泰国廊波南普农民掀起种植橡胶热

本规程规定了红葱头生产环境、生产管理措施、病虫害防治、采收和贮运，适用于广州地区红葱头的生产。     

美蕉无公害生产技术规范

美蕉具有高产、优质、抗病、耐寒等特点,适应于海拔400-700m的山区种植,投资小,见效快,收益大,产品供不应求,市场前景看好。由于美蕉传统管理比较粗放,生产上不够重视质量,为增强美蕉的市场竞争力,出口国际市场,通过调查,从园地选择及处理、土肥水管理、树体管理及贮运技术等方面总结了美蕉生产技术规程。     

山地纽荷尔脐橙高产、优质栽培技术

屏南县山地栽培纽荷尔脐橙，要达到高产优质目的，其果园的建立、栽植方法、肥水管理、树形整修、病虫害防治每个环节都很关键。本文通过几年的实践及栽培研究，总结了山地纽荷尔脐橙栽培管理技术。     

‘赣南早'脐橙在干旱胁迫下的生理及转录组研究

我国脐橙产区的季节性干旱对脐橙产量和品质影响较大。‘赣南早'脐橙作为一个新品种脐橙,目前在我国脐橙产区已大面积推广。为深入了解这个新品种的耐旱性,探究早熟品种‘赣南早'脐橙应对干旱胁迫的调控机制,以‘赣南早'脐橙与‘纽荷尔'脐橙（对照）为材料,测定比较不同干旱胁迫程度下二者光合作用、干旱相关生理指标等差异,并通过RNA-Seq分析比较转录水平差异及抗氧化物酶基因表达调控。结果表明：干旱胁迫下‘赣南早'脐橙净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）均显著高于‘纽荷尔'脐橙;随着干旱胁迫程度增加,‘赣南早'脐橙叶片较‘纽荷尔'脐橙更舒展,‘赣南早'脐橙相对电导率和丙二醛含量显著低于‘纽荷尔'脐橙,而保护酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物歧化酶（POD）活性变化幅度更大;‘赣南早'脐橙和‘纽荷尔'脐橙叶片可溶性糖含量无显著性差异,复水后,‘纽荷尔'脐橙叶片中可溶性糖含量极显著高于‘赣南早'脐橙。转录组测序分析表明,干旱胁迫0、10、20 d时,‘赣南早'脐橙和‘纽荷尔'脐橙间DEGs数量分别为1266、683、658个。GO富集分析显示,在干旱胁迫过程中‘赣南早'脐橙差异基因主要集中在细胞蛋白修饰过程、高分子修饰作用、含磷化合物代谢过程、蛋白修饰过程等通路,而‘纽荷尔'脐橙未见明显富集。KEGG富集分析显示,除了富集于淀粉及蔗糖通路和氨基酸及核苷酸糖代谢途径,‘赣南早'脐橙其他差异基因富集途径与‘纽荷尔'脐橙基本一致。差异基因转录因子分析显示二者在ERF家族、MYB家族、NAC家族、MYB_related家族、WRKY家族、bHLH家族、HB-other家族、HSF家族、B3家族和bZIP家族均有分布,此外,‘赣南早'脐橙特异分布于GRAS家族。根据转录组分析筛选出抗氧化酶相关基因30个,其中上调表达48%,下调表达52%。本研究结果为‘赣南早'响应干旱胁迫的生理变化提供理论依据,并为其抗旱性研究提供分子基础。     

几种药剂对脐橙矢尖蚧防治效果试验

22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂4000倍液对脐橙矢尖蚧具有较好的速效性和持效性,24%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂4000倍液速效性次之,持效性差距不大,上述两种农药防效优于目前常用于防治脐橙矢尖蚧的农药5%啶虫脒乳油4000倍液,且对脐橙生长安全,可以作为今后防治脐橙矢尖蚧的替代农药,在生产上轮换使用,以提高防治效果。     

香蕉贮运保鲜技术研究进展

香蕉贮运保鲜是一项综合的系统工程,涉及香蕉品种及果实质量、采后处理过程及贮运保鲜技术与果实商品性等方面。本文综述了近年来国内外香蕉贮运、保鲜技术研究进展,着重介绍了以“控制低乙烯”为核心的香蕉保鲜贮运技术及香蕉采后处理轻简装备等在产业上的应用,同时简要介绍了生物技术在香蕉采后保鲜应用中的研究进展。     

中药材生产中许、禁农药及其使用

20 0 1年我国已顺利加入ＷＴＯ。面对日趋规范的国际市场 ,要求我们中药材的生产过程中 ,从源头开始 ,把握好各个环节。产前 (如种子和品质标准化 )、产中 (如生产技术及管理各环节标准化 )、产后 (如加工及运贮标准化 )。形成完整科学的管理系统 ,即ＧＡＰ(ＧｏｏｄＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＰｒａｃｔｉｃｅ)管理系统 ,ＧＡＰ在中药行业中称作“药材生产管理规范” ,它可直接翻译为“良好农业规范”。ＧＡＰ的内容包括药材的物种鉴定、种植、采收、加工、包装、贮运以及中药材生产全过程的质量保证体系和文件。以下介绍一下中药材在生产过…     

安乡县农产品质量安全现状与治理

安乡县农产品质量安全方面存在产地环境不优、农业标准化生产推进不快、品牌后劲不足、质量监管网络不健全、农业投入品监管执法不力、经营者质量意识不强等问题，应从大力推行农业标准化生产，加强产地安全管理，严格农业投入品监管，推行产地准出和追溯管理，加强农产品收贮运环节监管，强化专项整治和监测评估，着力提升执法监管能力，规范生产行为、他律与自律并重等方面进行治理。     

‘纽荷尔脐橙’与‘脐橙52’品种的ISSR鉴定

应用ISSR分子标记技术对‘纽荷尔脐橙’与‘脐橙52’进行鉴定。首先从97条ISSR引物中筛选出7条能扩增出清晰度高、多态性好的引物,再对‘纽荷尔脐橙’与‘脐橙52’的基因组DNA进行ISSR-PCR扩增。结果表明:引物CW39124、CW32473和CW32474均可使‘纽荷尔脐橙’与‘脐橙52’在某些扩增位点上出现多态性。说明‘纽荷尔脐橙’与‘脐橙52’在DNA分子水平上存在明显差异,为不同品种。     

采后钙处理对奉节脐橙褐变及膜脂过氧化作用的影响

奉节脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)是重庆鲜食柑橘的重要品种之一,但容易发生果皮褐变,严重影响生产的经济效益。为了降低脐橙果皮褐变的发生,提高果实的耐贮性和商品价值,本研究以奉节脐橙果实为材料,分别用1%CaCl2、2%CaCl2、1%Ca(NO3)2、2%Ca(NO3)2配合施保功、2,4-D处理,分析其对果皮褐变及膜脂过氧化作用相关生理指标的影响。结果表明:钙处理能有效降低褐变指数、相对电导率和丙二醛含量,提高膜脂过氧化保护酶活性,从而降低果皮褐变率;氯化钙处理效果优于硝酸钙处理。1%CaCl2浸果处理的效果最好,贮藏110d后,褐变指数比对照降低了27.5%。     

Evaluation by PCR of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca transmission through citrus seeds with special emphasis on lemons (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f)

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), caused by the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp), is a damaging disease of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) in several citrus production areas of South America. CVC was first identified in sweet orange orchards in the Northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. Transmission of Xfp from seed of CVC infected sweet orange fruit to seedlings has been reported. However, Xfp has not been reported to infect or cause CVC in lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f). Therefore, the objectives of this study were 1) to further evaluate the potential for vertical transmission of the bacterium through sweet orange seeds originating from symptomatic fruits to sweet orange seedlings and 2) to examine lemon trees and seeds for PCR detection of Xfp. Based on our evaluations, Xfp was not detected by PCR in leaves and seeds of different lemon cultivars surrounded by sweet orange orchards with high incidence of CVC. Furthermore, we could not detect with PCR that Xfp is vertically transmitted through sweet orange seeds to seedlings of sweet orange even from fruits with typical CVC symptoms. Hence, in this study and with the cultivars tested, Xfp was not confirmed by PCR detection to be transmitted via infected seeds from fruits of Citrus spp. even in areas where CVC is endemic nor was lemon found to be a natural host of Xfp.     

地派2号龙门年桔品种特性及丰产栽培技术

通过分析广东省惠州市地派2号龙门年桔植物学特征和特性、果实经济性状和物候期,总结出一套包括建园定植、整形修剪、土肥水管理、保花保果和病虫害防治的丰产栽培技术。     

Sequential sampling plans for estimating density of glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on citrus

The glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar), is a serious pest of grapes and other crop and ornamental plants mainly through its role as a vector of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells. Citrus harbors large populations of this insect throughout much of the year in areas where the pest is problematic and improved understanding of the population dynamics and management of H. vitripennis on citrus may be key to its management in the broader agricultural landscape. In turn, the study of population dynamics and the development of management strategies require effective and efficient sampling methods. Within-tree sampling distribution studies revealed that adults and nymphs were more abundant and less variable in the upper strata of citrus trees (>1.5 m). They occurred in greater numbers on the southern quadrants of trees but relative variability did not differ due to cardinal direction. We developed and validated several fixed-precision sequential sampling plans for estimating the density of nymphs and adults of H. vitripennis using a pole bucket sampling method. Based on validation from resampling of independent data sets, Green’s sequential sampling model, based on the Taylor’s power law, provided the best overall performance in terms of providing mean density estimates with levels of precision equal to or better than the desired precision over a range of possible insect densities. Average sampling costs varied from about 21 to 189 min for a desired precision of 0.25 depending on insect density and whether the goal is to sample nymphs, adults or both stages combined. Further, the sampling plans developed on orange trees were robust, being equally effective on orange and lemon trees and on trees treated or not with insecticides.     

网棚栽培的Bellamy脐橙果实生长发育动态的研究

2008～2009年,在桂林对网棚栽培条件下的Bellamy脐橙的果实生长发育动态进行了观察研究。结果表明,Bellamy脐橙果实生长曲线呈大S形。2008年6～12月,纵径的月增长率分别为32.88%、49.83%、13.99%、20.52%、8.85%、8.9%、1.97%,同期横径的月速长率分别为36.97%、53.63%、17.79%、7.07%、8.75%、7.55%和2.9%。2009年纵横径月增长出现一个高峰,2008年出现3个高峰,且7月份的增长率比6月份明显下降。6～7月是Bellamy     

The Content of Phenolic Compounds and Radical Scavenging Activity Varies with Carrot Origin and Root Color

The contents of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activities were assessed in a carrot collection comprising 35 cultivars, landraces and breeding populations. The accessions originated from various world regions and they represented Eastern and Western carrot gene pools. In two-year field trial carrot roots of orange, red, yellow, white and purple color were cultivated, freeze-dried and analyzed for phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu assay and UV/Vis assay. Radical scavenging activity in the extracts was determined with a stable DPPH radical. Carrots developing purple roots possessed on average 9 times more phenolics than roots of other colors. Furthermore, they were rich in anthocyanins that caused very high antiradical activity. Red carrots showed higher antioxidant activity than orange, yellow and white carrots and in the season of lower rainfall they accumulated higher amounts of phenolic compounds. Carrots of Asian origin belonging to Eastern gene pool were more often purple or red and richer in phenolics and had higher antiradical activity than those from the Western gene pool with mainly orange roots.     

广陈皮原料茶枝柑与其他典型柑橘成分差异分析

本文以广陈皮原料茶枝柑为对照,探究了其他典型的柑橘原料在可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、总黄酮、总多酚等方面的差异,分析其他橘皮作为茶枝柑替代品的可行性。结果表明,温州蜜柑、脐橙、湖北柑果皮的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、总黄酮、总多酚含量与茶枝柑果皮相比均差异显著;采用GC-MS法检测出茶枝柑果皮精油的成分主要是D-柠檬烯、萜品烯、γ-松油醇、2-甲氨基-苯甲酸甲酯等,3种典型柑橘皮原料中的精油特征成分及D-柠檬烯含量与茶枝柑最为接近的均为脐橙。综合以上分析可知,脐橙作为广陈皮原料的替代品是最具前景的。     

Anti-inflammatory Properties of Orange Juice: Possible Favorable Molecular and Metabolic Effects

The low-grade inflammation has been recognized as the link between adiposity and the risk of chronic metabolic disorders. Thus, increased concentrations of inflammatory markers, such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor alpha have been found in obese individuals. In turn, diet can positively or negatively influence on the risk of chronic metabolic diseases by modulating the inflammatory status. In this context, orange juice consumption can play a role in modulation of inflammatory markers through bioactive compounds, such as the flavonoids (hesperidin, naringenin). According to this review, orange juice appears to mediate the inflammatory response in plasma level and gene expression, and in postprandial and chronic (≥7 consecutive days) periods. The current findings suggest that orange juice could be a dietary feature for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, although more studies are necessary to evaluate the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved.     

Chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation of juice from steamed cashew apple blended with orange juice

Fully riped cashew apples (yellow variety) were steamed for 7 minutes prior to juice extraction. The extracted juice was blended with various proportions of sweet orange juice. Chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation were carried out on both the blended and unblended juices. The ascorbic acid content of unsteamed cashew apple juice was 287 mg/100 ml. Steaming of the cashew apple prior to juice extraction resulted in a decreased (230 mg/100 ml) content of ascorbic acid. It also led to slight decreases in soluble solids and titratable acidity. A comparison of the chemical composition of the two juices showed that the orange juice contained more sugars, titratable acidity and soluble solids but less ascorbic acid than cashew apple juice. Consequently, the soluble solids, titratable acidity, reducing and total sugars of the blends increased with increase in the proportions of orange juice while the content of ascorbic acid was decreasing. In spite of the decrease in ascorbic acid content of the blends, results showed that blended juice would no doubt be a very good source of ascorbic acid. Result of the organoleptic evaluation revealed that a 60% cashew apple and 40% orange juice gave a good quality juice in terms of flavor, after taste and overall acceptability.     

Agricultural intensification and the loss of habitat,species and amenity in British grasslands: a review of historical change and assessment of future prospects†

Grassland in Britain is a plagioclimax vegetation type. All lies on land originally cleared from forest and, without some form of management, would revert to forest through a process of natural succession. Traditionally managed, unsown grasslands nonetheless resemble more natural grasslands in other parts of the world and contain a substantial proportion of our native flora and fauna. They are also often important for recreational activities. Agricultural intensification over a long period has led to a loss in their extent, species and amenity. Reconciling agricultural and environmental objectives in grassland management is very difficult because increased fertility and production invariably leads to species loss. Current overcapacity in the agricultural industry is leading to the switching of some agricultural support from food production to countryside management. As a result some arable and intensively managed grass is being managed more extensively. However future production technologies may be so efficient that very many fewer stock are required with the result that much marginal grassland may revert once again to forest.     

新型农业经营主体玉米生产效率差异分析

新型农业经营主体是现代农业发展的主力军，维护国家粮食安全的重要力量，实施乡村振兴战略的有力保障。新型农业经营主体克服传统种植规模较小的弊端，降低了传统农业经营的风险，保证了农户的核心利益。本文实证研究种植大户与合作社玉米生产效率差异。结果表明，合作社和种植大户由于决策的自主性不同造成了在玉米生产投入产出方面存在着一定差异，合作社在要素投入利用效率方面要高于种植大户。