Field investigations of soil hydrological properties of fen soils in North‐East Germany

To investigate the changes of hydrological properties of peat soil in course of soil development, field measurements at 84 fen sites (Histosols) in 19 fen regions of North‐East Germany were carried out. Capillary water supply at all the stages of soil development was not limited up to 70 cm of ground water level. Worsening of plant water supply was the result of mud accumulation in the capillary fringe, ground water levels located deeper than 70 cm below soil surface, low hydraulic conductivity in the ground water zone, and hysteresis effects, affected by high dynamics of ground water level during the day.     

室内基于土壤水分再分布过程推求紫色土导水参数

选择三峡库区3种不同质地的紫色土,室内通过土壤水分再分布试验,探讨基于土壤水分再分布过程推求导水参数对于紫色土的适用性.结果显示,结合土壤水分垂直和水平再分布过程推求的紫色土水分扩散率与实测值具有很好的一致性,但推求的非饱和导水率偏差较大.然而,选用单一的土壤水分再分布过程结合实测水分特征曲线推求的紫色土非饱和导水率与实测值具有良好的一致性.湿润锋湿度与湿润剖面平均湿度不同函数关系对推求非饱和导水率和水分扩散率差异不明显.此外,基于土壤水分再分布过程推求导水参数方法比较适合低湿土壤的非饱和导水参数推求.     

土壤物理性质对供水能力的影响

The water-supplying capacity of two agricltural soils red soil in Jiangxi Province and meadow sol in Henan Province,was assessed mainly using physical investigations.The reticulated mottling horizon in the red soil was a horizon limiting roots distribution due to its high density and hardness in structure and low pH(pH5.05),The reistance of the red soil to drought hazard was poor because of its low water-supply capacity and poor hydraulic conductivity.The meadow soil had superior profile infiltration to that of the red soil and great available water-storage capacity,which resulted in low run-off loss,espectially in the wheat-growth season.It was difficult for water stored in the deep layers of the meadow soil to reach the surface due to the low unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of its clay-rich horizon in subsoil,Howver,water stored in deep layers was still available because the roots could extend to the deep layers due to the relatively low density in soil structure.     

Soil physical characteristics of peat soils

Drainage and intensive use of fens lead to alterations in the physical characteristics of peat soils. This was demonstrated using parameters of water balance (available water capacity) and the evaluated unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Deriving the distribution of the pore size from the water retention curve was flawed because of shrinkage due to drainage, especially at high soil water potentials. These errors became greater as the peat was less influenced by soil‐genetic processes. The water retention curves (desorption) evaluated in the field and the laboratory satisfactorily corresponded. However, the wetting‐ and drainage‐curves obtained in the field differed up to 30 vol.‐% water content at same soil water potentials. These differences were largely due to a wetting inhibition.     

基于遗传算法的土壤水分运动参数识别

土壤水分运动参数的识别是研究土壤水分运动的基础。该文以反映土壤含水率实测值和计算值吻合程度的均方差最小为优化目标,以土壤导水率和扩散率经验参数上下限为约束条件,建立了土壤水分运动参数识别的优化计算模型。采用遗传算法和田间均质土壤一维非饱和运动数值计算相结合的方法,获得土壤导水率和扩散率经验参数最优值。经验证计算,土壤含水率实测值和计算值吻合程度较高,表明这一方法是可行的。     

可耕种坡地的土壤水力参数非均质性变化

The spatial variations of the soil hydraulic properties were mainly considered in vertical direction. The objectives of this study were to measure water-retention curves, θ（ψ）, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions, K（ψ）, of the soils sampled at different slope positions in three directions, namely, in vertical direction, along the slope and along the contour, and to determine the effects of sampling direction and slope position of two soil catenas. At the upper slope positions, the surface soils （0-10 cm） sampled in the vertical direction had a lower soil water content, 0, at a certain soil water potential （-1 500 kPa 〈 ψ 〈 -10 kPa） and had the greatest unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K, at ψ 〉 -10 kPa. At the lower slope positions, K at ψ〉 -10 kPa was smaller in the vertical direction than in the direction along the slope. The deep soils （100 110 cm） had similar soil hydraulic properties in all the three directions. The anisotropic variations of the hydraulic properties of the surface soils were ascribed to the effects of natural wetting and drying cycles on the structural heterogeneity. These results suggested that the anisotropy of soil hydraulic properties might be significant in influencing soil water movement along the slope and need to be considered in modeling.     

夹砂层土壤Green-Ampt入渗模型的改进与验证

对于土层夹砂结构,湿润锋穿过砂层上界面时,入渗率变为稳渗率。为确定各因素下夹砂层土壤的稳渗率,在Green-Ampt入渗模型基础上,引入导水度系数(小于1)来量化上层土壤的导水程度,建立了改进的夹砂层土壤Green-Ampt入渗模型。采用HYDRUS-1D软件,模拟了不同土壤质地、初始含水率、压力水头、砂层埋深和砂层厚度条件下的稳渗过程,根据模拟结果分析了夹砂层土壤的入渗规律及其影响因素,稳渗率主要受土壤质地、压力水头和砂层埋深的影响。在相同压力水头、初始含水率和砂层厚度下模拟获得不同砂层埋深的稳渗率,并采用改进的Green-Ampt入渗模型拟合,求得导水度系数和进水吸力值。分析发现导水度系数变化较小,为简化计算,取其平均值0.95。在此基础上,提出了由土壤物理特性参数进气值倒数估算进水吸力的计算公式。利用秦王川地区的夹砂层土壤积水入渗试验及已有文献资料验证所建模型的有效性,结果表明所建模型待定参数少,计算误差基本在5%以内,且试验设计较简单,可为农田水分管理及工程防渗技术提供理论依据。     

小碎石与细土混合介质的导水特性

含碎石土壤的导水性质研究有利于这种多孔介质水分运动的模拟。本文采用室内定水头法和离心机法分别测定两种质地土壤(壤土、黏壤土)和三种岩性小粒径(2~10 mm)碎石构成的土石混合介质的饱和导水率和水分特征曲线,采用van Genuchten-Mualem模型计算各土石介质的非饱和导水率,分析碎石对土壤导水能力的影响。试验结果显示,风化程度低的碎石对黏壤土具有明显的增大饱和导水率的作用,且碎石含量愈高,增加的效果愈明显;而风化程度高的碎石对土壤结构无明显的改善作用,且对黏壤土具有减小饱和导水率的作用。风化程度低碎石介质的非饱和导水率随土壤水吸力的增加呈现了先大于土壤和土石介质的后迅速减小到低于土壤和土石介质的变化过程。风化程度低的河卵石和风化程度高的粉泥页岩碎屑分别构成的土石介质的非饱和导水率较土壤的低,而风化程度中等的片麻状花岗岩碎块构成的土石介质的非饱和导水率较土壤的高。近饱和状态下,碎石含量高的土石介质的非饱和导水率也相应的高,而较大的土壤水吸力下,土石介质的非饱和导水率呈现随碎石含量的增大而减小变化趋势。试验结论可为含碎石土壤水分平衡研究提供参考。     

Effect of data resolution on soil hydraulic conductivity prediction

The aim of the paper is to compare results of the instantaneous profile method (IPM) for measurement and calculation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity k(ψ) of soils obtained with different measurement data resolution. The application of IPM allows to realize a great number of k(ψ) measurements for the purpose of mapping soil properties on large areas. Application of shorter samples i.e. less sensors makes the method even more quick and cheap. The calculation of unsaturated soil water conductivity by the IPM method bases on measurements of time and space variability of water content and water pressure within the soil sample in a cylinder. The spatial resolution of data depends on the number of probes applied in the core. The question arises how the number of compartments within one core influences the calculation of soil hydraulic conductivity. Application of three sensors instead of five reduced the accuracy of calculation but allowes to use 5 cm long standard cores during unsaturated flow experiment.<?show $6#>     

A relatively simple scaling method for describing the unsaturated hydraulic functions of stony soils

Few if any methods exist to estimate the effects of stone content (stoniness) on the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. A relatively simple scaling method is presented to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated stony soils having different stone contents. A key assumption of the method is that van Genuchten's water retention parameters α and n of the fine soil fraction are the same as those of the stony soil. The method further assumes a linearly decreasing relationship between the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the stone content, based on previous numerical simulations. Using the proposed method, it is possible to calculate the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated stony soils, knowing the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the fine soil fraction, the retention curve of the fine soil fraction, and the particular stoniness of the soil.     

Influence of water content and soil properties on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of some red and black soils

The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was determined in the laboratory for some red and black soils, following water movement into a horizontal column of homogenous soil of uniform packing. A highly significant positive relationship was found between moisture content and hydraulic conductivity values in all the soils studied. Correlation coefficients calculated for the relationships between soil constituents/properties and the change in hydraulic conductivity per unit change in moisture content (regression coefficient between hydraulic conductivity and moisture content) have shown positive relationship to sand and negative relationships to silt, silt + clay, clay, carbonates, aggregates > 0.25 mm and saturated hydraulic conductivity. It is concluded that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreases rapidly with decrease in moisture content and this decrease depends on the soil constituents/properties and differences between soil types are clear.     

土壤结构改良剂对土壤水动力学参数的影响

该文研究土壤结构改良剂对土壤水分动力学参数的影响。通过对试验数据进行初步分析后得出：加入土壤结构改良剂后，土壤饱和导水率有所提高；各处理的非饱和扩散率与对照相比，施加土壤结构改良剂的处理，在水平土柱试验中，远水端同一距离处土壤含水率要低于对照处理的含水率；土壤结构改良剂具有良好的吸水和保水性能，使得土壤的持水能力增强。在水势相同的情况下，与对照相比，施加土壤结构改良剂的土壤可保持更多的水分，并增加土壤中有效水含量。施加部位不同，土壤结构改良剂对土壤所持水分的含量也有较大差别，说明在实际应用中土壤结构改良剂的施用方法和施用深度也是影响土壤水分状况的一个较为重要的因素。     

非饱和土壤导水参数的推求

本文根据一维非饱和土壤水分的垂直入渗再分布和水平扩散再分布,采用土壤湿润剖面平均湿度和湿润锋湿度之间函数关系的三种形式,分别推导出非饱和土壤导水率,水分扩散率,比水容量的解析表达式,解析表达式中仅有四个独立参数,均可通过实验数据的简单拟合而得到.与其它方法相比,这种新的推求方法具有花费少、准确度高和测定范围大等特点.     

去电子处理微咸水矿化度对土壤水盐运移特征的影响

为探究去电子处理微咸水对土壤水盐运移的影响,该文通过室内土柱试验,分析了不同矿化度微咸水(0.14、2、3、4、5 g/L)经去电子处理后土壤水分入渗及盐分分布规律。结果表明:不同矿化度去电子微咸水土壤入渗速率及湿润锋运移速率明显大于未处理微咸水,入渗时间为200 min时,累积入渗量和湿润锋运移深度在矿化度为4 g/L时增加幅度最大。相同矿化度去电子微咸水与未处理微咸水相比,Philip入渗公式吸渗率、Green-Ampt入渗公式饱和导水率及湿润锋处吸力均显著增加。去电子微咸水能够显著提高土壤的持水效率和上层土壤盐分的淋洗效果,矿化度为4 g/L时,相对淋盐率和Na+相对淋洗率最大。该研究表明去电子化处理能够改善土壤水盐运移特性,有利于微咸水安全利用。     

Simulation of water retention and hydraulic conductivity in soil using a three‐dimensional network

The conduction of water by soil is fundamental to the way in which soils transport nutrients and pollutants into groundwater. The derivation of relations between water flow and void structure has relied on the implicit assumption that water flows through aligned unconnected cylindrical capillary tubes. We describe a three‐dimensionally interconnected model of void structure, called Pore‐Cor, which simulates the intrusion of a non‐wetting fluid and drainage of a wetting fluid. The model is calibrated by fitting it to the water retention curves of a sandy soil at four depths. The experimental drainage pressures are related to the radii of the entries to the voids by the Laplace equation. The necessities of using this equation, and of employing a simplified void geometry, introduce major approximations into the modelling. Nevertheless, the model is sufficiently precise and versatile to predict trends in other properties usefully. It is illustrated in this work by a close correlation between a predicted and experimental change in saturated hydraulic conductivity with depth, and a realistic unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curve. The saturated and unsaturated hydraulic values are shown to be much more realistic than those predicted by the aligned cylinders model. In addition, the simulations by Pore‐Cor indicate that the void network within the sandy soil is acting in a structured rather than a random manner. The Pore‐Cor model is currently being used to explain the matrix‐flow characteristics of tracers and pollutants.     

基于两组负水头入渗数据推求Brooks-Corey模型中的参数

非饱和土壤水分运动和溶质运移的研究需要准确的土壤水动力特性信息,然而土壤水动力特性的测定往往费时费力且较难。该研究假设土壤水力动力特性可用Brooks-Corey模型来描述,结合Darcy定理和质量守恒推导了基于两组负水头下入渗数据来估计Brooks-Corey模型参数的方法。利用负水头下一维土壤水分运动中累计入渗量和湿润峰之间的关系实现了参数的求解,大量的数值模拟数据检验了该方法,并与Wang的方法进行了比较和分析,结果表明本研究提供了一种简单而且精确的确定土壤水动力参数方法。     

Effects of compaction on soil surface water repellency

Water repellency can reduce the infiltration capacity of soils over timescales similar to those of precipitation events. Compaction can also reduce infiltration capacity by decreasing soil hydraulic conductivity, but the effect of compaction on soil water repellency is unknown. This study explores the effect of compaction on the wettability of water repellent soil. Three air‐dry (water content ～4 g 100 g^?1) silt loam samples of contrasting wettability (non‐repellent, strongly and severely water repellent) were homogenized and subjected to various pressures in the range 0–1570 kPa in an odeometer for 24 h. Following removal, sample surface water repellency was reassessed using the water drop penetration time method and surface roughness using white light interferometry. An increase in compaction pressure caused a significant reduction in soil surface water repellency, which in turn increases the soil's initial infiltration capacity. The difference in surface roughness of soils compacted at the lowest and highest pressures was significant (at P > 0.2) suggesting an increase in the contact area between sessile water drops and soil surfaces was providing increased opportunities for surface wetting mechanisms to proceed. This suggests that compaction of a water repellent soil may lead to an increased rate of surface wetting, which is a precursor to successful infiltration of water into bulk soil. Although there may be a reduction in soil conductivity upon compaction, the more rapid initiation of infiltration may, in some circumstances, lead to an overall increase in the proportion of rain or irrigation water infiltrating water repellent soil, rather than contributing to surface run‐off or evaporation.     

枯草芽孢杆菌改良盐碱土过程中水盐运移特征

该文通过室内一维土柱试验,设置5种不同枯草芽孢杆菌质量分数(0、1、3、5、7 g/kg)处理,研究不同含量枯草芽孢杆菌对盐碱土水盐运移的影响。结果表明:施加枯草芽孢杆菌后,土壤累积入渗量、入渗速率及湿润锋运移距离均显著降低,在入渗时间为3 600 min时,枯草芽孢杆菌质量分数为1、3、5、7 g/kg的累积入渗量相比0 g/kg分别减少了18.49%、21.85%、12.18%、3.78%;当湿润锋运移至27 cm时,枯草芽孢杆菌含量为1、3、5、7 g/kg所用时间相比0 g/kg分别增大了96.21%、108%、37.84%、16.76%,在枯草芽孢杆菌施加量为3 g/kg时,单位入渗历时内累积入渗量、入渗速率及湿润锋的运移距离最小。枯草芽孢杆菌同样影响Philip方程和Green-Ampt入渗公式参数显著,土壤水饱和导水率KS、吸渗率S、稳定入渗率A随着枯草芽孢杆菌含量的增加先减少后增大,湿润锋处的吸力hf先增大后减少,当施加量为3 g/kg时,S、KS、A均取得最小值,hf取得最大值。枯草芽孢杆菌可提高土壤的保水性能,在土层深度为27 cm处,施加量为1、3、5和7 g/kg相比0 g/kg的剖面含水量分别增加了17.65%、31.76%、11.76%、7.06%。施加枯草芽孢杆菌的土壤在入渗结束后,土壤的含盐量分别降低了22.37%、31.29%、17.78%、10.67%。施加枯草芽孢杆菌后,1、3、5、7 g/kg的水稳性团聚体含量相比0 g/kg分别增加了13.02%、17.59%、9.68%和5.24%。综上,在盐碱土中施加3 g/kg的枯草芽孢杆菌,对盐碱土壤的治理具有积极作用。     

Torfeigenschaften und ungesättigte hydraulische Leitfähigkeit von Moorböden

Peat properties and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of peat soils . Drainage of organic soils is closely connected with water supply of plants by the capillary fringe of the groundwater. Unsaturated flow of water was measured by the double-membrane apparatus described by Vetterlein, which was modified for experiments with undisturbed peat samples. The influence of decomposition, nature of peat, ash content, bulk density (consolidation) and flux direction on unsaturated flow of water in peat soils was determined. The correlation to unsaturated water conductivity decreased in the sequence: decomposition, flux direction, ash content, bulk density. A dependence on bulk density exists only below pF 2.     

不同含盐土壤圆盘入渗特征试验

不同含盐土壤水分入渗特征是获得准确的土壤水力参数的基础。该文通过圆盘入渗试验,分析了4种土壤在5个（-1、-3、-6、-9和-12 cm）负水头下的入渗特征。结果表明,随着水头的减小,4种土壤的吸湿率线性减小,稳定入渗率和非饱和导水率呈不同程度减小。随土壤含盐量增加稳定入渗率和导水率呈增大规律。根据实测资料确定了不同负水头下非饱和导水率的Gardner指数模型参数,为盐渍化土壤水力参数的确定提供理论参考。