅绒委陵菜根际AM真菌侵染特性及物种多样性

为深入了解松嫩盐碱草地中鹅绒委陵菜根际的AM真菌类型及其侵染特性,更好地实现AM真菌资源的开发利用,对鹅绒委陵菜根系及根际AM真菌种类进行采样研究。结果表明:在不同土壤pH环境下,鹅绒委陵菜全部与AM真菌形成共生体系,其菌根结构为疆南星型(Arum-type);鉴定出8属38种AM真菌,其中,球囊霉属(Glomus)20种,是松嫩盐碱草地鹅绒委陵菜根际优势属;无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)11种;原囊霉属(Archaeospora)、内养囊霉属(Entrophospora)、盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)、近明囊霉属(Claroideoglomus)、根生囊霉属(Rhizophagus)和隔球囊霉属(Septoglomus)各1种。黑球囊霉(G.melanosporum)为鹅绒委陵菜根际优势菌种,其重要值为60.38%。由此可见,松嫩盐碱草地鹅绒委陵菜能与AM真菌很好地共生,且根际AM真菌种类丰富。     

丛枝菌根真菌对超旱生植物刺山柑生长及相关生理指标的影响

采用盆栽试验研究接种丛枝菌根真菌 (arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi 简称AMF)摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae, G. m)和地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme, G. v)对超旱生植物刺山柑(Capparis spinosa L.)幼苗生长及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明:①不同AM真菌的侵染率不同,以G. m的侵染率最高, 为39.15%;②与未接菌刺山柑植株相比,接种G. m和G. v均能够明显促进刺山柑植株生长,显著提高植株生物量,尤其是根部生长量;③随着菌根侵染率的提高,接种AM真菌提高了刺山柑植株叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性增强,植株地上部分和根系的N、P含量显著增加;④接种AM真菌能够明显促进刺山柑的生长,2种 AM真菌接种处理中以摩西球囊霉接种效应更为明显。     

盐渍化地区刺槐、新疆杨和柽柳林中AM真菌特性及其影响因子

为研究生境异质性对AM真菌的影响,以内蒙古磴口、宁夏平罗和甘肃敦煌盐渍化地区中刺槐、新疆杨和柽柳为对象,分析不同树种林地土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、根内AM真菌侵染状况及根际球囊霉素质量分数、AM真菌的菌丝密度和孢子密度,确定生境(如树种、土壤因子及气候条件)与AM真菌特性间的关系。方差分析结果表明,树种和样区位置对AM真菌的总侵染率、菌丝侵染率、丛枝侵染率、孢子密度、菌丝密度、总球囊霉素质量分数、土壤理化性质和酶活性均具有显著影响;变差分析结果表明土壤因子对AM真菌特性的影响最大,且其影响与树种和气候条件有关;相关分析进一步表明土壤因子及气候条件主要影响刺槐根际AM真菌的菌丝密度和孢子密度、柽柳根际的菌丝密度、新疆杨根内的丛枝侵染率、菌丝侵染率及其根际的孢子密度。以上结果表明,盐渍化地区AM真菌特性具有生境异质性,且其异质性主要由土壤因子的变化所致,而树种和气候条件对AM真菌特性的影响均相对较小。     

长期围封对不同放牧强度下草地植物和AM真菌群落恢复的影响

为探明人为干扰对草地生态系统生态恢复的影响,以不同放牧强度试验草地为研究对象,调查了围封14a后草地植物群落的多样性,并应用第二代高通量测序技术454测序法分析了植物根际土壤中AM真菌的群落结构。研究结果显示,14a围封保育使得不同放牧强度小区与长期封育小区植被盖度及植物多样性指数基本恢复至同一水平。土壤速效磷含量在重度放牧小区最低(1.00 mg/kg),轻度放牧区最高(2.25 mg/kg),其它土壤理化性质指标在不同小区之间没有显著差异。通过分子鉴定发现所有土壤样品中AM真菌共有87个分类单元(VT),隶属于Diversispora、Otospora、Scutellospora、Glomeraceae Glomus、Rhizophagus、Paraglomus和Archaeospora 等7个属。对不同放牧强度小区AM真菌进行多样性分析,结果表明长期封育小区AM真菌Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数最低,且显著低于中度放牧区,而AM真菌多样性在各放牧小区之间差异不显著。本研究表明长期围封可以有效促进退化草地植物群落的恢复,而AM真菌表现出与植物群落恢复的不同步性。对于草地生态系统退化及恢复过程中植物和土壤功能微生物类群的协同关系还需要进一步系统深入的研究。     

丛枝菌根真菌对白刺花苗期抗旱酶系及生理特性的影响

为探究丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)促进植物抗旱性机制。以盘江白刺花为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究摩西球囊霉、幼套球囊霉、根内球囊霉3种丛枝菌根真菌对白刺花苗期抗旱酶系及生理指标的影响,并综合分析评价AMF接种的最佳方案。结果表明：接种不同浓度AMF菌株对白刺花幼苗的抗旱性影响不同,当接种40%根内球囊霉菌,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活均显著高于对照(P<0.05);接种40%幼套球囊霉菌时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽S-移换酶(GST)活均显著高于对照(P<0.05),淀粉含量增加58.2%;接种40%摩西球囊霉菌时,可溶性糖含量提高了25.3%;接种20%根内球囊霉菌时,纤维素含量增加45.5%;当接种20%幼套球囊霉菌时,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。相关性分析表明白刺花抗旱指标淀粉、CAT、GST、POD和SOD相互之间呈极显著正相关,与MDA呈极显著负相关;主成分分析将8个耐旱相关指标分为2个主成分,累计贡献率达76.50%;结合隶属函数分析表明,3种AMF对白刺花幼...     

海南甘蔗丛枝菌根种类鉴定

从海南7个市县的甘蔗主产区采集了20份甘蔗根际土样,采用Gendeman的湿筛倾析-糖液离心法分离土样中的孢子,依据形态学方法初步鉴定出6属31种丛枝菌根真菌,包括19个确定种,12个待确定种;其中,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)有11个种,已确定7个种;原囊霉属(Archaeospora)有1个确定种;球囊霉属(Glomus)有12个种,已确定5个种;巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)有2个确定种;盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)有4个确定种;多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)有1个待定种.对已确定的19个种的菌根真菌进行了形态描述.孢子分离结果表明:球囊霉属(Glomus)分离频率最高,是海南甘蔗根际丛枝菌根真菌的优势属;悬钩子球囊霉(G.rubiforme)分离频率最高,是31个种中的优势种.     

AM真菌和施磷量对黄芩光合特性和根系生长的影响

利用盆栽接种试验,探讨不同施磷(P)水平下接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对黄芩(Scuteliaria baiealensis)光合特性、根系生长和营养含量的影响,为黄芩合理施肥和菌根技术应用提供理论依据。结果表明,不同施P水平下,接种AM真菌显著提高根系侵染率、根系干质量、黄芩苷含量、叶片光合速率和气孔导度,降低叶片蒸腾速率;提高黄芩根系K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn元素含量,高P水平(0.25g·kg-1土)显著降低根系Cu和Mn元素含量。AM真菌和施P量之间有显著交互效应,施P量为0.15g·kg-1土时AM真菌接种效果最好。     

新疆沙冬青AM真菌物种多样性空间异质性研究

2012年6月选取新疆乌恰县康苏、膘尔托阔依（阴阳面）和上阿图什4个样地,分别采集新疆沙冬青（Arnmopiptanthus nanus）根嗣0～50cm土层土壤样品,研究了新疆沙冬青AM真菌物种多样性空间变化规律。共分离鉴定AM真菌4属44种,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）28种,无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）11种,盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）4种,巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspora）1种,优势菌种为网状球囊霉（G．reticulatum）。AM真菌孢子密度低、体积小、孢壁厚、整体形态不饱满,表现出明显的旱生特征。膘尔托阔依（阴）样地的孢子密度最大,显著高于上阿图什样地（Pd0．05）,极显著高于与膘尔托阔依（阳）和康苏样地（_Pd0．01）;康苏、膘尔托阔依和上阿图什样地的种丰度依次升高且差异显著;康苏、膘尔托阔依（阳）和上阿图什样地的Simpson多样性指数无显著差异（P〉0．05）,却显著高于膘尔托阔依（阴）样地;膘尔托阔依（阴）和上阿图什样地的Shannon-wiener多样性指数显著高于其他样地（Pd0．05）;膘尔托阔依（阳）、膘尔托阔依（阴）和康苏、上阿图什样地的均匀度指数依次显著升高（P〈0．05）。土壤因子中速效磷与种丰度有极显著负相关,pH值与种丰度、Shannonwiener多样性指数和均匀度指数极显著正相关,水溶性全盐与Shannon-wiener多样性指数和均匀度极显著负相关,全氮与种丰度极显著负相关。结果表明,新疆沙冬青AM真菌物种多样性具有明显的空间异质性,与其土壤环境密切相关,pH值是影响新疆沙冬青AM真菌多样性的最主要土壤因子。