禽胰液分泌的调节

综述近年来对家禽胰液分泌的研究进展,胰液含有多种消化酶,在家禽对饲料的消化中起重要作用,是研究动物消化代谢的主题之一。     

胰腺外分泌的功能及影响因素

胰腺外分泌部分占腺体的绝大部分,外分泌部分所分泌的胰液中含大量的消化酶,分别消化食物中的各种营养成分。胰液对食物的消化和吸收起着十分重要的作用。胰液分泌紊乱会导致动物消化和吸收异常,影响动物生长发育,给生产带来很大的损失。     

健鸡散调节鸭胰液分泌研究

关于脾胃学说中脾的功能,众说纷纭.李聪甫等指出"中医对脾脏的生理功能认为是助胃消化的".而帮助消化的主要应为胰腺[1]."在诸多的消化液中,胰液是最重要的消化液.     

家禽对淀粉的消化及影响因素研究进展

淀粉消化主要是消化酶将淀粉水解成葡萄糖,并通过肠壁吸收进入血液而参与体内代谢的过程。淀粉消化在家禽生长中有着关键作用,不仅影响家禽的生产性能,同时对家禽的糖类和脂类代谢、肠道微生物菌群和肠道形态等都有显著影响。家禽对淀粉的消化与家禽日龄、饲粮淀粉类型、淀粉颗粒大小、支链/直链淀粉比例及非淀粉多糖含量等有关。本文主要综述家禽对淀粉消化特点及淀粉消化对家禽生理代谢的影响,并阐述影响淀粉消化的因素,为改善家禽对淀粉的利用提供理论依据。     

对家禽饲料有效能评定理论及实践中若干问题的探讨

本文从家禽体内的物质代谢过程及其变异入手,系统分析了现有家禽饲料有效能生物学评定体系在立论依据、测试手段及数据质量等方面存在的问题.在探讨基于模拟消化法评定家禽饲料有效能值的技术体系及发展方向的基础上,提出了建立以体外模拟消化技术为手段的家禽饲料有效能评定体系的必要性和可行性.     

热应激对家禽肠道健康的影响

热应激是影响家禽生产潜力的主要环境问题之一,对家禽的生理、免疫和肠道功能等产生不良影响,最终影响家禽的生产性能.肠道是家禽消化和吸收营养物质的重要器官,也是机体易受热应激损伤的主要部位,热应激下肠道黏膜屏障完整性和功能受损,影响家禽营养物质吸收和生长发育.该文从热应激对家禽肠道完整性、肠道菌群、肠道黏膜的氧化状态和肠道...     

家禽营养的发展未来

文章探讨了家禽营养的一些热门主题,涉及管理控制、消费者反馈压力和环境保护问题,同时把家禽能量消耗,消化、健康与抗生素使用的关系认定为最重要的营养因素.家禽生产系统和遗传潜力的进化推动了家禽营养学的发展.在过去50多年,对家禽饲料原料和饲料中的营养物质已形成了非常复杂的量化系统,给家禽生产提供了非常精确的营养水平.或许只有在能量水平上,离精确描述生产用家禽营养需求仅一步之遥.     

苦麻菜是饲喂家禽的优质青饲料

家禽个体小,不可能吃食和消化大量青粗饲料,尤其是鸡,对粗纤维的消化能力差,对营养的要求很高,因此,对青饲料要进行选择,既要适口、易消化,又要优质高产。我所通过十多年的实践证明,苦麻菜是家禽比较理想的青饲料。     

山楂对鸭胰腺分泌的影响

随中西医结合研究的不断深入 ,关于脾胃学说中的脾的功能 ,众说纷纭 ,李聪甫等指出“中医对脾脏的生理功能认为是助胃消化的”。而帮助消化的主要应为胰腺[1] 。因此胰腺在脾胃学说中的作用越来越受到重视。健脾消食中药山楂具健脾开胃 ,消食化积之作用 ,其对胰腺外分泌的作用却未见报道 ,为此 ,我们以鸭为试验动物 ,选择胰液分泌的 7个指标全面观测其对胰液分泌的影响。1　材料与方法1 .1　试验材料1 .1 .1　试验动物　购自中国农业科学院畜牧所北京鸭 3 0只 ,体重为 1 .5kg左右 ,按王贤等报道的鸭第一胰管胰肠瘘管法进行胰肠瘘管手术 [2 ]…     

家禽用药重科学

由于家禽具有不同于其他家畜消化、呼吸、生殖等生理特点及代谢特点,故治疗家禽疾病用药也不能与其他家畜苟同,应根据其自身特点科学合理用药.     

Cell-specific localization of the cholecystokininA receptor in the porcine pancreas

Cholecystokinin (CCK) produced in the mucosa of the upper small intestine exerts several biological functions. Its secretion in physiological amounts is modulated by the interaction of extracellular regulators and by binding to intracellular receptors of the target cells. The relative affinity of CCK to its receptor has been characterized in various biological and pharmacological studies and it is now well established that CCK has a higher affinity to the CCKA than to the CCKB receptor. Furthermore CCK influences the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in several species but very little is known about the relationship between CCK and the islet hormone-producing cells in the pig pancreas. The localization of this receptor at the cellular level showed conflicting results in animal studies and has not been described in pigs. The aim of the present study was to characterize the precise cellular location of the CCKA receptor in the porcine pancreas. Polyclonal antiserum was raised against the N-terminal epitope of the CCKA receptor molecule and used for localization studies. Using immunohistochemistry on methanol/acetic acid-fixed, paraffin-embedded pancreas, the CCKA receptor could successfully be localized in islet cells. Parallel staining of serial sections with antibodies directed against insulin and glucagon revealed colocalization with glucagon in alpha cells. No immunoreaction was found in the exocrine pancreas. Our results support the concept that in the porcine species the stimulation of the exocrine pancreas is mediated by the CCKB rather than the CCKA receptor, as it is known for the rat species.     

COMPARATIVE ORGAN IMAGING: THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Diagnostic radiology of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, mesentery, and pancreas is reviewed. Survey and contrast radiography remain the principal imaging methods used to evaluate gastrointestinal diseases in animals. Of the other imaging techniques, scintigraphy has potential in assessment of esophageal and gastric motility disorders, and detection of intestinal hemorrhage. Ultrasonography is useful for imaging the pancreas and gastrointestinal mass lesions.     

USE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND RADIOLABELED LEUKOCYTES IN A CAT WITH PANCREATITIS

The normal feline pancreas has been evaluated using radiolabeled leukocytes (99mTc-HMPAO) and computed tomography. The purpose of this report is to describe a clinical case where both modalities were utilized to assess the inflamed feline pancreas. A nine year old female cat presented with anorexia, depression and some vomiting. Blood values were unremarkable. Radiographs and ultrasound were suggestive of pancreatitis. The cat's leukocytes were separated and labeled according to an established protocol. Whole body images were acquired immediately, at 5 and 30 min, and at 1, 2, 4, and 17 hours post injection. Approximately 48 h later, the animal was anesthetized and computed tomography of the abdomen was preformed both pre and post contrast. Surgical biopsies were taken. The distribution of the WBCs was similar to that documented in normal animals, however, at 2 h there was faint uptake seen in the region of the pancreas. This uptake became more intense at 4 h and persisted at 17 h. Computed tomography showed irregular margination of the pancreas, it was larger than normal and inhomogeneous. Contrast enhancement was inhomogeneous and its peak enhancement was not reached until 10 min post injection; normal feline pancreas enhances homogeneously and peaks immediately. Histopathology confirmed pancreatitis with lymphocytic, plasmacytic, neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation and fibrosis. Radiolabeled leukocytes can be used to document pancreatic inflammation and this is best seen 4 h after injection. Computed tomography allows superior visualization of the pancreas. Both the appearance and contrast enhancement pattern of the inflamed pancreas differ from normal.     

Effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on fetal islet B cells in vitro

ABSTRACT. It has been reported that when the rat fetus is treated with streptozotocin (STZ) in vivo, islet B cells are destroyed but later recover. To investigate the process of the recovery of B cells after in vitro treatment of the fetal pancreas with STZ and the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the recovery of B cells, we measured the level of insulin released from the cultured fetal pancreas and examined it histologically. As a result, we immunohistologically confirmed the regeneration of B cells in the pancreas that had been cultured for 48 hr after destruction of islet B cells by STZ treatment. An immunohistologic study using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) showed that without the addition of EGF, the cell division index was significantly higher in the STZ-treated group (STZ group) than in the untreated group (intact group), whereas with the addition of EGF, the cell division index increased in both groups, but EGF did not have a significant cell division-promoting effect on the pancreas in the STZ group. The addition of EGF caused a significant decrease in the concentration of insulin in culture medium in both groups. These results indicate that EGF has a cell growth-promoting effect on intact fetal pancreas in vitro but has the effect of inhibiting the release of insulin, and thus suggest that EGF does not trigger the regeneration of islet B cells.     

Triple phase computed tomography of the pancreas in healthy cats

While the availability and use of computed tomography (CT) continues to grow, no study has described the size and multiphase CT appearance of the normal feline pancreas. This information is important to not only allow more accurate identification and differentiation of disease, but it may also be useful in assessing pancreatic function. In this prospective analytical study, we described a triple phase CT protocol of the pancreas for use in sedated cats and the attenuation, enhancement pattern, size, and volume of the pancreas for a group of healthy cats. Fifteen healthy cats were enrolled in the study and a standardized protocol for acquiring arterial, portal, and delayed phase CT images of the pancreas was developed and described. The pancreas was hypo to isoattenuating to both the liver and spleen in all phases in the majority of cats with a homogenous enhancement pattern noted in all 15. Mean pancreatic attenuation was 48, 79, 166, and 126 Hounsfield units (HU) respectively on precontrast, arterial, portal, and delayed phase images. In addition, mean height, length, and width of the left lobe of the pancreas were larger than the right lobe in all 15 cats. There were no associations between volume and volume: body weight ratio with age (P = 0.6518, P = 0.6968) or sex (P = 0.7013, P = 0.2043). This baseline information may be beneficial for use in future studies characterizing pancreatic disease in cats as well as future research studies evaluating pancreatic endocrine function.     

The trophic effect of cholecystokinin on the pancreas declines in rats on total parenteral nutrition

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) results in atrophy of the pancreas, while cholecystokinin (CCK) can significantly stimulate the exocrine pancreas in rodents. This study was designed to examine whether CCK may improve the atrophy of the pancreas in rats on TPN treatment. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into orally fed and TPN groups and were infused with CCK at a dose of 5 μg/kg/h or the CCK-receptor antagonist devazepide at a dose of 200 μg/kg/h for 10 days. Infusion of CCK caused hypercholecystokininemia (hyperCCKemia) and decreased the atrophy of the pancreas resulting from TPN. The hyperplastic response to CCK in orally fed rats was decreased in the rats given TPN. Devazepide did not influence the pancreatic variables. This study further confirmed that CCK stimulates the exocrine pancreas and decreases the atrophy of the exocrine pancreas resulting from TPN. Our present findings suggest that the trophic effect of CCK on the exocrine pancreas declines in TPN.     

北京鸭的胰腺分叶及其排泄管道

本实验共用北京鸭30只,颈动脉放血,福尔马林固定。在对胰腺的解剖观察中,发现一条前人未曾报道过的第一胰管。观察结果如下:北京鸭的胰腺,位于十二指肠升袢和降袢之间,分为背侧胰叶、腹侧胰叶和脾胰叶。背侧胰叶和腹侧胰叶在多数个体彼此分离,少数个体两叶间有腺组织相连。脾胰叶仅和背侧胰叶相连。自背侧胰叶尾端发出第一胰管,在十二指肠升、降袢转折处附近通入十二指肠升袢肠壁,该胰管前人未报道过。自背侧胰叶和腹侧胰叶的头端,分别发出背侧胰管和腹侧胰管,在十二指肠末端,肝小肠管和胆囊小肠管入肠处的前方入肠。     

ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF THE PANCREAS IN HEALTHY COWS

The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal bovine pancreas and to establish reference values for healthy cattle. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed on the right side of 20 healthy cows. Ultrasonographically the body and right limb of pancreas appeared as a triangle-shaped structure associated with the liver, portal vein, right kidney, and duodenum. In comparison to normal liver, the pancreas appeared isoechoic or slightly more echogenic. The right lobe of the pancreas was evaluated from the right flank to the eleventh intercostal space, and the body of the pancreas was visualized from the twelfth to the tenth intercostal space. The left lobe of the pancreas could not be seen because of its dorsomedial location. In 9 cows, the accessory pancreatic duct was located near the right lobe of the pancreas and appeared as two parallel echogenic lines with a hypoechogenic area between them. The diameter of the accessory pancreatic duct varied from 6 to 8 mm. The pancreaticoduodenal vein was seen in 5 cows. The diameter of the pancreaticoduodenal vein varied from 3 to 4 mm. The ultrasonographic characteristics determined in this study may serve as a reference in the evaluation of cows with suspected pancreatic disease.     

Laparoscopic diagnosis of pancreatic disease in dogs and cats

BACKGROUND: Histopathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Laparoscopy offers a minimally invasive route by which to obtain pancreatic biopsies. HYPOTHESIS: Laparoscopy is a safe and effective technique for evaluating the pancreas in small animal patients. ANIMALS: Medical records of 18 dogs and 13 cats examined between 1999 and 2007 that underwent laparoscopy during which observation or biopsy of the pancreas was recorded. METHODS: The database for the Laparoscopy Laboratory at Colorado State University was searched for records that contained "pancreatitis,"pancreas," or "pancreatic." The presenting complaints, imaging studies, and histopathologic findings of animals were recorded. All hospital admissions were searched for animals with the same presenting complaints and of those it was determined which animals had exploratory surgery and their pancreas biopsied. RESULTS: Thirteen cats and 18 dogs underwent laparoscopy for presumptive pancreatic disease or had the appearance of the pancreas described, pancreatic biopsies obtained, or both. In 14 animals a laparoscopic biopsy of the pancreas resulted in a histopathologic diagnosis when the sonographic findings or the gross assessment failed to do so. In 35% of the animals a biopsy of the pancreas was not obtained despite findings consistent with pancreatic disease. Those animals examined for vomiting or anorexia were significantly more likely to have a biopsy of the pancreas obtained through laparoscopy versus surgery (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Laparoscopy and pancreatic biopsy is useful for evaluation of pancreatic disease.     

Participation of bile and pancreatic juice in the secretion of endogenous nitrogen into the digestive tract of sheep

The amount of bile and pancreas juice excreted and the amount of urea-N and total-N discharged by the bile and pancreas juice into the duodenum was established in eight experiments with two full-grown sheep of the merino species and with a live weight of 50 kg. For this purpose they had permanent cannulae for the measuring of the passage of bile and pancreas juice which was carried out at 1-hour intervals in the course of 24 hours beginning at 7 o'clock in the morning. During 24 hours 245.3 +/- 6.3 mg urea and 4,418.1 +/- 85.8 mg total-N were discharged with bile and pancreas juice, of which 186.9 +/- 9.6 mg urea and 2,095.3 +/- 119.7 mg total-N were discharged in the bile and 58.5 mg urea-N and 2322.8 +/- 52.9 mg total-N were discharged in the pancreas juice. The amount of pancreas juice secreted and its nitrogen is constant in the course of the day (between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.) and of the night (between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.) In the daytime the secretion of bile and its nitrogen is significantly higher than at night. (p less 0.05). The concentration of urea-N and of total-N remained constant throughout the whole day. The amount of bile and pancreas juice secreted correlated greatly significantly with the amount of nitrogen (urea-N and total-N) discharged in bile and pancreas juice. The results indicate that, within the enterohepatalous circulation of endogenous urea, its secretion in bile and pancreas juice is quantitatively less important. The amount of total-N which gets from the endogenous pool into the duodenum is high and corresponds to approximately one third of the metabolic nitrogen which the animals consume daily with their feed.