Rod and cone pathways in the inner plexiform layer of cat retina

In cat retina, rod bipolar terminials do not synapse on ganglion cells but on two types of amacrine cell (types I and II). Cone bipolars synapse directly on ganglion cells and on type I amacrines. The type II amacrine appears to play a special internuncial role between bipolars and ganglion cells in the rod system.     

Proteomic study of three component interactions： plant, pathogens andantagonistic fungi

The molecular factors involved in the three-way interaction between plant, pathogenic fungi and antagonistic/biocontrol fungi, such as Trichoderma, are still poorly understood, even if they represent a matter of interest for improving crop management and developing new strategies for plant diseases control. The aim of this work is to investigate the components involved in this interaction and, for this purpose, a proteomic approach was used. 2-D maps of the protein extracts from the single co…     

Induction of glutamine synthetase in embryonic retina: its dependence on cell interactions

A relation between enzyme induction in embryonic cells and cellular organization is indicated by the finding that the levels of glutamine synthetase induced by hydrocortisone in the embryonic neural retina in vitro are dependent on the associations between the retina cells. Intact retina tissue, aggregates of dissociated cells, and cells in monolayer culture showed a decreasing response, in this order, to glutamine synthetase induction. With time of culture, the enzyme activity continued to rise in the intact retina and in cell aggregates, but activity declined in monolayer cultures even though the inducer was continuously present. Dispersed cells cultured in monolayer without the inducer showed after 24 hours a loss of inducibility which could not be reversed by reaggregating such modified cells but could be prevented by maintaining the freshly dispersed cells at a low temperature.     

太白山不同海拔太白红杉年轮生长对气候变化的响应

【目的】研究不同海拔太白红杉年轮宽度序列对气候变化的响应。【方法】以太白红杉为研究对象,在太白山同一坡向、不同海拔(3100,3200,3300和3400m)分别设立样地,用生长锥法在树高1.3m处钻取木芯,经晾干、打磨后,使用WinDENDROTM年轮分析系统进行轮宽测量和交叉定年,并分别建立各海拔年表;利用相关分析及响应分析统计方法,对年轮与气候因子的相关性及响应函数解释量进行研究。【结果】最高海拔4号样地与其他样地的相关性分析结果存在较大差异。当年生长季(3,4,6,7月)温度与1,2,3号样地太白红杉年轮指数序列均呈正相关,而与4号样地呈负相关;当年生长季(3,4,7月)降水量与1,2,3号样地年轮指数序列均呈负相关(4月份3号样地除外),而与4号样地呈正相关。由响应函数分析可知,低海拔采样点1号样地,气象要素(温度和降水量)在响应函数解释量中所占的比重较高;但与降水量相比,高海拔林线采样点4号样地温度的解释量明显较大。【结论】太白红杉林最高海拔样地年轮指数序列变化与其他样地有明显差异;在响应函数分析中,气候要素对最低海拔样地年表贡献率最大,但最高海拔太白红杉生长对温度表现出较强的敏感性。     

气候变化下四川盆地气候生产力时空响应

利用四川盆地21个站点1961-2012年气象资料,应用Thomthwaite Memorial模型、EOF等数理方法对该区近52a气温、降水和气候生产力的时空变化进行分析。结果显示:1)四川盆地的气温倾向率为0.095℃/10 a,降水倾向率为-21.461 mm/10 a,"暖干化"是该区主要的气候变化特征,气候生产力以-4.91 kg/(hm2·10 a)的速率减少。2)四川盆地年均气温自南向北递减,气候倾向率中间低、两侧高;年降水量则中间低、两侧高;植物气候生产潜力除东北部的万源、达县、奉节外,其余地区均呈减少趋势。3)对不同气候变化情景分别计算气候生产力可知,"暖湿型"气候环境对该区气候生产力最有利,增产范围为5.74%-16.77%;"冷干型"气候环境则对气候生产力最不利,减产范围为5.92%-18.53%。当降水量减少幅度在10%以内,区域气候生产力是有利的;一旦降水量的减少幅度超过10%,区域气候生产力将有所减少,农业发展的不稳定性也将增加。     

洞庭湖流域径流量对气候变化和人类活动的响应研究

为了定量化研究气候变化和人类活动对洞庭湖流域径流量变化的影响,采用累积距平分析和Mann-Kendall趋势检验对流域内4个水文站和16个气象站1985—2010年的水文及气象数据进行统计分析,并利用径流量变化定量分析方法,计算了气候变化和人类活动对径流的改变量及其贡献率。研究结果表明:降水量的下降和潜在蒸散发量的上升导致整个洞庭湖流域及湘江、资水、沅江、澧水4个子流域突变后相对于突变前径流量分别减少了28、15、130、112 mm和102 mm;洞庭湖流域径流量的减少主要受气候变化的影响,其贡献率为64%,人类活动虽然能增加径流,但是两者的叠加影响整体上仍使径流量减少。因此,洞庭湖流域的水文干旱是自然环境演化的结果,与全球气候变化的大格局息息相关。     

不同马铃薯品种苗期叶片对低温胁迫的生理响应

【目的】研究不同马铃薯品种苗期对低温胁迫的生理响应,为探索马铃薯耐寒机制及耐寒品种的早期选育提供理论依据。【方法】以低温敏感型品种费乌瑞它、中薯3号和耐寒品种桂农薯1号、桂农薯4号苗期植株为试验材料,利用人工气候箱进行5℃低温胁迫处理,于处理后0、1、2、3、5和7 d分别取样并测定叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸含量。【结果】5℃持续胁迫3 d对叶片造成的伤害在外观形态上开始出现,胁迫5 d后品种间存在明显差异。受低温胁迫后,各品种叶片POD、CAT和SOD活性及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量整体上均呈升高趋势,峰值出现时间存在差异;随着低温胁迫时间的延长,各生理指标升降变化趋势不同。在低温胁迫5 d时,耐寒品种的酶活性和脯氨酸含量均高于低温敏感型品种,费乌瑞它的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量则显著低于其他品种(P<0.05,下同)。低温胁迫提高了各品种的叶片MDA含量,在低温胁迫第5 d时,低温敏感型品种的MDA含量高于耐寒品种。相关性分析结果表明,SOD活性与可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关,与MDA含量呈显著负相关;POD活性与CAT活性和脯氨酸含量呈显著正相关;CAT活性与脯氨酸含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。【结论】POD、CAT和SOD活性及MDA和脯氨酸含量可作为鉴定马铃薯品种耐寒性强弱的生理指标,低温胁迫第5 d可作为早期筛选耐寒材料的时间节点。4个马铃薯品种苗期耐寒性强弱依次为桂农薯4号>桂农薯1号>中薯3号>费乌瑞它。     

不同基因型大麦苗期对低氮胁迫的生物学响应

采用溶液培养试验的方法,对6个不同基因型大麦品种苗期耐低氮性状指标进行了研究。结果表明：单株吸氮量、根于重、地上部于重、植株干重、分蘖数和根长在品种间存在极显著差异;不同供氮水平对根长以外的各性状都有极显著的影响;各相对性状也存在不同程度的基因型差异,相对分蘖数〉相对地上部干重=相对植株干重〉相对根干重〉相对单株吸氮量〉相对根长〉相对氮素生理利用效率〉相对株高。相关性分析表明：单株吸氮量和苗期各干重指标间互呈极显著正相关关系;相对单株吸氮量、相对株高和苗期各相对干重指标间 互呈极显著相关关系。     

CH4和N2O的辐射强迫与全球增温潜能

目的水稻根系分泌物是调控稻田土壤CH₄排放的重要因素,通过对稻田土壤厌氧培养,探究水稻根系分泌物对稻田CH₄排放的影响规律。方法设置添加水稻根系分泌物中可溶性糖(Sr)与草酸(O)、琥珀酸(S)和苹果酸(M)及其组合,测定土壤酶活性、土壤活性有机碳组分含量和CH₄排放量。结果(1) 添加Sr和有机酸会显著影响土壤酶活性,但各组分对不同酶活性的影响不同;其中,S、OSM、SrO、SrS和SrOSM处理的多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性显著增加(P<0.05),S、M、Sr和SrOSM处理的蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),所有处理的过氧化氢酶活性均显著降低(P<0.05)。(2) 添加Sr和有机酸对土壤微生物量碳和可溶性有机碳含量影响显著,O、S、M、OSM、Sr、SrO和SrM处理的微生物量碳和可溶性碳含量以及SrO处理的易氧化有机碳含量显著增加(P<0.05),O和OSM处理的易氧化有机碳含量显著降低(P<0.05)。(3) SrM、M、SrO、O、SrS和SrOSM处理的CH₄累积排放量和排放通量显著增加(P<0.05)。(4) 土壤可溶性有机碳含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);微生物量碳含量与CH₄排放通量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。结论添加可溶性糖和有机酸会改变稻田土壤活性有机碳含量和碳转化酶活性,增加CH₄排放;碳总输入量为0.3 mg/(g·d)时,同时加入可溶性糖与苹果酸处理的CH₄排放增量最大。     

土壤深松对玉米效应的试验研究

紧实坚硬的犁底层对土壤可耕性和理化性质产生极为不利的影响，既阻碍了根系向下伸展，又影响到根系对养分和水分的吸收，降低了玉米的抗倒伏性。同时由于土壤通透性差，也影响到土壤蓄水保墒能力，使雨季大量的降水白白浪费掉。因此研究深松对土壤以及玉米生长效应是十分必要的。     

Raman spectroscopy of iron to 152 gigapascals: implications for Earth's inner core

Raman spectra of hexagonal close-packed iron (varepsilon-Fe) have been measured from 15 to 152 gigapascals by using diamond-anvil cells with ultrapure synthetic diamond anvils. The results give a Gruneisen parameter gamma(0) = 1.68 (+/-0.20) and q = 0.7 (+/-0.5). Phenomenological modeling shows that the Raman-active mode can be approximately correlated with an acoustic phonon and thus provides direct information about the high-pressure elastic properties of iron, which have been controversial. In particular, the C(44) elastic modulus is found to be lower than previous determinations. This leads to changes of about 35% at core pressures for shear wave anisotropies.     

Structure of the lambda complex at 2.5 A resolution: details of the repressor-operator interactions

The crystal structure of a complex containing the DNA-binding domain of lambda repressor and a lambda operator site was determined at 2.5 A resolution and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 24.2 percent. The complex is stabilized by an extensive network of hydrogen bonds between the protein and the sugar-phosphate backbone. Several side chains form hydrogen bonds with sites in the major groove, and hydrophobic contacts also contribute to the specificity of binding. The overall arrangement of the complex is quite similar to that predicted from earlier modeling studies, which fit the protein dimer against linear B-form DNA. However, the cocrystal structure reveals important side chain-side chain interactions that were not predicted from the modeling or from previous genetic and biochemical studies.     

Flour beetles: responses to extracts of their own pupae

Two species of flour beetles, Tribolium confusum and Tribolium castaneum, respond to neutral pith disks impregnated with aqueous extracts of their pupae in such a way that the adults and larvae tend to select the extract of the other species. These findings have implications for the population ecology of Tribolium.     

Ecosystem response to solar ultraviolet-B radiation: influence of trophic-level interactions

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can reduce the photosynthesis and growth of benthic diatom communities in shallow freshwater. Nevertheless, greater amounts of algae accumulate in UVR-exposed habitats than in UVR-protected environments. Near-ultraviolet (UVA wavelengths of 320 to 400 nanometers) and mid-ultraviolet (UVB, wavelengths of 280 to 320 nanometers) radiation also inhibit algal consumers (Diptera: Chironomidae). Larval chironomids are more sensitive to UVB than sympatric algae. Differential sensitivity to UVB between algae and herbivores contributes to counterintuitive increases in algae in habitats exposed to UVB. These mesocosm experiments illustrate that predictions of the response of entire ecosystems to elevated UVB cannot be made on single trophic-level assessments.     

保定市8种乔灌木开花始期对气候变化响应的积分回归分析

基于1986—2011年保定市气象和物候观测资料,运用积分回归法研究常见的8种乔灌木开花始期对气候变化的响应,并建立开花始期积分回归预测模型。结果显示:保定市8种乔灌木的开花始期受气温、降水量和日照等3种气候要素的共同影响,但各气候要素影响作用的大小不同,总体表现为气温>降水>日照。不同气候要素对各树种开花始期的影响方式、“驱动”力度与时俱变。在开花始期前几个月,各气候要素对物候影响的正负效应同时出现;除榆树和栆外,其他6个树种开花始期前几天的气温对开花始期的影响均为负效应。利用积分回归法建立的多变量预测模型具有较高的精度。对开花始期模拟的结果显示,当3月中旬气温改变1℃,降水量改变1mm,日照时长改变1h,8种乔灌木开花始期将改变约0.1~1.6d。