果园生草制栽培雏议

果园生草制栽培雏议吴赞育（漳州市农在校３６３０００）果园土壤耕作管理，国内外有清耕法、间套法、覆盖法、生草法及免耕法等制度．不同的耕作制度对土壤肥力、生态环境、果品产量和质量影响较大．但以生态经济观点来看，生草法结合覆盖，其效果较其它耕作法好．一．我...     

果园生草,套种绿肥对红壤幼龄果园土壤酶活性变化的研究

通过果园生草、套种绿肥、清耕三种不同管理对红壤幼龄龙眼园土壤酶生多年定位测定。结果表明,果园生草、套种绿肥可以改善土壤酶活性,三个处理土壤表层（０－２０ｃｍ）酶活性（除多酚氧化酶外）均比亚表层（２０－４０ｃｍ）高;脲酶活性年周期变化幅度（σ１２２．７）大于年际变幅（σ＝１７．３）;果园生草、套录肥可以减缓脲酶酸性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶和转化酶３４．５％、４３．８％和２２．５％及冠下表层脲酶和酸性磷酸酶     

生草果园土壤浸提液对几种作物种子萌发的影响

利用生草果园土壤浸提液砂培龙眼、毛豆、罗卜,观测其发芽率。结果表明：培养23 d时,百喜草处理的发芽势＞平托花生处理的＞圆叶决明处理的＞宽叶雀稗处理的＞对照的,而百喜草处理最终发芽率(84.7%)＞平托花生处理的(80.0%)＞圆叶决明处理的(55.3%)＞CK的(40.0%)＞宽叶雀稗处理的(33.3%),各处理间差异极显著。利用土壤浸提液的稀释液砂培毛豆、龙眼、罗卜时,不同处理间发芽率差异不显著。而原液砂培时,平托花生处理可显著地提高毛豆的发芽率,宽叶雀稗处理显著地降低毛豆的发芽率,且其两种浓度间差异达显著水平;原液培养罗卜时,宽叶雀稗处理发芽率(92.0%)最低,与其它处理间差异显著,其浓度间也有显著性差异;4种牧草处理都抑制罗卜单株干重的增长,百喜草、宽叶雀稗处理浓度间差异极显著,圆叶决明处理浓度间差异显著。     

红壤幼龄果园不同管理模式对土壤养分状况影响的研究

通过连续几年的定点,定位,分层联样的土壤肥力研究方法,较系统地研究了果园生草、套种绿肥和清耕三种不管理模式下红壤幼龄果园土壤养分状况的变化趋势。研究表明：与清耕法相比,在行间,果园生草,套种绿肥提高了土壤有机质,腐殖质含量,套种绿肥还改善了土壤提供氮,磷营养状况。在冠下,果园生草、套种绿肥提高了表层土壤腐殖质含量,改善了土壤氮素营养状况,果园生草还较明显地提高土壤有机肥含量。     

不同果园治理模式对漳州市草子坝小流域土壤理化性质的影响

对诏安县官陂乡草子坝小流域侵蚀劣地综合治理试验措施之一的果园治理模式进行多年试验研究,结果表明:侵蚀劣地开发成果园,采用果园稻草覆盖、果园多量客土、果园少量客土等治理模式,经过多年管理,其表层土壤(0～10cm)<0.001mm的粘粒含量有明显的增加,>0.01mm的物理性砂粒却有明显的减少;土壤团粒稳定性有所改变,其中稻草覆盖下的荔枝果园尤为明显,0～5cm和5～10cm土层>0.25mm水稳性团聚体分别为对照的2.08和2.11倍,结构体破坏率则降低了25.6%和25.8%;稻草覆盖的土壤的持水性能也有所改善,土壤层最大持水量比对照也有所提高;稻草覆盖、多量客土、少量客土等治理措施表土层有机质含量均明显提高,分别是对照的5.03、4.07、2.33倍(0～5cm),3.71、3.10、2.90倍(5～10cm);不同治理措施果园的全N、全P、全K、土壤水解N、速效P,速效K等含量均不同程度高于对照;综合来看,以果园稻草覆盖措施为最佳治理模式。     

海南水田土壤有机质分布规律及碳固定潜力

研究海南水田土壤有机质分布规律及影响因素,并分析其碳固定的潜力。结果表明,海南水田土壤有机质含量平均为22．90g/kg,相对于第二次土壤普查而言,水田土壤起着温室气体“源”的作用。土壤有机质的空间分布与按干湿状况划分的气候类型区关系密切,土壤有机质含量表现为湿润气候区〉潮湿气候区〉半湿润气候区〉半干旱气候区。推行以增加农田土壤有机物质输入的管理方式和种植方式等都可以提高土壤的有机质含量,从而实现水田土壤温室气体“汇”的作用。     

水稻生产系统固碳能力与碳足迹研究——以湖南省为例

运用生态经济学原理,对湖南省典型水稻生产系统的固碳能力与碳足迹进行系统分析和比较。结果表明:早稻、中稻和晚稻生产系统固碳能力分别为3 901.7、5 375.2、4 852.3 kg C/hm2,3个水稻生产系统每生产1 kg的经济产量相当于固定0.61、0.67、0.65 kg C。早稻、中稻和晚稻生产系统的生产资料碳足迹分别为0.172、0.133、0.139 kg CO2equi./kg。早稻、中稻和晚稻生产系统的生产资料碳足迹以化肥最大,其次是电力和柴油的碳足迹。     

茶园生态系统固碳潜力及低碳茶叶生产技术

自工业革命以来人类活动造成二氧化碳、氧化亚氮和甲烷等温室气体排放大量增加,致使全球气温明显升高。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）2007年发布的第4次评估报告《气候变化2007：综合报告》,2004年全球人为温室气体排放总量达到了490亿吨CO2当量,比1970年增加了70．7％。     

蓝莓园生草管理农作制度模式探讨

在介绍蓝莓园生草发展优势和潜力的基础上,阐述了蓝莓园生草的意义,指出蓝莓园生草能改良土壤理化性质,调节果园生态环境,影响果树植株生长发育,多年生草可提高果实产量和品质.同时,详细论述了蓝莓园生草的方法及生草后的管理方法、     

生草栽培对火龙果果园土壤特性及微生态环境的影响

通过在火龙果园中间种3个不同品种的牧草,研究不同生草栽培模式对果园土壤理化性状及微生态环境的影响,为火龙果园生态栽培提供理论依据和技术指导。结果表明：3种生草栽培可明显改善火龙果果园土壤物理性状,土壤容重下降了13.29%～15.83%,土壤总孔隙度增加了43.65%～72.28%,毛管孔隙度和土壤含水量分别增加了33.91%～55.89%和43.66%～72.28%,影响程度为紫花苜蓿＞柱花草＞百喜草;3种生草栽培使土壤有机质,全氮、碱解氮含量明显增加,对土壤有效磷和速效钾含量的影响则因牧草品种不同出现较大的差异,间作紫花苜蓿和百喜草表现增加,而间作柱花草则明显减少;3种生草栽培均能有效提高火龙果果园相对湿度,降低气温和土壤温度,并能抑制火龙果园杂草的滋生,有效改善了果园微生态环境。     

气候变化对福建省牧草气候生产潜力的影响

以福建省为研究区域,研究牧草生产力与气候条件的关系及其对气候变化的响应.结果表明,近50a来,福建省气温呈现升高趋势,平均每10 a升高0.2℃;年降水量变化总体上呈不显著的增加态势;牧草气候生产潜力随年代的变化呈先减后增的趋势;空间上以厦门地区最高,三明地区最低.降水量对福建省牧草气候生产潜力的影响明显高于气温.若未来温度每降低1℃,降水减少1 mm时,牧草气候生产潜力分别降低318.3 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和22.7 kg·hm~(-2)a~(-1).     

水稻低碳生产研究进展

 稻田是甲烷(methane,CH4)和氧化亚氮(nitrous oxide,N2O)的重要发生源。稻田中CH4和N2O的产生、消耗以及传输过程受稻田土壤类型、水分条件、肥料种类、施肥量及方法、耕作模式和制度、水稻品种等多种因素影响。CH4和N2O具有不同的排放特性,很多研究结果表明,水稻生长期间的中期排水烤田、后期干湿交替能显著降低CH4排放量,但同时也可能促进N2O的排放,因此,如何同时减少CH4和N2O的排放量是实现稻田低碳生产的关键要素;另一方面,稻田土壤的碳固定也是使稻田系统从源转变成汇的关键技术。从水稻生产过程中CH4排放、N2O排放、稻田土壤有机碳动态、减排措施四个方面综述了近年来水稻低碳生产相关研究状况,重点总结了国内外有关影响稻田CH4和N2O排放的关键影响因素、增加稻田土壤有机质含量的主要措施以及各种减排措施的全球增温潜势评价研究,并对水稻低碳生产研究作了展望。     

Potential and cost of carbon sequestration in Indian agriculture: Estimates from long-term field experiments

Carbon sequestration in tropical soils has potential for mitigating global warming and increasing agricultural productivity. We analyzed 26 long-term experiments (LTEs) in different agro-climatic zones (ACZs) of India to assess the potential and cost of C sequestration. Data on initial and final soil organic C (SOC) concentration in the recommended N, P and K (NPK); recommended N, P and K plus farmyard manure (NPK + FYM) and unfertilized (control) treatments were used to calculate carbon sequestration potential (CSP) i.e., capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) by increasing SOC stock, under different nutrient management scenarios. In most of the LTEs wheat equivalent yields were higher in the NPK + FYM treatment than the NPK treatment. However, partial factor productivity (PFP) was more with the NPK treatment. Average SOC concentration of the control treatment was 0.54%, which increased to 0.65% in the NPK treatment and 0.82% in the NPK + FYM treatment. Compared to the control treatment the NPK + FYM treatment sequestered 0.33 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ whereas the NPK treatment sequestered 0.16 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The CSP in different nutrient management scenarios ranged from 2.1 to 4.8 Mg C ha⁻¹ during the study period (average 16.9 yr) of the LTEs. In 17 out of 26 LTEs, the NPK + FYM treatment had higher SOC and also higher net return than that of the NPK treatment. In the remaining 9 LTEs SOC sequestration in the NPK + FYM treatment was accomplished with decreased net return suggesting that these are economically not attractive and farmers have to incur into additional cost to achieve C sequestration. The feasibility of SOC sequestration in terms of availability of FYM and other organic sources has been discussed in the paper.     

福建省长汀县植烟耕地土壤肥力状况

2008-2009年对长汀县烤烟种植地烟前烟后土壤养分测定表明,烤烟耕地土壤整体较酸,全县土壤烟前pH值为4.31,烟后4.42;有机质含量处于中等水平,烟后土壤有机质含量26.33 g·kg-1,比烟前（24.69 g·kg-1）有所增加;植烟后土壤碱解N含量与植烟前差别不大,略有增加,含量处于中等水平;速效P含量较为丰富,植烟前土壤速效P含量为44.18mg·kg-1,植烟后显著增加,达60.25 mg·kg-1;速效K含量植烟前偏低,仅75.17 mg·kg-1,植烟后增加显著,达324.87 mg·kg-1,烟后土壤速效K含量丰富。不同土属pH值差别不大,有机质含量、碱解N、速效P、速效K以黄泥田、灰泥田、紫泥田、潮沙田较高。     

Rice yield and soil carbon dynamics over three years of applying rice husk charcoal to an Andosol paddy field

Rice husk charcoal (RC) produced from the pyrolysis of rice husk (RH) can be one of the cost-effective biochars for use in rice-based farming systems. This study investigated changes in rice yield and soil carbon sequestration over three years of RC application to an Andosol paddy field. The treatments were RC application at 0.02, 0.2, and 2 kg m^?2 (RC0.02, RC0.2, and RC2, respectively), RH application at 0.2 kg m^?2 (RH0.2), and a control with no RC or RH application (CONT). The results showed that RC2 increased culm length by 4% and straw weight by 14% on average over the three years. These increases in plant growth coincided with a higher level of silicon uptake by the rice plants, although they did not significantly affect grain yield. The soil carbon content was progressively increased by RC2 over the three years, whereas it was not significantly affected by RC0.02 or RC0.2. A considerable amount (>72%) of the applied carbon with RC2 remained in the soil by taking account of its downward movement below the 10 cm layer of the paddy field after three consecutive years of RC application. We conclude that rice husk charcoal application to Andosol paddy fields is an effective option for increasing carbon sequestration. Furthermore, the increase in silicon uptake by rice plants suggests that rice husk charcoal can also be functioning as a silicon fertilizer.     

Changes in soil organic carbon in a clay loam soil following ploughing and reseeding of permanent grassland under temperate moist climatic conditions

This study investigated changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in a poorly drained clay loam soil under (i) permanent grassland (PG) over 7 years and (ii) after PG renovation over 2·5 years. The experimental area was divided into four blocks with four paddocks per block. Composite soil samples from each PG block were taken to 30‐cm depth on five occasions between 2004 and 2011. In June 2008, one paddock per block was renovated by ploughing and reseeding and sampled as above on the latter four occasions. Renovation decreased SOC (P < 0·05) by 32·2 t ha^?1 in the 2·5 years following ploughing; the difference developed almost entirely (86%) in the first four months. Renovation had no effect on above‐ground productivity, standing root and stubble phytomass or on dissolved organic matter leaching. Therefore, soil respiration was considered to be a single potential pathway responsible for the SOC loss from renovated grassland. Although a simple linear regression indicated a tendency for PG to accumulate SOC, there was no evidence of recovery in SOC to previous levels following renovation during the study period. These results could have implications for greenhouse gas inventories in countries where PG is an important land‐use type.     

福建省典型茶园土壤硒含量及其影响因素研究

采集了福建省60份典型茶园表层土壤(0~20 cm),测定了土壤全硒和有效硒含量,分析了土壤类型、植茶年限和海拔对土壤硒及有效硒含量的影响,并探讨其受土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,福建省茶园土壤全硒含量范围为0.22~2.20 mg·kg^-1,均值为0.73 mg·kg^-1,有86.67%的茶园土壤硒含量达到富硒土壤标准(>0.4 mg·kg^-1);茶园土壤有效硒含量为5.21~448.86 μg·kg^-1,均值为62.98 μg·kg^-1;土壤硒活化率为1.10%~31.64%,均值为8.76%,硒有效程度较低。砂砾岩和凝灰岩发育的茶园土壤硒和有效硒含量较高,紫色砂岩和河流冲积物发育的茶园土壤硒含量较低;山地草甸土茶园土壤全硒和有效硒含量最高,潮砂土和水稻土硒含量较低;成龄茶园和老茶园土壤全硒和有效硒含量较高,新垦茶园硒含量较低;中高海拔地区茶园土壤全硒及有效硒含量较高,低海拔地区茶园土壤硒含量较低。相关分析表明,茶园土壤硒及有效性主要受土壤有机质和全氮的影响,pH对有机质含量较低的红壤茶园和幼龄茶园有显著影响,有效磷对成龄茶园和中高海拔茶园有显著影响。总体而言,该区域茶园富硒土壤为发展天然富硒茶提供了物源保证,但硒有效程度不高,应针对不同类型茶园采取相应栽培措施(增施有机肥、改良剂和钙镁磷肥)来提高土壤有效硒。