不同海拔高度对星油藤叶片特性、植株生长及种子成分的影响

为了探讨不同海拔高度上星油藤植株生长和产量构成的差异,在西双版纳雨季,对4个海拔梯度(560、900、1 200、1 490 m)上栽培的星油藤(Plukenetia volubilis)进行了叶片光合与解剖、植株生长与种子成分的观测。结果表明:不同海拔高度的星油藤叶片的最大净光合速率差异不显著;高海拔(≥1 200 m)叶片的气孔导度和呼吸速率值显著小于低海拔(1 200 m),但水分利用效率较高。叶片上下表皮的气孔密度随海拔升高均显著减小,而叶片厚度和气孔大小的变化则不显著。单株的总生物量、果实生物量、地上部生物量、地下部生物量和叶面积指数均随海拔的升高而减小,比叶面积和比根长则随海拔的升高而增大。低海拔(560 m)星油藤具有较大的根茎叶非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量以及氮和NSC库,较高海拔(900~1490 m)植株则存在不同程度的碳源供应不足。不同海拔高度星油藤种子的NSC、脂肪酸、蛋白质和多酚含量差异不显著。试验结果表明,不同海拔高度星油藤生物量的差异主要由植株冠层碳源供应不足造成;雨季种子产量随海拔升高而降低,但种子的品质没有显著差异。     

干旱胁迫对两种过路黄抗性生理生化指标的影响

以过路黄和金叶过路黄为材料，通过盆栽干旱胁迫处理，同时以正常浇水为对照，研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对过路黄与金叶过路黄叶片的质膜透性、保护酶活性、渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下，过路黄与金叶过路黄叶片的质膜透性上升；超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性先上升，后下降；脯氨酸都有明显的增加。经对几项生理指标的综合分析，认为过路黄比金叶过路黄具有较强的抗旱能力。     

磷胁迫对澳洲坚果膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

以2a生澳洲坚果幼苗为实验材料,研究在磷胁迫条件下植株生长,叶片SOD、POD活性及MDA含量的变化。结果表明在低磷胁迫条件下,植株的叶面积、株高和生长量受抑制,叶片的SOD和POD活性下降,MDA含量升高;高磷胁迫下叶片的SOD活性下降,POD活性上升,MDA含量升高但与常磷差异不显著。说明澳洲坚果叶片对低磷胁迫较敏感,具有一定的耐高磷胁迫能力。     

引种"元霄茶"快速成园栽培技术措施

“元霄茶”是省农业厅重点推广的省级茶树良种（1999年3月被福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定为省级茶树良种），系霞浦县茶叶局选育的无性系特早芽优良茶树品种，树型灌木状，中叶种，嫩叶黄绿色，芽梢持嫩性强，叶质柔嫩，茸毛尚多，有光泽，品质优，抗逆性较强，适宜江南绿茶区推广栽培。寿宁县于1999年底从霞浦引种“元霄茶”5万株，在斜滩不同海拔区（引种山场海拔分别为低海拔区98—200米、中海拔区320—400米、高海拔区500—580米）进行引种栽培试验，经过两年的精心培育，至今高海拔区的引种失败，中低海拔区的引种获成功，且低海拔…     

不同海拔下玉米生物学干重的动态变化研究

以紧凑型玉米郑单958、半紧凑型玉米东单60和平展型玉米长玉13为试验材料,分别在重庆海拔220、530、1 300 m地区种植,测定玉米叶片、茎秆、叶鞘以及果穗干重的动态积累,研究不同株型玉米在不同海拔高度地区生物学干重的形成规律,并结合产量进行差异分析。结果表明,3种株型玉米的叶片干重均表现为高海拔地区持续上升至峰值,而在中海拔和低海拔地区均先上升后下降,各时期变化总趋势为中海拔地区>低海拔地区>高海拔地区;玉米茎秆和叶鞘干重的动态变化趋势基本一致,郑单958干重受海拔的影响较小,东单60干重达最大值的时期各不相同,长玉13在散粉期或灌浆期达最大值;果穗干重随生育时期推移呈直线上升至最大值,且随海拔高度的升高而增加;子粒产量随海拔升高而增加,但平展型玉米以中海拔地区最高。因此,应重视玉米育种和生产上海拔高度对玉米生物学干重的调控作用。     

杂交油菜内源激素的变化特征与杂种优势关系初探

运用酶联免疫法研究了油菜杂种优势与内源激素变化特征的关系，结果表明杂交油菜与常规油莱相比，苗期叶片ＧＡ含量高，ＡＢＡ含量低，营养生长旺盛．杂种优势明显；越冬期叶片ＧＡ含量低，ＡＢＡ含量高，生长缓慢，植株细胞液浓度高，抗寒性强；茎期叶片ＧＡ、ＡＢＡ含量均低，ＧＡ／ＡＢＡ仍然低；薹茎中ＧＡ／ＡＢＡ高，有利于抽薹开花，促进生殖生长。     

庐山不同海拔茶树光合响应差异研究

为明确茶树光合活性和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的光抑制对海拔梯度的响应规律,以茶树品种庐山本地群体种为材料,观测了庐山5个不同海拔高度茶树叶片的光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,叶片厚度、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、PSⅡ最大相对电子传递速率[rETR(Ⅱ)max]、光补偿点(Ic)、光饱和点(Isat)、半饱和光强(Ik)、水分利用效率(WUE)等随海拔升高呈增加趋势,水汽压亏缺(VPD)、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、暗呼吸速率(Rd)等随海拔升高而呈下降趋势。PSⅡ潜在最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)随海拔升高而增加;PSⅡ非调节性能量耗散量子产量[Y(NO)]随海拔升高而降低。PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量[Φ(Ⅱ)]、光化学淬灭(qP)、PSⅡ相对电子传递速率[rETR(Ⅱ)]均随海拔升高而增加。综上分析,茶树在庐山低海拔处的光合作用和PSⅡ活性显著低于高海拔处,这与低海拔处叶片PSⅡ受到光抑制密切相关。     

云南景东不同海拔烟区烟叶质量分析评价

以‘云烟87’为试验品种,对云南景东烟区高(1550m)、中(1350m)、低(1150m)3个不同海拔初烤烟叶的质量进行了分析研究。结果表明,高海拔下烟叶外观质量表现一般,部位间差异较小,化学成分中总糖、还原糖含量偏低,化学协调性较差,感官特性清香风格明显,烟香透发性稍差,浓度劲头较低;中海拔烟叶外观表现较好,油分较足、叶片结构好、身份适中,化学成分含量适宜,协调性较好,感官评吸品质好,烟香饱满透发性好;低海拔烟叶外观质量表现稍好,烟叶色度较强,化学成分含量较适宜,协调性较好,感官评吸质量较好。总之,中海拔烟叶质量表现最好,低海拔烟叶质量稍逊于中海拔烟叶,高海拔烟叶质量表现较差,需要通过后续加工技术和醇化技术来提高其烟叶价值和工业可用性。     

白菜型冬油菜品种抗寒性与内源ABA含量的关系

为深入了解抗寒生理机制,阐明白菜型冬油菜抗寒性与内源ABA含量的相关性,以超强抗寒性品种(陇油6号、陇油7号)与耐寒性品种(天油2号、天油4号)为材料,研究越冬前低温胁迫后冬油菜在大田自然降温情况下叶片与根系中内源ABA含量的变化。结果表明,除天油4号,随着气温的降低,冬油菜ABA含量逐渐升高,不同抗寒性品种增加幅度不同,超强抗寒性品种(陇油6号、陇油7号)的根系及叶片的ABA含量升高时期早于耐寒性品种(天油2号)。相关性分析表明,与叶片相比,根系ABA含量与冬油菜的越冬率之间的相关系数更高;而同一时期,各品种均表现出叶片伸长叶部分的ABA含量相对较高。     

可可种质资源抗寒性初步评价及低温胁迫下生理响应

本研究以收集保存的38份可可种质资源为对象,在2016年1月极端低温期间,进行抗寒性初步评价,依据低温危害后可可果实和叶片损害程度,可可资源抗寒性可分成5级。以具有抗寒性差异的INA-t5（Ⅰ级）、COM-e8（Ⅱ级）、ECU-ev6（Ⅳ级）、THA-o6（V级）种质为材料,研究抗寒性差异种质在4 ℃胁迫条件下植株的伤害情况、叶片解剖结构和生理生化指标变化。结果表明：低温胁迫条件下,INA-t5、COM-e8种质比THA-o6、ECU-ev6种质具有明显的耐寒表型,可可叶片受害程度差异显著;可可的丙二醛和脯氨酸含量的变化幅度与其抗寒性呈现负相关;胁迫48 h 后,THA-o6、ECU-ev6种质保护酶系统逐渐被破坏,INA-t5、COM-e8种质则仍然表现活跃。综合以上结果,INA-t5、COM-e8为抗寒性种质,其抗寒性比THA-o6、ECU-ev6强,抗氧化酶活性和渗透物质含量变化规律以及差异种质,可为可可开展抗寒育种和抗寒分子机理研究提供理论和材料基础。     

Changes in Freezing Tolerance and its Relationship with the Contents of Carbohydrates and Proline in Overwintering Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.)

Abstract

The objective of this study was to clarify the changes in the contents of endogenous carbohydrates and proline in the stolons and leaves of centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.), during the natural cold acclimation (hardening) and de-acclimation (dehardening) in relation to freezing tolerance in the field at the transition zone between temperate and subtropical areas in China. The contents of carbohydrates and proline, and freezing tolerance estimated by LT₅₀, which is the temperature at which 50% of the electrolytes in the organ was measured in the leachate, were determined at 10-day intervals from October 1, 2001 to April 18, 2002. It was indicated that the freezing tolerance of stolons increased (LT₅₀ of stolons decreased) quickly, as temperature dropped before winter, but that of leaves which senesced along with the drop in temperature did not. The freezing tolerance of stolons decreased gradually along with the rise in temperature above 5 °C in spring, when the overwintered plants started to grow. The contents of proline and soluble carbohydrates, including sucrose, fructose and glucose, increased as LT₅₀ decreased when temperature dropped below 5 °C before winter, and decreased as LT₅₀ increased in early spring. Correlation analysis revealed that the freezing tolerance of stolons of centipedegrass significantly and positively correlated with the contents of proline and soluble carbohydrates, and the ratio of the soluble carbohydrates to starch. Thus, the freezing tolerance of stolons, which are critical organs that determine the winter surviving ability, largely depended on the content of soluble carbohydrates and the ratio of soluble carbohydrates to starch in centipedegrass. The possible relationship between freezing tolerance and carbohydrate metabolism was also discussed.     

苎麻雄性不育系生理生化特点初步研究

于雌雄性器官发育期取盆栽植株顶部展开叶往下数第 7叶 ,比较分析苎麻( Boehmeria nivea( L.) Gaud.)雄性不育系及其近等基因可育系的蛋白质、氨基酸、可溶性总糖及全钾含量等的差异。同可育系比较 ,苎麻雄性不育系的叶片粗蛋白质、氨基酸含量减少 ,但游离脯氨酸含量增加。在不育系叶片水解氨基酸中 ,以天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸和精氨酸减少尤明显。这些物质代谢的变化 ,可能是导致苎麻雄性不育的原因。叶片可溶性糖及全钾含量与苎麻雄性不育似无明确关系。     

2011年初春持续低温对邓恩桉生长的影响

调查了福建省大田县梅山乡3年生和1年生邓恩桉遭受2011年初春持续低温后的生长表现（以冻害指数为指标）。结果表明：不同海拔高度邓恩桉的冻害指数差异极显著,随着海拔高度的升高,邓恩桉冻害指数增大;低温对海拔400 m以下的邓恩桉生长影响不明显,对海拔400-750 m的邓恩桉冻害指数影响极大,导致海拔750 m以上的邓恩桉死亡;同一海拔水平上1年生邓恩桉受冻害的危害明显大于3年生,1年生邓恩桉下坡、中坡和上坡的平均冻害指数差异不显著,3年生邓恩桉下坡、中坡和上坡的平均冻害指数依次显著增大;冻害指数与树高、地经均呈显著负相关,说明随着邓恩桉林龄的增加,树高、胸径生长,抗冻害能力明显增强。     

缺磷对茶树幼苗养分吸收的影响

每周3次用含0、40、80、160、400、1000μmol/L磷(P)的营养液浇沙培10月龄扦插"黄观音"茶[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]苗17周。随供P浓度的增加,茶树根P含量呈线性增加,但茎和叶P含量呈曲线增加;在所有供P处理中,根P含量最高,其次是叶P含量,茎P含量最低,高供P处理的植株尤为明显。缺P降低茶树根茎叶K含量,但对根茎叶Ca含量影响不大。缺P降低根Mg含量,增加茎的Mg含量,但对叶Mg含量影响较小。不供P叶有稍高的C含量,较低的N含量和较高的C/N比;供P对根和茎C和N含量及C/N比影响较小。总之,缺P不仅影响茶树根茎叶营养元素的含量,也改变其在根茎叶之间的分配。     

Freezing tolerance of winter wheat plants frozen in saturated soil

Winter wheat is sown in the autumn and harvested the following summer, necessitating the ability to survive subfreezing temperatures for several months. Autumn months in wheat-growing regions typically experience significant rainfall. Hence, the wheat plants usually are exposed to freezing temperatures when they have high moisture content and are growing in very wet soil. Both of these conditions are conducive to freezing stresses different from those that occur under lower moisture conditions. This study was conducted to seek genetic variability among winter wheat lines and their progeny in the ability to tolerate freezing in saturated soil. Fully acclimated seedlings in saturated soil were frozen to a narrow range of temperature conditions that resulted in about 50% mortality of the most freezing tolerant lines studied. The temperature of the soil near the crowns of the plants was recorded every 2 min throughout each freezing episode. The following components were then determined for each freezing episode: the amount of time the plants remained in subfreezing temperature before all freezable water had been converted to ice; the rate of cooling from the freezing temperature to the minimum temperature; the minimum temperature; the length of time the plants remained at the minimum temperature; the rate of temperature increase from the minimum to 0 °C after freezing; and the total amount of time the plants were actually frozen. Partial regression analysis revealed the minimum temperature significantly influenced survival in all of the progeny populations, while the other five components significantly influenced survival in some, but not all of the populations, suggesting genotypic differences in the ability to tolerate variation in specific aspects of the freezing process. Evidence from progeny populations suggested that improved freezing tolerance was associated with decreased sensitivity to the length of time held at the minimum temperature and increased responsiveness to the post-freezing warming rate. Further analysis of this kind of variation may enable the genetic combining of sources of tolerance of the stresses imposed by specific components of the freezing process, leading to cultivars with improved tolerance of freezing in saturated soil.     

不同砧木嫁接对无籽西瓜部分生理指标的影响

以‘郑抗无籽10号’西瓜为材料,采用田间试验、植物生理生化测定等方法, 研究不同砧木嫁接对无籽西瓜生长过程中叶片生理指标的影响。结果表明：嫁接能提高无籽西瓜3个生长时期叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量和C/N,且能提高叶片POD、SOD、CAT和PPO活性,降低叶片MDA含量;不同砧木嫁接无籽西瓜叶片POD、SOD、CAT和PPO活性以及MDA含量变化规律基本一致;但不同的嫁接组合表现有差异,其中以长葫1号为砧木的嫁接苗表现较为突出。叶片光合和抗性相关生理指标可以作为无籽西瓜砧木品种筛选的参考依据之一。     

甜菜不同类型品种某些耐旱指标差异性初探

实验结果表明:①甜菜营养生长不同时期耐旱力不同,块根分化形成期为干旱敏感期。②甜菜不同类型品种的耐旱力有差异,在供试品种中,四倍体品种耐旱力较弱;高糖型二倍体品种较丰产型二倍体品种耐旱。③不同类型品种的耐旱力与其生理生化特性有关,耐旱品种在干旱胁迫下有较低的电解质外渗率,较高的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活力,较低的枯叶/全叶比值和较短的暂时萎蔫时间。④在严重的干旱胁迫下,在块根产量、含糖率、产糖量3个方面,四倍体品种与二倍体品种差异不显著,在二倍体品种内,高糖型品种与丰产型品种之间的差异接近或达到显著、极显著水平。     

不同采集地割手密种质资源的耐寒性评价

本研究对不同采集地割手密无性系进行耐寒性综合评价,探究割手密耐寒性与其生长地海拔、纬度的关系,筛选耐寒性种质资源。以40份割手密无性系为试验材料,在苗期低温胁迫后测定各无性系材料的7项生理指标,利用相关性分析、聚类分析和模糊隶属函数分析法对其耐寒性差异进行综合评价。低温胁迫处理后,割手密的脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、电导率(PMP)、可溶性蛋含量(SP)均呈上升趋势,其中脯氨酸含量上升最大,升高了43.81%,而叶绿素(Chl)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)均呈下降趋势,其中叶绿素含量减少35.01%,下降程度最大;叶绿素、脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶的变异系数较对照有不同程度的增加,其中增长最大的是叶绿素,是对照的1.76倍;相关性分析显示,40份割手密无性系耐寒性与其生长地的海拔、纬度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.867、0.686;模糊隶属函数和聚类分析将40份割手密无性系的耐寒性分为三类,其中高耐寒类型有10份材料,中耐寒性有19份,不耐寒性11份。研究结果表明,不同采集地割手密材料之间耐寒性指标存在明显差异;耐寒隶属函数与海拔、纬度呈极显著正相关,即高海拔和高纬度的割手密耐寒性强、低海拔和低纬度的割手密耐寒性弱,表明在相近海拔范围内决定耐寒性的主要因素是纬度,在相近纬度范围内决定耐寒性的主要因素是海拔。该结果为割手密种质资源在甘蔗耐寒育种中的进一步利用提供依据。     

转TaNHX2基因大豆的抗旱性鉴定

本研究利用转TaNHX2基因大豆T3代株系,研究其在干旱胁迫情况下表型、生理特性、生物量与光合作用等方面的变化。结果表明:随着干旱时间的不断延长,对照表现出明显的萎蔫,且转基因植株能够持续地保持绿色状态。转基因植株叶片中含水量高于对照,但株系间叶绿素和可溶性糖含量差异不大,转基因植株中的脯氨酸和丙二醛含量明显低于对照,SOD的活性高于对照。综合评价表明转TaNHX2基因大豆T3代株系比对照具有更强的耐旱性。     

Induction of Freezing Tolerance by the Application of Hydrogen Peroxide and Salicylic Acid as Tuber-Dip or Canopy Spraying in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L. Plants

Low temperature stress is a current challenge to plants that is associated with climate change. In plants, exposure to extreme temperatures is followed by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), leading to oxidative stress. Salicylic acid (SA) and H₂O₂ mediate the tolerance responses to stress and have been reported to induce freezing tolerance in potato microplants. The objectives of the present investigation were (1) to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of H₂O₂ and SA treatments on freezing tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants grown from tubers and (2) to analyse the relationship between catalase (CAT) activity and H₂O₂ concentration associated with freezing tolerance responses. We observed the lowest freezing survival rates in 45-day-old potato plants (cv. Granate) compared to younger plants. The two treatments consisted of (1) the tuber-dip (long-term) treatment in which sprouted minitubers were saturated for 1 h in SA 10^?5 M or H₂O₂ 1 mM and planted in soil under greenhouse conditions and (2) the crop-spray (short-term) treatment in which plants 5–8 cm high were sprayed twice a week with SA 10^?5 M or H₂O₂ 1 mM until 45 days of age. In all treatments, 45-day-old plants were then exposed to ? 6?±?1 °C for 4 h. The survival rate was measured 15 days after freezing. CAT and H₂O₂ measurements were performed 1 h before and after the freezing treatment. The results showed that SA and H₂O₂ induced freezing tolerance in both the short- and long-term treatments. Survival was significantly higher in SA- and H₂O₂-treated plants than in control plants. In both the long- and short-term treatments this higher survival was associated with lower internal H₂O₂ concentrations after freezing compared with control plants and decreasing oxidative stress. SA and H₂O₂ induced different levels of CAT activity after freezing compared to that found in the control plants in the long- and the short-term treatments. These results suggest the SA and H₂O₂ function in independent pathways in terms of their induction of freezing tolerance that depends on the method the treatment was applied, by spraying the canopy or by immersion of the sprouted seed tuber.