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甘蓝与芸薹属5个近缘物种的基因组原位杂交分析 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14
利用基因组原位杂交(GISH)技术,研究了甘蓝基因组与芸薹属其它5个近缘物种基因组间的相互关系。以标记的甘蓝(CC,2n=18)的基因组总DNA为探针,分别同二倍体甘蓝、白菜型油菜(AA,2n=20)、黑芥(BB,2n=16)和异源四倍体芥菜型油菜(AABB,2n=36)、埃塞俄比亚芥(BBCC,2n=34)、甘蓝型油菜(AACC,2n=38)的中期染色体杂交,甘蓝、白菜型油菜和甘蓝型油菜的所有染色体上都有杂交信号,不能区分A、C基因组。黑芥染色体上只有零星的弱小信号,埃塞俄比亚芥的中期染色体显示出18个明显的信号,可以区分出C、B基因组;芥菜型油菜的中期染色体显示出20个明显的信号,其余染色体上信号很弱或无,可以区分出A、B基因组。说明在长期的进化过程中,甘蓝与白菜型油菜、甘蓝型油菜的亲缘关系较近,基因组的分化程度较小,而甘蓝与黑芥的亲缘关系较远,基因组的分化程度较前者高;甘蓝与芥菜型油菜和埃塞俄比亚芥间的亲缘关系介于上述二者之间。 相似文献
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远缘杂交及异源多倍化导致许多重要作物的起源与进化,而芸薹属栽培异源四倍种是研究作物异源多倍化的模式系统之一。异源多倍体是如何调控及协调来自不同二倍体祖先的不同基因组的遗传行为及基因表达,是过去二十年间的研究热点和重要的生物学问题。利用不断发展的分子生物学技术,一方面揭示出芸薹属及其他多倍体物种基因组表现出动态性质,即在形成初期及长期进化过程中持续发生遗传及表观遗传的变化;另一方面发现异源多倍化过程中伴随着大量的基因表达模式改变,包括非加性表达、超亲表达、表达水平显性、部分同源偏向表达、基因剂量平衡效应等现象。上述基因组结构、表观遗传改变以及基因表达模式的调控,使新产生的多倍体得以成功进化为新物种。 相似文献
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减数分裂中的二倍体化是异源多倍体物种形成与进化的细胞学基础。本文综述了芸薹属异源多倍体中细胞学行为及遗传机制的研究进展。虽然芸薹属三个栽培二倍体种间的成对杂交进化形成了三个栽培异源四倍体种,但自然界没有发现包含三个基因组的芸薹属异源六倍体种。通过芸薹属六个栽培种间的几种杂交途径人工合成的芸薹属三基因组异源六倍体(2n=54,AABBCC)均同时表现二倍化与非二倍化的减数分裂行为、产生整倍体与非整倍体后代,显示不同的基因组稳定性(B>A>C)。芸薹属异源四倍体、六倍体所具有的细胞质背景、染色体组的组合及亲缘关系均可影响它们的减数分裂行为、后代的染色体数目及组成,进而为遗传育种产生新材料。 相似文献
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选用36对水稻微卫星(SSR)引物,对稻属428份东南亚及南亚AA组种进行遗传多样性分析。试验结果显示选取的SSR标记均具有多态性,多态性位点百分率(P)达100%。36个多态位点共扩增出311个等位基因,每个位点3~17个,平均8.6。Nei基因多样性指数(He)平均为0.650,变幅为0.337(RM455)~0.865(RM169)。东南亚稻属AA组的SSR多样性大于南亚,两地区又以普通野生稻的多样性指数(He)最大。种(类型)间遗传分化东南亚小于南亚,其中以尼瓦拉野生稻与亚洲栽培稻的遗传分化程度最大。特异等位基因的数量、涉及的位点数及频率均表明东南亚及南亚稻属AA组间具有较大的遗传差异,而某些特异位点(如RM161)等位基因所显示的较高频率,则表明该位点较高的鉴别效率。 相似文献
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将甘蓝型油菜品种中油821(2n=38, AACC)与芸薹属野生资源Brassica maurorum(2n=16, MM)的三倍体杂种进行染色体加倍,得到异源六倍体(2n=54, AACCMM)。该多倍体雄性高度不育,雌性育性极低。在其花粉母细胞的减数分裂终变期,染色体平均配对构型为1.17Ⅰ+20.71Ⅱ+0.56Ⅲ+2.25Ⅳ+0.08Ⅴ+0.06Ⅵ。用甘蓝型油菜与该多倍体连续回交2次,均需借助幼胚培养才得到后代植株,BC1、BC2植株均雄性不育,雌性育性很低。BC2植株的形态特征接近甘蓝型油菜,但各植株形态有明显差异。基因组原位杂交分析表明,BC2植株含有2~5条M基因组的染色体,甘蓝型油菜染色体多配对形成二价体,附加的染色体多以单价体形式存在,或与甘蓝型油菜染色体发生联会配对。 相似文献
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青花菜是近年闽东南沿海地区发展迅速的一种出口蔬菜,但其病虫害发生过重,农残超标已严重制约了该地区青花菜的可持续发展,因此,建立并推广应用可持续病虫控制技术已势在必行。本研究以福建省惠安县青花菜生产田块为研究对象,在跟踪监测种植季节(9月份到翌年3月份)主要虫害发生动态并确立重点防治对象及其关键时期的基础上,研究了灯诱、性诱和高效低毒农药对其主要虫害的防治效果,从而建立起一套青花菜田间虫害的可持续控制技术。这一研究成果对闽东南沿海青花菜及类似十字花科蔬菜生产的可持续发展具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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投产铁观音茶园氮磷钾施肥指标研究? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据近年来在闽东南茶叶主产区完成的19个“3414”设计方案的氮磷钾肥效试验结果,建立投产铁观音茶园氮磷钾施肥指标,包括茶园土壤肥力分级和目标产量、各土壤肥力等级或目标产量下的氮磷钾经济施肥量和比例、茶园速效氮磷钾丰缺指标、测土推荐施肥以及施肥时期和方法等5个技术内容。结果表明,铁观音茶施用氮磷钾的平均增产效果是 N>K>P,平均经济施肥量为 N 371 kg?hm-2、P2O5101 kg?hm-2、K2O 136 kg?hm-2,三要素比例为1:0.3:0.4,但不同肥力等级或目标产量的经济施肥量存在较大差异。碱解氮、Olsen-P 和速效钾的高产临界指标分别为200 mg?kg-1、45 mg? kg-1和115 mg?kg-1;建立了测土推荐施肥关系式,实现了根据土壤测定计算具体地块推荐施肥量的目的。研究结果为铁观音茶园测土配方施肥提供了施肥指标依据。 相似文献
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A Comparative Study of SSR Diversity in Chinese Major Rice Varieties Planted in 1950s and in the Recent Ten Years (1995-2004) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
YUAN Xiao-ping WEI Xing-hua HUA Lei Yu Han-yong WANG Yi-ping Xu Qun TANG Sheng-xiang 《水稻科学》2007,14(2):78-84
Forty pairs of SSR markers were used to compare the genetic diversity changes in 151 Chinese major rice varieties planted in 1950s and in the recent ten years. Of 40 SSR loci, 39 were found to be polymorphic while one locus (RM479) monomorphic. A total of 213 alleles were identified from the 39 polymorphic loci. The average number of alleles per locus (Na) was of 5.5, ranging from 2 to 11. Nei’s gene diversity index (He) varied drastically among loci from 0.309 at RM174 to 0.869 at RM418, with an average value of 0.649. There existed significant difference in SSR allelic diversity between indica and japonica subspecies, and indica had more variation than japonica both in Na and He. By comparison with the genetic changes in Na and He, it was revealed that the varieties planted in 1950s had more alleles and higher He than those in the recent ten years both for indica and japonica rices. The difference between two subspecies for Na was significant in a tendency over time (indica: z = 2.677, P = 0.007; japonica: z = 3.441, P = 0.001), but not significant for He (indica: z = 1.471, P = 0.141; japonica: z = 1.932, P = 0.053). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that there existed significant difference (P < 0.05) in genetic variation between the two periods, of which more genetic variation was contributed by indica (Fst = 0.050) and japonica (Fst = 0.082) subsets. Using locus-by-locus AMOVA procedure, significant genetic differentiations were observed in 13 loci (RM21, RM128, RM147, RM169, RM190, RM221, RM231, RM251, RM253, RM317, RM341, RM418, and RM478) for indica varieties and 11 loci (RM101, RM135, RM152, RM159, RM169, RM190, RM251, RM253, RM311, RM418, and RM478) for japonica ones between the two periods. It was found some alleles had been lost in current major rice varieties as comparing with those in 1950s. Therefore, it should be necessary to exploit more alien elite genetic resources for extension of genetic background in current rice breeding program. 相似文献
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Investigation of the Red Sea sponge Negombata magnifica gave two novel alkaloids, magnificines A and B (1 and 2) and a new β-ionone derivative, (±)-negombaionone (3), together with the known latrunculin B (4) and 16-epi-latrunculin B (5). The analysis of the NMR and HRESIMS spectra supported the planar structures and the relative configurations of the compounds. The absolute configurations of magnificines A and B were determined by the analysis of the predicted and experimental ECD spectra. Magnificines A and B possess a previously unreported tetrahydrooxazolo[3,2-a]azepine-2,5(3H,6H)-dione backbone and represent the first natural compounds in this class. (±)-Negombaionone is the first β-ionone of a sponge origin. Compounds 1-3 displayed selective activity against Escherichia coli in a disk diffusion assay with inhibition zones up to 22 mm at a concentration of 50 µg/disc and with MIC values down to 8.0 µM. Latrunculin B and 16-epi-latrunculin B inhibited the growth of HeLa cells with IC50 values down to 1.4 µM. 相似文献