Effect of varied soil nitrogen supply on growth and nutrient uptake of young Norway spruce plants grown in a shaded environment

To understand the effect of increased soil N supply on tree growth and nutrient uptake, three-year-old Norway spruce seedlings were grown in pots on low-nutrient mineral forest soil supplemented with N in mineral or organic form. Outdoor shaded growth conditions were used, to test the hypothesis that shaded plants are particularly susceptible to high soil N supply. Plants were harvested eleven months after planting. Shoot growth was not affected by the N supply, but N concentrations in needles and roots were increased in plants supplied with mineral N (150 or 300 mg N [kg soil]^—1). Root growth was drastically reduced and root/shoot ratios were decreased in plants with higher N uptake. A high supply of mineral N to soil also decreased the concentrations of other essential elements (P, K) in the needles and thus had effects on plant growth which may impair the stress resistance of trees. Organic N in the form of keratin (150 mg N [kg soil]^—1) did not influence plant growth significantly. The adverse effects of high mineral N supply were particularly pronounced under shaded conditions in comparison to results from other experiments using higher light intensity and temperature conditions.     

Root exudation,organic acids,and element distribution in roots of Norway spruce seedlings treated with aluminum in hydroponics

Seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), which had been grown under sterile conditions for three months, were treated for one week in a hydroculture system with either 500 μM AlCl₃ or 750 μM CaCl₂ solutions at pH 4. Organic acids were determined in hot‐water extracts of ground root tissue. Oxalate (3.3—6.6 μmol (g root dry weight)^—1) was most abundant. Malate, citrate, formate, acetate, and lactate concentrations ranged between 1—2 μmol (g root dry weight)^—1. Organic substances and phosphate found in the treatment solutions at the end of the experimental period were considered to be root exudates. Total root exudation within a 2‐day period ranged from 20—40 μmol C (g root weight)^—1. In root exudates, organic acids, and total carbohydrates, total amino acids, and total phenolic substances were quantified. Citrate and malate, although present in hot‐water extracts of root tissue, were not detected in root exudates. Phosphate was released from Ca‐treated plants. In Al treatments, there was indication of Al phosphate precipitation at the root surface. Oxalate and phenolics present in the exudates of Norway spruce seedlings are ligands that can form stable complexes with Al. However, concentrations of these substances in the treatment solutions were at micromolar levels. Their importance for the protection of the sensitive root apex under natural conditions is discussed.     

Effects of litter (beech and stinging nettle) and earthworms (Octolasion lacteum) on carbon and nutrient cycling in beech forests on a basalt-limestone gradient: A laboratory experiment

Effects of leaf litter of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and stinging nettles (Urtica dioica L.) and of the endogeic earthworm species Octolasion lacteum (Örley) on carbon turnover and nutrient dynamics in soil of three beechwood sites on a basalt hill (Hesse, Germany) were investigated in a laboratory experiment lasting for about 1 year. The sites were located along a gradient from basalt (upper part of the hill) to limestone (lower part of the hill) with an intermediate site in between (transition zone). At the intermediate site U. dioica dominated in the understory whereas at the other sites Mercurialis perennis L. was most abundant. The amount and composition of organic matter was similar in soil of the basalt (carbon content 5.9%, C/N ratio 13.8) and intermediate site (carbon content 5.6%, C/N ratio 14.3) but the soil of the intermediate site produced more CO₂ (in total +17.5%) and more nitrogen (as nitrate) was leached from this soil (in total +55.6%). It is concluded that the soil of the intermediate site contains a large mobile carbon and nitrogen pool and the formation of this pool is ascribed to the input of U. dioica litter. Leaf litter of U. dioica strongly increased NO₃ ^–-N leaching immediately after the litter had been added, whereas nitrogen was immobilized due to addition of beech litter. Despite the very fast initial decomposition of nettle litter, the increase in CO₂ production due to this litter material was only equivalent to 20.1% of the amount of carbon added with the nettle litter; the respective value for beech litter was 34.8%. Earthworms altered the time course of carbon and nitrogen mineralization in each of the treatments. In general, earthworms strongly increased mineralization of nitrogen but this effect was less pronounced in soil of the intermediate site (treatments without litter), which is ascribed to a depleted physically protected nitrogen and carbon pool. In contrast, their effect on the total amount of nitrogen mobilized from nettle litter was small. Earthworms significantly reduced CO₂ production from soil of the intermediate site (treatments without litter) and it is concluded that earthworm activity contributes to the restoration of the depleted physically protected carbon pool at this site.     

Drought effects on C,N, and P nutrition and the antioxidative system of beech seedlings depend on geographic origin

In future, prolonged summer drought and heat will constitute a major risk for the cultivation of shallow‐rooting beech in Central Europe and will negatively affect the productivity of beech forests. In a pot experiment under controlled conditions, the influence of long‐term (28 d) water deprivation on nitrogen (N), carbon (C), phosphate (P_i), and ascorbate (ASC) concentrations was examined in leaves and fine roots of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) from six provenances originating from Central Europe (Germany: Neidenstein and Illertissen, intermediate habitats), the Balkan peninsula (Croatia: Zagreb and Gospic, wet habitats), and Southeast Europe (Bulgaria: Kotel, Greece: Paikos; dry habitats). The goal of the study was to identify beech provenances well adapted to water limitation during summer drought events. Our results suggest that N might be involved in the alleviation of water scarcity, whereas P_i might become a limiting factor for forest growth during drought periods. Drought stress resulted in significant changes of ASC pools in leaves and fine roots and the ASC redox state. Under well‐watered and under drought conditions, ASC in leaves was the most important factor causing differences between the provenances examined. Finally, a link between P nutrition and the capacity of antioxidative stress defense by ascorbate could be highlighted. Based on observations from this study, beech seedlings from three origins (Paikos, Zagreb, and Neidenstein) might constitute beech provenances well adapted to water shortage in summer. This conclusion is drawn from the high potential of these provenances to alleviate oxidative stress during water shortage.     

河北省典型棉区土壤养分特征及养分管理技术

在河北省不同区域棉区选择代表县市,通过调查分析和氮、磷、钾3414试验的方法,研究冀南棉区、冀中南棉区及滨海盐渍土棉区的土壤氮、磷、钾养分丰缺现状和养分管理技术。结果表明:冀南棉区土壤速效钾含量偏低成为本区域的制约因素,养分调控原则为稳氮、补磷、増钾,N、P2O5、K2O适宜用量分别为135、110、150 kg/hm2,专用肥适宜配方为15-13-17;冀中南棉区土壤速效养分含量较为均衡,养分调控原则为稳氮、稳磷、补钾,N、P2O5、K2O适宜用量分别为140、90、120 kg/hm2,专用肥适宜配方为18-12-15;滨海盐渍土棉区土壤养分含量极度不平衡,土壤有效磷含量极低、速效钾含量很高,养分调控原则为控氮、增磷、控钾,N、P2O5、K2O适宜用量分别为135、130、90 kg/hm2,专用肥适宜配方为17-16-12。     

Soil microbial activity in the coastal Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] forests of the Gulf of Bothnia in relation to humus-layer quality, moisture and soil types

Relationships between chemical, physical and microbial properties in the humus layer, soil type and crown condition of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were studied in stands located along the Finnish and Swedish coasts of the Straits of the Gulf of Bothnia. Humus layers of ferric podzols had higher basal respiration (BASAL) than those of carbic podzols and higher substrate-induced respiration (SIR) than those of both carbic podzols and dystric gleysols. BASAL and SIR correlated with environmental factors associated with humus-layer fertility; i.e. they were positively associated with pH and extractable K, Mn and P and negatively associated with organic-matter content of the humus layer. A short lag-time was associated with humus-layer fertility and a long lag-time with crown defoliation. Specific respiration increment was lowest at sites with high field moisture and discoloured crowns. The results suggest that on carbic podzols and dystric gleysols poor nutrient status, acidity and lack of oxygen due to excess moisture in the humus layer result in low microbial activity and poor condition of spruce. Received: 8 November 1996     

Dry matter production,nutrient accumulation,and nutrient partitioning of barley

Total dry matter (TDM) and nutrient accumulation, nutrient partitioning, and cumulative growing degree days at the time of maximum nutrient accumulation for two‐row spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are not well quantified under high‐yielding irrigated conditions common in the semi‐arid western United States. Thus, five cultivars of barley were grown under irrigated conditions on a loam soil in the 2015 and 2016 growth seasons to determine these factors. Total nutrient accumulation was greatest at either the soft dough or maturity stage where specific nutrients were greater at one stage as compared to the other. Mean N accumulation was greatest at the soft dough stage (256 kg ha^?1) where the regression model accounted for 80% of the variation in the data. Additionally, spike N increased from 91 to 105 kg ha^?1 from soft dough to maturity. Specific nutrients (e.g., K) had significantly greater plant (i.e., culms plus leaves) accumulation between soft dough and maturity, 253 and 172 kg ha^?1, respectively, where the spike at the same growth stages had an accumulation of 37 and 42 kg ha^?1, respectively. In contrast, other nutrients (e.g., P) were remobilized to the spike as noted by the increase from 14 kg ha^?1 at soft dough to 26 kg ha^?1 at maturity. In addition to nutrient partitioning, linear regressions resulted in well‐correlated models between TDM and total nutrient accumulation (R² = 0.35–0.88) for measured nutrients. Results from the current study provide critical data on nutrient accumulation as well as regression models for two‐row barley under high‐yielding conditions. This information can be used to improve harvest decisions as well as more accurately predict nutrient cycling in barley cropping systems.     

Utilization index: A modified approach to the estimation and comparison of nutrient utilization efficiency in plants

The disadvantages of using utilization quotient (biomass per unit amount of nutrient present in biomass) in comparing nutrient utilization efficiencies of different varieties and species are discussed. A modified approach to the estimation of utilization efficiency is presented. A comparison of efficiencies of two plants calculated by this method gives an index which is the ratio of biomass ratio: tissue nutrient concentration ratio. Theoretical validity and advantages in practical application of this approach are discussed.     

System productivity,nutrient use efficiency and apparent nutrient balance in rice-based cropping systems

A 2-year field experiment was conducted to assess system productivity, nutrient use efficiency and apparent balances of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in diversified rice-based cropping systems at Gazipur, Bangladesh. Four cropping systems: wheat–fallow–rice, maize–fallow–rice, potato–fallow–rice and mustard–fallow–rice in main plots and four nutrient combinations: NPK, NK, NP and PK in sub-plots were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Receiving the NPK treatment, all the component crops gave the highest yield, and omission of N from fertilizer package gave the lowest yield. The maize–rice system removed the highest amount of N (217 kg ha^?1), P (41 kg ha^?1) and K (227 kg ha^?1) followed by wheat–rice, potato–rice and the least in mustard–rice system. The wheat–rice and maize–rice system showed negative K balance of –35.5 and –60.4 kg ha^?1 in NPK treatment, while potato–rice system showed a positive K balance of 31.0 kg ha^–1 with NPK treatment. The N, P and K uptake and apparent recovery by the test crops may be used for site-specific nutrient management. The K rates for fertilizer recommendation in wheat and maize in Indo-Gangetic plain need to be revised to take account for the negative K balance in soil.     

Effects of K-deficiency stress on the root morphology and nutrient efficiency of sugarcane

Potassium (K) deficiency in soil restricts the production of sugarcane in major planting areas. To investigate the responses of sugarcane varieties to K-deficiency stress, the growth, root parameters, and nutrient-use efficiency of sugarcane varieties were compared using sand cultures. K deficiency inhibited the growth of sugarcane. Two hybrid sugarcane varieties, namely YC10–29 and YC10–65, exhibited greater tolerance to K-deficiency stress. The weight, length, surface area, and volume of root showed 30.49%, 15.91%, 20.02%, and 24.26% reductions, respectively, in ROC22 under K-deficiency stress, but increased in the other five varieties. YC10–65 accumulated 2.03 times more nitrogen (N) in the roots than did the plants under normal conditions. Significant increases for N and phosphorous (P) utilization efficiencies were detected in YC10–65 under K-deficiency stress. Correlations between nutrient efficiency and root morphology revealed that modifications to root morphology in response to K deficiency may help improve the nutrient efficiency and the K-deficiency tolerance of sugarcane.     

Carbon dioxide emissions of soils under pure and mixed stands of beech and spruce, affected by decomposing foliage litter mixtures

Soil respiration is the largest terrestrial source of CO₂ to the atmosphere. In forests, roughly half of the soil respiration is autotrophic (mainly root respiration) while the remainder is heterotrophic, originating from decomposition of soil organic matter. Decomposition is an important process for cycling of nutrients in forest ecosystems. Hence, tree species induced changes may have a great impact on atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Since studies on the combined effects of beech-spruce mixtures are very rare, we firstly measured CO₂ emission rates in three adjacent stands of pure spruce (Picea abies), mixed spruce-beech and pure beech (Fagus sylvatica) on three base-rich sites (Flysch) and three base-poor sites (Molasse; yielding a total of 18 stands) during two summer periods using the closed chamber method. CO₂ emissions were higher on the well-aerated sandy soils on Molasse than on the clayey soils on Flysch, characterized by frequent water logging. Mean CO₂ effluxes increased from spruce (41) over the mixed (55) to the beech (59) stands on Molasse, while tree species effects were lower on Flysch (30-35, mixed > beech = spruce; all data in mg CO₂-C m⁻² h⁻¹). Secondly, we studied decomposition after fourfold litter manipulations at the 6 mixed species stands: the O_i - and O_e horizons were removed and replaced by additions of beech -, spruce - and mixed litter of the adjacent pure stands of known chemical quality and one zero addition (blank) in open rings (20 cm inner diameter), which were covered with meshes to exclude fresh litter fall. Mass loss within two years amounted to 61-68% on Flysch and 36-44% on Molasse, indicating non-additive mixed species effects (mixed litter showed highest mass loss). However, base cation release showed a linear response, increasing from the spruce - over the mixed - to the beech litter. The differences in N release (immobilization) resulted in a characteristic converging trend in C/N ratios for all litter compositions on both bedrocks during decomposition. In the summers 2006 and 2007 we measured CO₂ efflux from these manipulated areas (a closed chamber fits exactly over such a ring) as field indicator of the microbial activity. Net fluxes (subtracting the so-called blank values) are considered an indicator of litter induced changes only and increased on both bedrocks from the spruce - over the mixed - to the beech litter. According to these measurements, decomposing litter contributed between 22-32% (Flysch) and 11-28% (Molasse) to total soil respiration, strengthening its role within the global carbon cycle.     

Effect of shade and level of fertilizer application on nutrient uptake and dry matter partitioning in cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium L.)

The effect of shade and fertilizer application on nutrient uptake and dry matter (DM) partitioning in cocoyam was evaluated by growing the plant under different levels of shade and fertilizer application at Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre, Kade, within a period of 9 months. The shade levels used were 80%, 70%, and 50% shade, and full sunlight exposure. The fertilizer rates used were 112 kg/ha nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) (15-15-15 120 kg/ha NPK (15-15-15) in a form) of mineral fertilizer, 112 kg/ha NPK organic fertilizer and no fertilizer (control). The split-plot design was used with shade levels as the main plot factor and fertilizer levels as the sub plot factor. The interaction effect of shade and fertilizer had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on DM of cocoyam leaves, petioles, corm, and cormels as well as nutrient accumulation in plant parts. Cocoyam leaves of plants grown under 50–70% shade stored significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) quantities of nutrients (1.51 ppm of N, 6.61 ppm of P, and 53.10 ppm of K) and accumulated more DM (71.30 g) than leaves of plants grown under full sunlight exposure which accumulated 1.37 ppm of N, 4.31 ppm of P, 26.06 ppm of K, and 30.7 g DM, at the two rates of the chemical fertilizer application. Under full sunlight exposure, significantly higher amounts of DM were accumulated in the corms and cormels at mineral fertilizer level of 112 kg/ha. At mineral fertilizer rate of 120 kg/ha, nutrient accumulation was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the corm and cormels (1.72 ppm of N and 7.72 ppm of P) of plants grown under full sunlight exposure than those grown under 70% shade level (0.6 ppm of N and 2.94 ppm of P). Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation was significant in the petioles of plants grown under the 70% shade level at fertilizer rate of 120 kg/ha. It is recommended that cocoyam be grown under 50–70% shade at a fertilizer rate of 112–120 kg/ha for leaf production and under full sunlight exposure at 112 kg/ha (NPK) for cormel production.     

Influence of phosphorus limitations on the growth,nutrient partitioning and physiology of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) seedlings

The effects of four rates of phosphorus (P) fertilization (0, 0.56, 5.6 and 56.0 mg l^?1) in soilless medium on the growth and physiology of mahogany seedlings were examined. The greatest response occurred at the 56 mg l^?1 rate, with relatively small differences between other treatments. Biometric parameters increased at the 56 mg l^?1 compared to 0 mg l^?1 rate except root dry mass. Both the concentration and the total content of P and Kjeldahl nitrogen (N) increased in leaves, stems and roots with P application rate. Foliar concentrations of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and sulfur (S) declined, and boron (B) and copper (Cu) increased with P limitations; zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) were unaffected. Physiological adaptations of mahogany to P limitations include the preferential allocation of carbon (C) to plant roots, and increases in P utilization efficiency, P acquisition efficiency and the concentration of organic acids in xylem fluid. Root phosphatase activity was not influenced by P fertilization.     

播期对短季棉品种产量及养分利用效率的影响

以4个短季棉品种(中棉所50、鲁棉研35、邯686、豫早棉9110)为材料,研究了早播(4月25日播种,密度设置为52 500株/hm2)与正常播期(5月15日播种,密度设置为75 000株/hm2)条件下的子棉产量、皮棉产量及养分利用效率,结果表明:早播对短季棉品种的生育期无显著影响,早播条件下,短季棉品种的子棉产量、皮棉产量、衣分均高于正常播期,生物量、每100 kg皮棉产量氮、磷、钾吸收量低于正常播期,氮、磷、钾养分利用效率高于正常播期。本试验条件下,早播提高了短季棉品种氮、磷、钾养分利用效率,从而提高了子棉、皮棉产量。     

Soil nutrient supply and biomass production in a mixed forest on a skeleton‐rich soil and an adjacent beech forest

In the natural forest communities of Central Europe, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) predominates in the tree layer over a wide range of soil conditions. An exception with respect to the dominance of beech are skeleton‐rich soils such as screes where up to 10 broad‐leaved trees co‐exist. In such a Tilia‐Fagus‐Fraxinus‐Acer‐Ulmus forest and an adjacent mono‐specific beech forest we compared (1) soil nutrient pools and net nitrogen mineralization rates, (2) leaf nutrient levels, and (3) leaf litter production and stem increment rates in order to evaluate the relationship between soil conditions and tree species composition. In the mixed forest only a small quantity of fine earth was present (35 g l^—1) which was distributed in patches between basalt stones; whereas a significantly higher (P < 0.05) soil quantity (182 g l^—1) was found in the beech forest. In the soil patches of the mixed forest C and N concentrations and also concentrations of exchangeable nutrients (K, Ca, Mg) were significantly higher than in the beech forest. Net N mineralization rates on soil dry weight basis in the mixed forest exceeded those in the beech forest by a factor of 2.6. Due to differences in fine earth and stone contents, the volume related soil K pool and the N mineralization rate were lower in the mixed forest (52 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1, 0—10 cm depth) than in the beech forest (105 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1). The leaf N and K concentrations of the beech trees did not differ significantly between the stands, which suggests that plant nutrition was not impaired. In the mixed forest leaf litter fall (11 %) and the increment rate of stem basal area (52 %) were lower than in the beech forest. Thus, compared with the adjacent beech forest, the mixed forest stand was characterized by a low volume of patchy distributed nutrient‐rich soil, a lower volume related K pool and N mineralization rate, and low rates of stem increment. Together with other factors such as water availability these patterns may contribute to an explanation of the diverse tree species composition on Central European screes.     

Genetic variation in nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of oil palm

Observations of the vegetative and reproductive biomass produced annually and the mineral element contents have been conducted on diverse oil palm plant materials tested in a genetic test in Indonesia. The results show that the nutrient uptake (for trunk growth, leaf renewal and bunch export) greatly varies (CV = 10% for N uptake and 17% for K uptake) with the origins of the planting materials considered. For equivalent production, the uptake in nutrients of certain plant material may differ very significantly; for the same level of uptake in nutrients, production can vary significantly. This study supports the hypothesis that the optimal nutrient thresholds are intrinsically linked to the plant material. It assumes that some planting materials have different needs and that a fertilizer regime could be adapted to their specific needs without losses in performance. To confirm these assumptions, the need of implementing specific experimental devices with differentiated fertilization regimes is discussed.     

最佳养分管理对华北冬小麦养分吸收和利用的影响

针对华北地区小麦施肥过量和不平衡、产量和肥料利用率较低的现象,进行了河南、山东、河北3个小麦主产区最佳养分管理、农民习惯施肥和减素处理对冬小麦产量、养分吸收、利用和经济效益影响的田间试验。结果表明,在山东和河北较高肥力地区,最佳施肥处理(OPT)与农民习惯施肥(FP)处理相比在减少氮肥施用5.4%和43.8%的情况下,分别提高氮肥回收利用率7.7和4.5个百分点;在河南低肥力地区,OPT处理在比FP处理增加10%氮肥施用量的情况下,冬小麦增产12.5%,氮肥回收利用率提高了13.0个百分点。同时,OPT处理钾肥和磷肥的回收利用率也有不同程度的提高。由于地区土壤肥力和养分供应能力变异较大,基于土壤养分测定和目标产量的优化养分管理很有必要且切实可行。     

Effects of root-zone temperature and N,P, and K supplies on nutrient uptake of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings in hydroponics

The nutrient uptake and allocation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings at different root-zone temperatures (RZT) and different concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrients were examined. Plants were grown in a nutrient solution for 30?d at two root-zone temperatures (a diurnally ?uctuating ambient 10°C-RZT and a constant 20°C-RZT) with the aerial parts of the plants maintained at ambient temperature (10°C–30°C). Based on a Hoagland nutrient solution, seven N, P, and K nutrient concentrations were supplied to the plants at each RZT. Results showed that total plant and shoot dry weights under each nutrient treatment were significantly lower at low root-zone temperature (10°C-RZT) than at elevated root-zone temperature (20°C-RZT). But higher root dry weights were obtained at 10°C-RZT than those at 20°C-RZT. Total plant dry weights at both 10°C-RZT and 20°C-RZT were increased with increased solution N concentration, but showed different responses under P and K treatments. All estimated nutrient concentrations (N, P, and K) and uptake by the plant were obviously influenced by RZT. Low root temperature (10°C-RZT) caused a remarkable reduction in total N, P, and K uptake of shoots in all nutrient treatments, and more nutrients were accumulated in roots at 10°C-RZT than those at 20°C-RZT. N, P, and K uptakes and distribution ratios in shoots were both improved at elevated root-zone temperature (20°C-RZT). N supplies were favorable to P and K uptake at both 10°C-RZT and 20°C-RZT, with no significantly positive correlation between N and P, or N and K uptake. In conclusion, higher RZT was more beneficial to increase of plant biomass and mineral nutrient absorption than was increase of nutrient concentration. Among the three element nutrients, increasing N nutrient concentration in solution promoted better tolerance to low RZT in cucumber seedlings than increasing P and K. In addition, appropriately decreased P concentration favors plant growth.     

基于养分专家系统的侧深施肥技术对宁夏引黄灌区水稻产量与养分利用的影响

为了寻求合理施用肥料与改善水稻养分利用的有效措施,通过2016—2018年在宁夏引黄灌区开展的8组田间试验,研究基于养分专家系统的侧深施肥技术(NE-SD)对水稻产量与养分利用率的影响。结果表明:与农民习惯施肥(FP)处理相比,养分专家系统(NE)处理在减氮24.85%、减磷24.78%、增钾90.71%的基础上,稻谷增产4.71%;氮素、磷素、钾素累积量分别增加2.24%,4.40%,15.09%;氮肥、磷肥、钾肥利用率分别增加9.84,8.78,1.99个百分点;氮肥、磷肥、钾肥农学效率分别增加4.73,7.69,1.54 kg/kg。基于养分专家系统的侧深施肥技术,能够深化4R养分管理方法,表现出较好的应用效果。与FP处理相比,NE-SD处理稻谷增产7.53%;氮素、磷素、钾素累积量分别增加3.92%,7.87%,18.74%;氮肥、磷肥、钾肥利用率分别增加11.09,11.32,5.82个百分点;氮肥、磷肥、钾肥农学效率分别增加5.87,11.31,3.54 kg/kg。因此,在宁夏引黄灌区,NE推荐施肥与NE推荐施肥的基础上,采用侧深施肥技术2种施肥方法均能在减少肥料投入的基础上,增加稻谷产量,增加水稻养分累积量,提高养分利用率,降低土壤氮素、磷素盈余。     

优化施肥对萝卜产量和肥料利用率的影响

【目的】我国萝卜生产中施肥过量和不平衡现象普遍,研究优化施肥对萝卜产量和肥料利用率的影响,旨在为萝卜科学施肥提供依据。【方法】于2016年秋季和2017年春季分别在天津、山东、浙江和河北四个萝卜产区布置4个田间试验,共设置7个处理:农民习惯施肥(FP);优化施肥[NPK (S)];基于NPK (S)处理的减氮、减磷和减钾处理;优化施肥+有机肥[NPKM (S),钾肥为硫酸钾];优化施肥+有机肥[NPKM (Cl),钾肥为氯化钾]。测定了萝卜产量、养分吸收量、肥料利用率和氮素表观损失。【结果】与FP处理相比,两季NPK(S)处理的萝卜肉质根产量增幅平均为3.9%,植株氮、磷和钾养分吸收量增幅平均为12.4%、15.3%和4.4%,其中河北试验点产量和养分吸收量均达到显著水平。四个试验点NPK (S)和NPKM (S)处理以及NPKM (S)和NPKM (Cl)处理相比,萝卜产量和养分吸收量均无显著性差异。与FP处理相比,两季NPK (S)处理的氮素农学效率(AEN)、氮素回收率(REN)和氮素偏生产力(PFPN)平均分别增加了32.8 kg/kg、18.9%和110.5 kg/kg;磷素农学效率(AEP)、磷素回收率(REP)和磷素偏生产力(PFPP)平均分别增加了53.0 kg/kg、15.3%和296.7kg/kg;钾素农学效率(AEK)和钾素回收率(REK)平均分别增加了17.6 kg/kg和11.5%。与NPKM (S)处理相比,两季NPK (S)处理的AEN、REN和PFPN平均分别增加了34.0 kg/kg、13.5%和221.7 kg/kg,AEP、REP和FPP平均分别增加了20.8 kg/kg、6.6%和217.2 kg/kg,AEK、REK和钾素偏生产力(PFPK)平均分别增加了9.0 kg/kg、3.6%和89.5 kg/kg。与NPKM (Cl)处理相比,两季NPKM (S)处理的REP和REK分别显著提高了6.2%和7.4%。由氮素表观损失结果得出,两季NPK (S)处理的氮素表观损失比FP处理平均降低了106.7kg/hm^2,氮素残留降低了42.1 kg/hm^2;与NPKM (S)处理相比,NPK (S)处理的氮素表观损失平均降低了84.6kg/hm^2,氮素残留降低了55.6 kg/hm^2;NPKM (S)和NPKM (Cl)处理平均氮素表观损失和氮素残留量均无显著性差异。【结论】在保证萝卜产量的基础上,优化施肥量和施肥时期可有效提高肥料的利用率,降低氮素损失。肥料用量的增减需依据各地具体施肥量而定,硫酸钾和氯化钾都可在萝卜生产中用作钾源,二者在肥效和萝卜产量及品质方面没有差异。