小白鼠乳腺上皮细胞的体外培养及形态学变化

以无菌手术法取健康妊娠期、泌乳期昆明小白鼠的乳腺组织，用胰蛋白酶、胶原酶1分段消化法获得小鼠乳腺细胞。生长培养液为DMEM／F12，含10％胎牛血清，添加胰岛素（5μg／mL）、EGF（5ng／mL）、氢化可的松（1μg／mL）、青霉素（200IU／mL）及链霉素（0．1mg／mL）。从乳腺组织中获得的细胞直接放入-80℃冰箱中进行冻存，冻存液为DMEM／F12，含20％胎牛血清、10％DMSO。用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态，发现乳腺组织消化后即可获得呈圆饼状的上皮细胞；培养过程中，乳腺上皮细胞的形态以鹅卵石型和多角型为主，增殖可形成乳头状结构，称之为乳球体，大量增殖后形成圆顶型结构。细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形，在传代过程中，乳腺上皮细胞可形成岛屿状的闭合型细胞群，边界清晰，细胞之间结合紧密，细胞间呈拉网结构。结果表明：获得典型上皮细胞形态的小鼠乳腺细胞原代培养物，从泌乳期小鼠获得的乳腺上皮细胞传至第1代时无法长成单层；而从妊娠期小鼠获得的乳腺上皮细胞传至第3代时才无法长成单层；冻存后复苏的乳腺细胞在培养过程中仍然具有典型的上皮细胞形态，并且增殖旺盛。     

牦牛乳腺上皮细胞的体外分离培养及鉴定

为提高牦牛乳腺上皮细胞体外培养成功率,实现高度可重复性,试验采用2.5 g/L(含0.5 g/L EDTA)胰酶和Ⅰ型胶原酶(1 mg/mL)分段消化牦牛乳腺组织块以分离细胞,原代培养时于DMEM/F12培养体系内添加氢化可的松(1 μg/mL)、表皮生长因子(50 ng/mL)及胰岛素-转铁蛋白-硒(5 μg/mL)...     

山羊乳腺上皮细胞的生长特性

用组织块培养法获得山羊乳腺细胞原代培养物。根据山羊乳腺成纤维细胞与上皮细胞对胰蛋白酶的敏感性不同将二者分离纯化，对细胞生长特性进行了光镜观察。结果如下：细胞可形成闭合型细胞群和开放型细胞群。乳腺上皮细胞与成纤维细胞混生时，细胞之间形成许多腔状结构。纯化的乳腺上皮细胞通过单细胞悬浮后传代，部分细胞形成岛屿状聚集，部分细胞以贴壁的自由单个细胞散在形式存在。上皮细胞增殖可形成圆顶型结构，呈乳头状，称之为乳球体；可产生乳腺上皮细胞并分泌乳汁。山羊乳腺上皮细胞含不同的细胞类型．大多数上皮细胞呈短梭形或多角形。细胞之间紧密相靠。互相衔接。连接成片，呈蜂窝状；细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形．核仁2～4枚；部分细胞呈圆饼状，体积较大；出现部分长形细胞；接触抑制的上皮细胞形态不均一。纯化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞传代至第15代时其生长仍正常，经透射电镜观察发现细胞表面微绒毛极为发达，细胞质中线粒体和粗面内质网丰富，细胞质内有大量脂滴及小泡，表明第15代山羊乳腺上皮细胞增殖活力旺盛。染色体数目分析表明．该细胞系稳定，在离体培养条件下细胞不发生转化。山羊乳腺上皮细胞系的细胞染色体数目为60．染色体组型为2n=60。     

不同方法分离奶牛乳腺上皮细胞体外培养的研究

从荷斯坦奶牛乳房无菌采取乳腺组织,通过不同的方法分离、培养、纯化牛乳腺上皮细胞,研究乳腺上皮细胞的体外培养效果.结果表明:组织块接种、0.25%的胰酶和100 u/mL透明质酸酶的混合液37℃消化组织块3 h.可以得到大量细胞用于原代培养.在以DMEM/F12为基础培养液,在培养液中添加10%的胎牛血清、100μg/mL的双抗、表皮生长因子、胰岛素、转铁蛋白、硒酸钠等,组成的完全培养液中奶牛乳腺上皮细胞生长良好.上皮细胞显微结构显示:奶牛乳腺上皮细胞在体外培养过程中舍有不同的细胞类型,大多数上皮细胞呈多角形,细胞之间连接成片,细胞界限明显,部分细胞界限不明显.     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的不同培养方法比较及激素和细胞因子对β-酪蛋白mRNA表达的诱导

本试验旨在建立一种高效的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞培养方法,并研究不同激素和细胞因子对其表达β-酪蛋白mRNA的诱导作用.分别采用组织块培养法和机械破碎法培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,利用成纤维细胞和乳腺上皮细胞对胰酶的敏感性不同,对获得的细胞进行纯化.通过细胞计数法测定纯化细胞的生长曲线,通过免疫荧光组织化学染色法检测角蛋白18的表达,通过实时定量PCR法检测8种不同激素和细胞因子组合培养液诱导细胞表达β-酪蛋白mRNA的效果.结果表明:通过机械破碎法可以分离得到增殖旺盛的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,与组织块培养法相比,具有细胞迁出速度快等优点.细胞生长曲线呈典型的“S”型.在纯化的乳腺上皮细胞及第20代乳腺上皮细胞中都检测到角蛋白18的表达.100 ng/mL类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)显著提高了乳腺上皮细胞中β-酪蛋白mRNA的表达(P＜0.05).由结果可知,本试验采用的机械破碎法是一种高效的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞培养方法,100 ng/mL IGF-Ⅰ对细胞中β-酪蛋白mRNA表达的诱导效果最好.     

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ、肝细胞生长因子、转化生长因子-β1、干扰素-γ对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖活性的影响

本试验应用组织块培养和差速消化法获取原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,免疫荧光鉴定正确后MTT法评价不同浓度的胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ（insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ,IGF-Ⅰ）、肝细胞生长因子（hepatocyte growth factor, HGF）、转化生长因子-β1（transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1）、干扰素-γ （interferon-γ,IFN-γ）对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞体外增殖的影响。结果表明,IGF-Ⅰ、HGF分别在 10～200和0.1～100 ng/mL对乳腺上皮细胞的增殖呈正相关,而TGF-β1（2.5～100 ng/mL）、IFN-γ（5～160 ng/mL）则剂量依赖性地抑制乳腺上皮细胞增殖。提示,IGF-Ⅰ、HGF均能促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的体外增殖,该作用在一定浓度范围内有剂量依赖性;TGF-β1、IFN-γ对乳腺上皮细胞的增殖作用出现剂量抑制效应。     

组织块再移法分离培养奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞

通过比较组织块贴壁培养法、组织块再移法、胰蛋白酶消化法、胶原酶Ⅱ消化法和胶原酶消化配合组织块贴壁法分离、培养、纯化山羊乳腺上皮细胞,绘制细胞生长曲线并计算细胞群体倍增时间,研究乳腺上皮细胞培养效果。结果显示,利用胶原酶消化配合组织块贴壁法不能获得正常生长的乳腺上皮细胞;利用组织块贴壁培养法、组织块再移法和胶原酶Ⅱ消化法获得大量的乳腺上皮细胞,所得到的上皮细胞生长曲线呈典型的＂S＂型,符合细胞生长的一般规律。组织块再移法不仅可快速获得大量纯化的乳腺上皮细胞,而且所得到的细胞经传代后,细胞群体倍增时间最短、增殖能力最强,表明,该法是获得山羊乳腺上皮细胞最适宜的方法。     

牛乳腺上皮细胞体外分离和培养

从健康奶牛乳房无菌采取乳腺组织,通过添加两种不同的培养液来分离、培养、纯化牛乳腺上皮细胞,研究乳腺上皮细胞的体外培养效果。结果表明,使用组织块接种可以得到大量细胞用于体外培养。在以DMEM/F12为基础的普通培养液中进行乳腺上皮细胞体外培养,原代细胞生长较慢,细胞形态不典型。而添加表皮生长因子、胰岛素、氢化可的松所组成的完全培养液中,奶牛乳腺上皮细胞生长良好。并通过细胞形态学观察,细胞染色体核型分析,荧光免疫细胞染色方法鉴定了培养的细胞表达上皮细胞特异的角蛋白K14,K15。结果表明,分离培养的细胞是牛乳腺上皮细胞。     

生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ对奶牛乳蛋白合成关键激酶及调节因子mRNA表达量的影响

本试验旨在探讨生长激素(GH)和胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)对体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞内调控乳蛋白合成的关键激酶及调节因子mRNA表达量的影响。试验对纯化后的荷斯坦奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行4种处理,对照组采用无血清生长培养基,试验组在对照组的基础上分别添加GH(100 ng/mL)、IGF-Ⅰ(100 ng/mL)和GH(100 ng/mL)+IGF-Ⅰ(100 ng/mL)。培养24 h后,采用实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法测定κ-酪蛋白基因以及调控乳蛋白合成的关键激酶及调节因子的mRNA表达量,并测定生长激素受体(GHR)和胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ受体(IGF-ⅠR)mRNA表达量。结果表明:体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞可以表达GHR和IGF-ⅠRmRNA,各试验组均能显著提高κ-酪蛋白(CSN3)mRNA表达量(P<0.05),但未发现GH和IGF-Ⅰ复合存在累积效应;与对照组相比,GH组有提高E74-样转录因子5(ELF5)mRNA表达量的趋势(P<0.10),而IGF-Ⅰ组显著提高了哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)和核糖体蛋白S6激酶1(rpS6K1)mRNA表达量(P<0.05),GH+IGF-Ⅰ组未呈现加强作用。结果提示,GH和IGF-Ⅰ可能单独通过影响调控乳蛋白合成的关键激酶及调节因子mRNA表达来调节κ-酪蛋白的合成。     

山羊毛囊干细胞的分离及体外培养

试验采用2．4U／mL Dispase酶消化和机械切割法分离毛囊隆突部,经胰酶（0．5mg／mL胰酶＋0．2mg／mL EDTA）消化从山羊耳部皮肤分离得到的毛囊干细胞,然后进行形态学观察、细胞生长曲线测定、克隆形成率及免疫组化染色检测,并对毛囊干细胞的基础培养基进行了筛选。结果表明：DMEM／F12是一种适合毛囊干细胞体外增殖培养的培养基;在以DMEM／F12为基础培养液的培养体系中细胞可传代至19代。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein