秋水仙素处理离体叶片获得皇家嘎拉苹果四倍体植株

采用皇家嘎拉苹果（Malus domestica Borkh.)离体新梢叶片作为外植体，研究了不同浓度的秋水仙素长时间处理（5d)诱导四倍本的效率。结果表明，以不定芽再生培养基附加25mg/L秋水仙素效果最好，最高在36．7％的叶片外植体上获得了四倍体植株。高浓度（75－200mg/L)秋水仙素处理严重抑制组织的再生。采用流式细胞技术测定出诱变植株的细胞核DNA含量比对照高出一倍，确定了植株为四倍体。四倍体植株不仅在遗传上而且在外观形态上也明显区别于二倍体。四倍体植株已移栽于大田，并进行了嫁接育苗和大树高接。     

皇家嘎拉苹果引种试验

陕西省果树研究所１９９１年从美国引进皇家嘎拉苹果品种,经高接观察和建园试验,认为该品种色泽艳丽,果面洁净,肉质细脆,酸甜适度,早果丰产,成熟期正值水果供应淡季,在市场上有较强的竞争力。１９９８年２月通过陕西省农作物品种审定委员会审定,目前正在渭北各县区推广栽培。１　试验园基本情况试验园设在渭北苹果优生基地南部的富平县梅家坪镇周家村,年均温１３．１℃,极端最高气温４０．９℃,极端最低气温－１５．７℃,≥１０℃积温４２４１℃。年降雨量５３３ｍｍ,多集中在７～９月份,伏天多干旱。年日照时数２４５１小时…     

秋水仙素处理离体叶片获得皇家嘎拉苹果四倍体植株

采用皇家嘎拉苹果（Malus domestica Borkh．）离体新梢叶片作为外植体，研究了不同浓度的秋水仙素长时间处理（5 d）诱导四倍体的效率。结果表明，以不定芽再生培养基附加25 mg／L秋水仙素效果最好，最高在36．7％的叶片外植体上获得了四倍体植株。高浓度（75～200　mg／L）秋水仙素处理严重抑制组织的再生。采用流式细胞技术测定出诱变植株的细胞核DNA含量比对照高出一倍，确定了植株为四倍体。四倍体植株不仅在遗传上而且在外观形态上也明显区别于二倍体。四倍体植株已移栽于大田，并进行了嫁接育苗和大树高接。     

皇家嘎拉苹果生物学特性观察及其栽培技术要点

皇家嘎拉(Royal Gala)原产新西兰,由柯德用Kidd's Orange Red为母本,以金帅为父本杂交育成,由顿·麦肯齐博士1952年选出,1962年定名为“嘎拉”。1971年Tenhove发现了嘎拉的芽变,1974年由麦肯齐博士发表,定     

不同纸袋对皇家嘎拉苹果品质的影响

2003年以皇家嘎拉苹果为试材，研究了不同纸袋对果实品质的影响。结果表明，供试的6种纸袋均改善了果实的外观品质，内在品质无明显差异.其中以遮光性较强的双层袋或单层袋较好，双层袋内袋为红色或蓝色，外袋内层涂黑，单层袋以内层涂黑的复合纸袋为最好.     

皇家嘎拉苹果早期丰产栽培技术

我区于2000年通过市农委园艺站引进新西兰早熟苹果皇家嘎拉,在嵩沟乡高滩村中日友好苹果示范园进行早期丰产栽培试验.几年的观察认为,该品种成熟早,果个大而整齐,色泽艳丽,品质优,是一个综合性状优良的早熟品种.     

皇家嘎拉苹果乔化密植早期丰产试验

用皇家嘎拉苹果品种进行乔化密植栽培 ,株行距 2m× 3m ,藤牧 1号做授粉树 ,采用自由纺锤形整枝 ,冬夏修剪结合 ,综合运用拉枝、扭梢、环剥、化控等措施缓势促花 ,加强肥水管理、花果管理和病虫害防治 ,定植后第 2年见果 ,第 3年平均株产 5 .2kg ,666.7m2 产 5 84.2kg。果大而整齐 ,色泽艳丽 ,品质优     

嘎拉系苹果

“嘎拉”(Gala)是一个很快被世界承认的苹果新品种,果实小到中型,底色为奶油黄色,上有桔红色条纹。其突出优点是肉质脆,多汁、风味佳。嘎拉的发现应归功于新西兰果树栽培者J.H.基德。本世纪20年代,他在自己的果园开始进行苹果杂交。在他看来,用外观诱人,高产的北美甜苹果品种与风味浓郁的英国     

嘎拉乔化比矮化好

近年来我们发现,与红富士品种相比,嘎拉苹果树易成花、易结果,但结果后矮化树体易衰弱,生长量减小,特别是丰产期果形小,果品质量不高。2006年以来,笔者针对嘎拉苹果这一典型情况,对     

‘皇家嘎拉’苹果在黔北的引种及栽培技术初探

文章主要从植物学特性、果实经济性状、生物学特性3方面总结‘皇家嘎拉’苹果在贵州遵义地区的引种生长情况,并从建园、土肥水管理、整形修剪、病虫害防治等方面总结其在黔北地区的栽培技术。     

The inhibition of flowering by means of gibberellic acid application reduces the cost of hand thinning in Japanese plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.)

The application of gibberellic acid during flower bud induction significantly reduced flowering of ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Black Gold’ Japanese plums. The response depended on the concentration applied and on the type of shoot. Mixed shoots had a similar response in both varieties, flowering being reduced by 40% for GA₃ 50 mg l⁻¹ and by 75–90% for GA₃ 75 mg l⁻¹ or higher concentration. With regard to spurs, GA₃ 50 mg l⁻¹ reduced flowering intensity by 40% and 25% in ‘Black Gold’ and ‘Black Diamond’, respectively, and GA₃ 75 mg l⁻¹ or higher concentration reduced flowering by 70% and 50%, respectively. This partial inhibition of flowering significantly reduced the cost of manual thinning. The best GA₃ concentration was found to be 50 mg l⁻¹, since it reduced the cost of thinning by 45–47% and increased final fruit weight by 7–33% for ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Black Gold’, respectively. Not significant differences in yield and in mature fruit characteristics of treated trees were found compared to untreated trees.     

Effect of fruit load on 9,10-ketol-octadecadienoic acid (KODA), GA and jasmonic acid concentrations in apple buds

The relationship between 9,10-ketol-octadecadienoic acid (KODA), GAs and jasmonic acid (JA) and flower bud formation influenced by fruit load in apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) was investigated. The endogenous KODA and JA concentrations in apical buds in plants subjected to flower thinning treatment (FTT), under which all flowers were removed were higher than those in plants subjected to heavy crop treatment (HCT), under which the number of leaves per fruit was adjusted to 20 from 60 to 120 days after full bloom (DAFB). In contrast, the gibberellic acid concentrations [total of gibberellin A₁ (GA₁) and gibberellin A₄ (GA₄)] in FTT plants were low compared with those in HCT plants. The result suggests that KODA and JA in contrast to GAs may have opposite effects on flower bud formation which is significantly influenced by fruit load in apples and that KODA and JA may also be associated with flower bud formation in apples.     

交替根区灌溉和施氮量对葡萄幼树生长特性的影响

该试验采用盆栽进行。以2年生‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,设置不同灌溉方式(传统双侧滴灌、固定根区滴灌、交替根区滴灌)和施氮水平(0.4、0.8、1.2 g/kg土,依次记为低氮、中氮、高氮),研究根区交替灌溉与不同施氮量对葡萄生长特性的影响。结果表明,灌溉方式与施氮量存在显著的互作效应,在新梢修剪前,新梢长度表现传统双侧滴灌最长(77.22 cm)、交替根区滴灌居中(68.53 cm)、固定根区滴灌最短(64.50 cm)。交替根区滴灌和固定根区滴灌的新梢长度依次比传统双侧滴灌降低11.3%、16.5%;葡萄新梢修剪量依次降低10.8%、21.3%。同一灌溉方式下,随着施氮量的增加,新梢修剪量增加。与传统双侧滴灌相比,交替根区滴灌叶面积略有降低,固定根区滴灌叶面积显著降低,在局部根区滴灌2种方式下,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积均呈上升趋势,中氮和高氮处理差异不显著;在传统双侧滴灌方式下,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积先增加后降低。综合考虑不同水氮耦合处理,交替滴灌与中氮互作能够在减少灌溉量和施氮量的条件下优化树体生长。     

Responses of fruit growth,quality, and productivity to crop load in apple cv. Ultra Red Gala/MM111

The effects of three crop load densities (4, 6 and 8 fruit per cm² of the cross-section of each tree branch, BCSA) on fruit growth, yield, fruit quality and vegetative growth were studied in apples (Malus × domestica Borkh) Ultrared Gala/MM111, from the fourth leaf (2006–2007 season) to the sixth (2008–2009 season). The maximum fruit growth rate was reached between 90 and 108 days after full bloom (DAFB), with values above 2.6 g day⁻¹. Accumulated yields to the sixth leaf reached 181, 157 and 123 Mg ha⁻¹ in the high, medium and low crop loads, respectively. Mean fruit weight decreased with increasing fruit crop load but the yields of fruit weight over 194 g were similar in all crop loads; the highest crop load exceeded the lowest crop load by 18.8 and 27.5 Mg ha⁻¹ of fruit weight of more than 172 and 154 g, respectively. The yields of harvested fruit exceeding 75% with red coloring did not show major differences, while fruit classified as 50–75% with red coloring were less common in the low crop load. No major differences were found at the end of the study in vegetative growth in the different seasons, nor in plant size. The reduction in mean fruit weight and in the percentage of fruit with good coloring was compensated by the increase in yields, thus not resulting in an effective reduction in the quality of the harvested fruit. The level of plant development reached with a semi-vigorous rootstock and high fruit loads allowed obtaining high fruit yield earlier and of good quality.     

Temperature affects color and quality characteristics of ‘Pink’ wax apple fruit discs

Red color plays a very important role when wax apple fruits are purchased. Temperature is one of the key factors among those influencing red color development. We evaluated the effects of temperature on color formation and other quality characteristics of ‘Pink’ wax apple fruit discs by using constant, slow-increase, fast-increase, transient shifting to high temperature, shifting to high temperature for different length of time and different day/night temperature regimes. The results show temperature has pronounced effects on quality attributes of wax apple fruit discs. Anthocyanin and total soluble solid (TSS) were greatest in the 20 °C treated discs under constant temperatures. In the slow-increase and fast-increase treatments, quality attributes in disc were better in treatments with a final temperature of 25 °C than of 30 °C. The concentration of soluble sugars (SS), starch, total phenolic compounds (TPC), free amino acids (FAA) and soluble protein (SP) all decreased with increasing temperature. Transient shifting to high temperature of 30 °C for 1-day had no effect on pigmentation but treatment periods from 3- to 5-days had a substantial adverse effect. At 30 °C for 5-days, exposed discs had the lightest weight and shortest diameter as well. Both SS and TPC decreased in the 3- and 5-day treatments. When temperature was shifted from 20 to 30 °C for 2 to 11 days, the widest and heaviest discs were found in the 5-day treatment. Anthocyanin and TSS concentration decreased following increased length of exposure to high temperature. Pigmentation of discs exposed to high temperature treatment was worse than in uncultured controls. Both protein and FAA concentrations decreased after culture. Among the 5 different day/night temperature combinations, discs under 25/20 °C had the highest anthocyanin and TSS concentrations, while those under 30/15 °C had the worst.     

初夏追肥对渭北地区嘎拉苹果树体营养生长和果实品质的影响

以氮、磷、钾含量比例为1∶1∶1的化学肥料为肥源,在初夏对嘎拉苹果施不同量(0.25、0.5、0.75、1.0 kg/株)的肥料,研究初夏追肥对渭北地区嘎拉苹果树体营养生长和果实品质的影响。结果表明:各施肥水平处理均能显著提高叶面积和叶绿素含量,促进新梢生长,处理5(N∶P∶K=1∶1∶1 kg/株)的叶面积比对照高18.95%,叶绿素含量比对照高36.08%,新梢长度和新梢基径比对照增加20%～30%;各施肥水平处理也提高了果实品质,处理5在提高单果重、硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量方面的效果最佳。综合分析,采用处理5的追肥模式最好。     

Molecular analysis revealed autotetraploid,diploid and tetraploid cybrid plants regenerated from an interspecific somatic fusion in Citrus

More than 150 plants were regenerated from our previous somatic hybridization between embryogenic callus line of Page tangelo (Citrus reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf) and mesophyll protoplasts of rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush) mediated by electrofusion. Preliminary screening showed that 78% of these plants were tetraploids while the rest were diploids morphologically resembling the leaf parent (rough lemon). Herein, eight plants (six tetraploids and two diploids) were selected and further analyzed by flow cytometry, simple sequence repeat (SSR), mitochondria (mt) RFLP and chloroplast (cp) SSR techniques. The results showed that four of these six tetraploids were somatic hybrids, one tetraploid was autotetraploid of Page tangelo, and the remaining one tetraploid was cybrid with nuclear and cpDNA from rough lemon and mtDNA from Page tangelo; the two diploids were verified being cybrids with nuclear DNA from rough lemon and mtDNA from Page tangelo, cpDNA was randomly inherited. The regeneration mechanism of these novel cybrids was discussed.     

Influence of fruit load on dry matter and N-distribution in sweet pepper plants

The influence of fruit load on the leaf characteristics and on the distribution of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Cornado) plants was investigated under Mediterranean glasshouse conditions during a winter–spring production cycle (from December till June). DM weight of all organs (roots, stems + petioles, leaves and fruits) and N content were determined throughout the growing cycle over a 3-week interval. The results showed that the cyclic fruit load pattern (production flushes) was associated with strong variations of N-leaf content on an area basis and specific leaf weight, SLW. On a whole plant scale, the value of SLW dramatically decreased (≈30%) with increasing fruit load; the reverse held true as long as the fruit dry weight remained low (<30 g pl⁻¹). The decline in SLW was coincident with a shift in distribution of DM and N in the plant, both preferentially diverted to the fruits. The time evolution of DM and N fractions in organs exhibited periodic fluctuations, with a duration close to the length of a fruit growth cycle (about 70 days, from anthesis to harvest). Linear relationships were found between the fraction of dry mass and N in fruits, and those of the other organs. The slope of these relationships was considered as an indicator of the response and sensitivity of the organ growth to an increase in fruit load. The root dry mass fraction was the most affected by increases in fruit load (slope of −0.75), while the N fraction in roots and in leaves was affected to a similar extent (slope of −0.50 and of −0.40, respectively). We conclude that, in the sweet pepper, the cyclic pattern of fruit load induces opposite cyclic patterns of dry matter and N content in the other aerial organs as well as in the roots, thereby reflecting close shoot–root coordination in the allocation of carbon and nitrogen resources among the organs. Finally, we discuss the possible implications that could derive from these findings for modelling dry matter partitioning in plants subjected to continuous fruit harvesting.     

采后热空气处理对嘎拉苹果质地的影响及其作用机理

应用整果穿刺(Puncture)和质地多面分析(TPA)的方法研究采后热处理(38℃4d)对嘎拉苹果质地的影响,同时研究热处理对果实不同溶解性果胶含量的影响,建立不同溶解性果胶含量与果肉硬度之间的相关性。研究发现,2种测试方法都能较好的反映苹果质地特点;嘎拉苹果的果肉硬度与水溶性果胶含量呈极显著的负相关,与碳酸钠溶性果胶呈极显著的正相关,而与CDTA(环乙二胺四乙酸)溶性果胶、硫酸溶性果胶、总果胶含量没有显著的相关性。采后热处理能显著提高贮藏后期嘎拉苹果的果皮和果肉硬度、果肉的凝聚性、咀嚼性和回复性,这主要是由于热处理显著减少了嘎拉苹果水溶性果胶含量的上升,并维持较高的碳酸钠溶性果胶,但对CDTA溶性果胶、硫酸溶性果胶和总果胶没有显著的影响。