牡蛎疱疹病毒结构蛋白真核表达系统构建及多聚化特性研究

牡蛎疱疹病毒(OsHV-1)在全球范围内导致牡蛎、扇贝与蚶类的大规模死亡,成为双壳贝类养殖产业的重要威胁。为了解OsHV-1的结构与致病机制。本研究利用HEK293t细胞,构建OsHV-1主要核衣壳蛋白（ORF104和ORF33）的真核表达系统,并对ORF104和ORF33潜在相互作用进行检测。实验首先通过特异性PCR扩增技术得到orf 104和orf 33的基因序列,根据其编码蛋白的理化性质、跨膜区与三维结构等生物信息学分析结果,选择pCDNA3.1构建两种基因的重组表达质粒。重组质粒经大肠杆菌扩增、提取后,利用转染试剂Lipo8000?将pCDNA3.1-orf 104与pCDNA3.1-orf 33分别单独或共转染至人胚肾细胞(HEK293t)。然后,将转染后的细胞培养18 h后裂解收集蛋白。最后利用蛋白免疫印迹检测(Western Blot,WB)与负染电镜检测两种目的蛋白的表达情况。结果显示,实验成功构建了OsHV-1衣壳蛋白ORF104和ORF33的重组表达质粒载体,通过真核细胞表达得到大小约为135与35 ku的目的蛋白。研究表明,表达质粒可在真核表达系统中实现蛋白单独转染与共转染,共转染蛋白间可能存在相互作用的趋势并形成多聚体,其中,ORF33自身即可形成分子量不同的多聚体。本研究首次利用真核表达系统开展OsHV-1关键结构蛋白的表达,为进一步开展该病毒结构蛋白功能与互作,以及病毒入侵机制研究奠定基础。     

锦鲤疱疹病春主要囊膜蛋白基因的PCR扩增与序列分析

为了进一步研究锦鲤疱疹病毒主要囊膜蛋白(KHV-MEP)的功能及锦鲤疱疹病毒(KHV)的感染机制,根据KHV-MEP基因序列设计并合成1对引物,从自然感染KHV发病的锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio Koi)肝组织总DNA中扩增获得特异性基因片段.将所得基因片段克隆到pMD18-T Simple Vector载体中,获得重组质粒T-KMEP;酶切鉴定后进行序列测定,并采用氨基酸亲水性分析软件Tmpred对其编码氨基酸序列进行分析;在对该片段所编码氨基酸可能抗原位点分析的基础上,进行PCR改造构建原核表达载体,获得重组表达载体pBV-KMEP1和pBV-KMEP2.所获得的基因片段大小为771 bp,该基因片段与GenBank中已登录的KHV-MEP基因(AB178537)的同源性为100%,是一个完整的开放阅读框,所编码的蛋白由256个氨基酸组成,分子量为28.2kD,等电点(PI)为8.65.该序列含有4个跨膜区,可构成主要抗原决定簇.结果显示所获得的目的基因片段就是锦鲤主要囊膜蛋白全基因.     

锦鲤疱疹病毒主要囊膜蛋白基因的PCR扩增与序列分析

为了进一步研究锦鲤疱疹病毒主要囊膜蛋白（KHV-MEP）的功能及锦鲤疱疹病毒（KHV）的感染机制,根据KHV-MEP基因序列设计并合成1对引物,从自然感染KHV发病的锦鲤（Cyprinus carpio Koi）肝组织总DNA中扩增获得特异性基因片段。将所得基因片段克隆到pMD18-T Simple Vector载体中,获得重组质粒T-KMEP;酶切鉴定后进行序列测定,并采用氨基酸亲水性分析软件TMpred对其编码氨基酸序列进行分析;在对该片段所编码氨基酸可能抗原位点分析的基础上,进行PCR改造构建原核表达载体,获得重组表达载体pBV-KMEP1和pBV-KMEP2。所获得的基因片段大小为771bp,该基因片段与GenBank中已登录的KHV-MEP基因（AB178537）的同源性为100%,是一个完整的开放阅读框,所编码的蛋白由256个氨基酸组成,分子量为28.2kD,等电点（PI）为8.65。该序列含有4个跨膜区,可构成主要抗原决定簇。结果显示所获得的目的基因片段就是锦鲤主要囊膜蛋白全基因。     

鲁氏耶尔森氏菌外膜蛋白ompF基因的分子克隆、生物信息学与免疫原性分析

为筛选潜在的保护性抗原基因研制鲁氏耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia ruckeri)基因工程疫苗,实验利用特异性引物扩增分离自斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus)的Y.ruckeri外膜蛋白omp F基因并对其进行分子克隆,应用相关软件和程序对其核苷酸及氨基酸序列进行生物信息学分析,并进行了omp F蛋白的表达和免疫原性检测。结果显示,omp F基因全长1 095 bp(Gen Bank登录号KP159420),包含一个编码364个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框,其氨基酸序列具有极高保守性,与Y.ruckeri外膜穿孔蛋白omp F(Gen Bank登录号ADK27779.1)亲缘关系最近,序列一致性为99.2%,进化树聚为一支;具有1个革兰氏阴性菌穿孔蛋白保守结构域,存在1个信号肽和1个跨膜区,是一种跨膜蛋白;具有12个与免疫相关的抗原决定簇区域。SDS-PAGE分析发现该蛋白主要以包涵体形式表达在沉淀,经Western-bolt显示omp F蛋白具有较好的免疫原性。以上结果表明omp F基因可作为Y.ruckeri基因工程疫苗的候选抗原基因。     

锦鲤疱疹病毒ORF72基因克隆及结构功能分析

于辽宁丹东采集感染锦鲤疱疹病毒的活鲤Cyprinus carpio样品,经DNA提取、PCR扩增、重组质粒构建步骤成功克隆锦鲤疱疹病毒ORF72基因,并利用生物信息学软件分析ORF72蛋白结构与功能,构建系统进化树。结果显示:ORF72基因开放阅读框共1113bp,编码蛋白由370个氨基酸组成,理论相对分子质量为40.5KD;ORF72蛋白主要由α螺旋、β折叠、无规则卷曲3种二级结构组成;N端35个氨基酸序列为信号肽序列。跨膜结构分析表明:ORF72蛋白无跨膜区,保守结构域预测表明ORF72含有一个保守结构域,抗原表位分析表明,抗原性较好。结构预测显示:ORF72氨基酸序列存在2个潜在的N-糖基化位点、1个潜在的O-糖基化位点、19个潜在的磷酸化位点。系统进化树分析发现,其与锦鲤疱疹病毒美国株、以色列株属同一分支。     

魁蚶Ets家族9个基因的克隆及其在病毒感染应答中的表达分析

Ets蛋白是宿主MAPK信号通路下游的一类可参与调控病毒基因转录复制的重要转录因子。本研究通过基因克隆成功获得魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii) Ets家族9条基因(分别命名为ETS-1~ ETS-9),开放阅读框(ORF)大小分别为1065、1290、1569、912、1344、1404、1521、1968和1191 bp,并分别编码354、429、522、303、447、468、506、655和396个氨基酸。系统进化树分类表明,本研究所获得的基因均属Ets家族。对ETS-1和ETS-3的氨基酸序列和三维结构分析表明,其均含有高度保守的ETS结构域。在不同水温条件下,通过人工注射牡蛎疱疹病毒(OsHV-1)对魁蚶进行感染,并对病毒拷贝数和Ets的相对表达量进行定量分析。结果显示,ETS-1和ETS-3只在高温阳性组中相对表达量显著上调,与病毒拷贝数在高温条件下增长趋势呈正相关;ETS-4和ETS-8只在低温阳性组中相对表达量显著上调,但在高温阳性组中ETS-4和ETS-8的相对表达量与病毒拷贝数呈负相关;初步研究结果显示,从魁蚶Ets基因中筛选出2条Ets基因(ETS-1和ETS-3),在高温条件下(16±2)℃,其可能参与正向调控病毒OsHV-1的复制过程。本研究为进一步探索魁蚶在夏季因感染牡蛎疱疹病毒(OsHV-1)而导致的大量死亡提供了科学数据。     

急性病毒性坏死病毒魁蚶株IAP-86基因全长cDNA克隆和生物信息学分析

为深入探讨急性病毒性坏死病毒(Acute Viral Necrosis Virus, AVNV)魁蚶株的致病机理以及IAP-86蛋白的功能,从感染 AVNV 的濒死魁蚶外套膜中提取总 RNA,反转录获得 cDNA。根据 NCBI公布的 AVNV 全基因组序列中 ORF86序列设计两对反向套式引物,通过 cDNA 末端快速扩增(RACE)技术获得 ORF865￠端和3￠端的非编码区,拼接获得全长 cDNA 序列。Blast 序列比对显示,该基因与牡蛎疱疹病毒的同源性为100%,与栉孔扇贝 AVNV 的同源性为99%,并存在重叠基因。生物信息学分析预测,该蛋白不含信号肽,不存在跨膜区,最大疏水指数为1.800,最小疏水指数为–3.456。该蛋白存在8个潜在的磷酸化位点(包括5个丝氨酸、1个苏氨酸和2个酪氨酸),存在 1个潜在的 O-糖基化位点,不存在潜在的 N-糖基化位点;其抗原表位主要集中在8?11、14?16、28?39、75?76、88?95、97?100和147?158位氨基酸。推测该株病毒可能为牡蛎疱疹病毒的变异株,并且基因重叠在该类病毒进化过程中可能扮演重要角色。     

近江牡蛎SLC13基因家族的全基因组鉴定及急性高盐胁迫下的表达特征

溶质载体13(solute carrier 13, SLC13)是SLC转运蛋白超家族的重要成员,编码结构相似的跨膜蛋白,在介导转运阴离子和柠檬酸循环代谢中间体中发挥重要作用。近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)基因家族收缩和扩张分析表明,SLC13家族显著扩张,可能与渗透压调节密切相关。为进一步探讨近江牡蛎SLC13基因家族(CarSLC13)特征及在高盐胁迫下的表达变化,本研究运用生物信息学方法对CarSLC13进行鉴定,并分析了其基因结构、染色体定位、系统进化和在急性高盐胁迫后鳃组织中的表达特征。本研究共鉴定出11个CarSLC13基因,包括1个CarSLC13A1亚家族成员, 6个CarSLC13A2亚家族成员和4个CarSLC13A5亚家族成员,其中7个家族成员蛋白的理化性质较为稳定,不稳定系数均小于40;亚细胞定位预测显示,所有CarSLC13均定位到细胞膜或内膜;染色体定位结果显示, 11个SLC13基因定位在6条染色体上,在第3号染色体上的部分基因发生了串联复制;该基因家族成员都具有钠-硫酸盐共转运蛋白跨膜结构域(PF00939),该结构域与渗透压调...     

锦鲤疱疹病毒3型ORF126基因克隆及生物信息学分析

为研究锦鲤疱疹病毒3型(KHV-3)ORF126基因编码蛋白的功能,我们对该蛋白的结构特征进行研究分析。本实验采用PCR扩增技术获得KHV ORF126基因的完整序列,构建pMD19-T-ORF 126重组质粒,应用生物信息学方法分析ORF126基因编码蛋白的理化特征。结果显示:KHV ORF126基因翻译合成273个氨基酸;ExPasy预测该蛋白的理论分子量为29.9kDa,等电点为5.11;信号肽的切割部位最可能位于第19~20位氨基酸之间;跨膜区位于第145~168位氨基酸;抗原表位预测显示抗原性良好;编码蛋白不含N-糖基化位点,含有4个O-糖基化位点和17个磷酸化位点。     

长牡蛎MITF基因表达及与壳色的关联

为了解长牡蛎MITF基因的表达及其与壳色的关联,验证了长牡蛎中的4个MITF基因,对长牡蛎MITF氨基酸序列进行了序列分析和多序列比对,分析了长牡蛎幼体发育各时期的转录组,采用荧光定量PCR的方法研究长牡蛎各组织及黑壳、白壳牡蛎特定部位mRNA表达情况。4个MITF基因中有3个基因可能为假基因,有表达的长牡蛎MITF基因共编码448个氨基酸,为亲水性不稳定蛋白,含有N端结构域(MITFTFEBC3N superfamily)和高度保守的功能性结构域HLH结构域。转录组分析发现MITF在长牡蛎个体发育的各个时期均有表达,在稚贝期达到最高。组织表达结果显示MITF在外套膜中的表达水平显著高于其他组织。MITF在黑壳牡蛎闭壳肌中的表达量显著低于白壳牡蛎,而在黑壳牡蛎外套膜中的表达量高于白壳牡蛎,但不显著。在黑壳、白壳牡蛎外套膜边缘的表达量都显著高于内侧。研究表明,长牡蛎MITF基因可能在牡蛎壳形成早期就参与了黑色素的生成调控和个体的生长发育,可调控牡蛎酪氨酸酶Tyr2基因,参与外套膜和贝壳中黑色素的形成。本研究为进一步研究牡蛎壳色形成机制奠定了基础。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.