Force detection of nuclear magnetic resonance

Micromechanical sensing of magnetic force was used to detect nuclear magnetic resonance with exceptional sensitivity and spatial resolution. With a 900 angstrom thick silicon nitride cantilever capable of detecting subfemtonewton forces, a single shot sensitivity of 1.6 x 10(13) protons was achieved for an ammonium nitrate sample mounted on the cantilever. A nearby millimeter-size iron particle produced a 600 tesla per meter magnetic field gradient, resulting in a spatial resolution of 2.6 micrometers in one dimension. These results suggest that magnetic force sensing is a viable approach for enhancing the sensitivity and spatial resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging.     

黔中马尾松近熟林空间结构特征及其调控

林分空间结构是描述林分结构极其变化的重要指标,是森林经营与管理成功的标志。利用随机抽样方法在黔中马尾松Pinus massoniana可持续经营管理试点（安顺市平坝区）设置100 m×100 m马尾松近熟林固定样地,采用10 m×10 m网格调查每株林木的树高、胸径和坐标数据,主要以混交度、大小比数和角尺度的一元和二元分布研究马尾松林的空间结构特征。结果表明:①该林分中马尾松在株数和断面积比例上占明显优势,种内竞争对马尾松生长影响很大,整个林分以零度混交为主,空间异质性不高;②在整个林分中,大部分林木处于随机分布,胸径差异不显著,伴生树种主要空间分布格局为集聚分布;③模拟采伐有利于林分空间结构的调控,改善林分空间分布格局,为森林群落的正向演替以及优势种群的健康生长提供了有利空间条件。     

Experiments on the structure of an individual elementary particle

Research begun in the early 1970s on geonium is reviewed. Genoium is a man-made atom, created at liquid-helium temperature in ultrahigh vacuum from an individual electron in magnetic and electric trapping fields. For this atom the electron gyromagnetic ratio g = 2. 000 000 000 110(60) has been measured in microwave spectroscopy experiments after subtraction of quantum electrodynamics shifts. The g - g(Dirac) = 11 x 10(-11) excess over the value g(Dirac) = 2 for the theoretical Dirac point electron suggests for the electron of nature a corresponding excess radius R(e) - R(Dirac) over the Dirac radius R(Dirac) = 0 and a spatial structure. From a plot of measured g and R values for the near-Dirac particles electron, proton, triton, and helium-3 an electron radius R(e) approximately 10(-20) centimeter is extrapolated. In a speculation, the triton-proton-quark model has been extended to the electron, to a succession of subquarks, and finally to the "cosmon." Rapid decay of a cosmon-anticosmon pair created from the "nothing" state in a spontaneous quantum jump initiated the Big Bang.     

Cosmological magnetic field: a fossil of density perturbations in the early universe

The origin of the substantial magnetic fields that are found in galaxies and on even larger scales, such as in clusters of galaxies, is yet unclear. If the second-order couplings between photons and electrons are considered, then cosmological density fluctuations, which explain the large-scale structure of the universe, can also produce magnetic fields on cosmological scales before the epoch of recombination. By evaluating the power spectrum of these cosmological magnetic fields on a range of scales, we show here that magnetic fields of 10(-18.1) gauss are generated at a 1-megaparsec scale and can be even stronger at smaller scales (10(-14.1) gauss at 10 kiloparsecs). These fields are large enough to seed magnetic fields in galaxies and may therefore have affected primordial star formation in the early universe.     

Magnetometer Evidence of a Structure within the La Venta Pyramid

The pyramid at La Venta, Tabasco, Mexico, was surveyed in May 1969 with a high-sensitivity difference magnetometer. The general pattern of the magnetic map is one of low (10-gamma) radial anomalies, which reflect the ridge and gully topography of the pyramid, with a larger magnetic high area (+30 gammas) centered 25 meters south and 10 meters east of the center of the pyramid. The anomalous region near the top has been interpreted with the aid of computer-calculated anomalies from three-dimensional rectangular blocks. The major high is probably associated with a basalt structure that rises to within 1 to 2 meters of the surface. A possible form for this structure was found to be a 10-meter-square horizontal platform with walls along its northern and eastern margin.     

Protein hydration in aqueous solution

High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of protein hydration in aqueous solution show that there are two qualitatively different types of hydration sites. A well-defined, small number of water molecules in the interior of the protein are in identical locations in the crystal structure and in solution, and their residence times are in the range from about 10(-2) to 10(-8) second. Hydration of the protein surface in solution is by water molecules with residence times in the subnanosecond range, even when they are located in hydration sites that contain well-ordered water in the x-ray structures of protein single crystals.     

东北地区土壤湿度的诊断分析(英文)

采用EOF法分析了中国东北地区22年间(1981～2002年)平均土壤湿度(10～100cm层)的垂直分布特征及时空变化。结果表明我国东北地区土壤湿度的变化在小兴安岭至牡丹江这块区域以及松嫩平原的南侧这2块区域最为突出,深层土壤湿度受外界影响比表层弱,两者表现出反位相。1981～2002年这段时间内,东北地区表层(10～60cm)土壤湿度呈现下降趋势,而深层(60cm)以下呈现上升趋势,东北地区各年土壤湿度的垂直结构各有不同,降水是造成这一现象的可能因素之一。东北地区各个站点土壤湿度的垂直结构和变化特征也有很大区别,除了降水,积雪、地温等因素也会影响土壤湿度的变化。     

东北地区土壤湿度的诊断分析

分析了中国东北地区22年间（1981～2002年）平均土壤湿度（10～100cm层）的垂直分布特征及时空变化。结果表明,1981～2002年,东北地区表层（10～60cm）土壤湿度呈现下降趋势,而深层（60cm）以下呈现上升趋势,东北地区各年土壤湿度的垂直结构各有不同,降水是造成这一现象的可能因素之一。东北地区各个站点土壤湿度的垂直结构和变化特征也有很大区别,除了降水,积雪、地温等因素也会影响土壤湿度的变化。     

High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a circularly polarized laser beam

Nuclei in a fluid subjected to a continuous wave circularly polarized light beam are predicted to experience a static magnetic field proportional to E(+/-) x E(+/-), where E(+/-) is the electric vector of the right or left circularly polarized wave and the dot denotes a time derivative. The field strongly depends on the local electronic structure and is present in all atoms. For an intensity of 10 watts per square centimeter propagating in the direction of the field of a magnetic resonance spectrometer, the general theory presented here predicts shifts of +/- 4 x 10(-8) hertz for protons and +/- 10(-5) hertz for fluorine-19. Larger shifts are predicted if the laser frequency is near an optical absorption.     

长白山自然保护区红松阔叶林空间格局研究

应用Ripley’sk(t)函数对长白山红松阔叶林空间格局进行分析.结果表明:蒙古栎、色木槭在所有研究尺度上分别呈完全随机分布和聚集分布;红松、水曲柳分别在0~13m及4~12m尺度范围上出现聚集分布;紫椴则在0~41m尺度范围上呈现聚集格局.紫椴、色木槭随着种群发育,聚集尺度范围及聚集规模逐渐减小.紫椴不同生长阶段间在小尺度上呈现空间正相关(最大尺度不超过3m);色木槭幼树与中树在11~12m尺度范围呈现空间正相关,而幼树与大树在4~6m尺度范围出现空间负相关.红松与紫椴(3~8m、38~50m)、色木槭(3~18m、46~50m)在小尺度以及较大尺度上呈空间正相关,与蒙古栎在大尺度(48~50m)上呈空间正相关;蒙古栎与水曲柳(2~3m、10~14m)、色木槭(3~4m)在小尺度上呈空间正相关;色木槭与紫椴则在中等尺度上(11~36m)呈空间正相关.     

Magnetic Field and Plasma Observations at Mars: Initial Results of the Mars Global Surveyor Mission

The magnetometer and electron reflectometer investigation (MAG/ER) on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft has obtained magnetic field and plasma observations throughout the near-Mars environment, from beyond the influence of Mars to just above the surface (at an altitude of approximately 100 kilometers). The solar wind interaction with Mars is in many ways similar to that at Venus and at an active comet, that is, primarily an ionospheric-atmospheric interaction. No significant planetary magnetic field of global scale has been detected to date (<2 x 10(21) Gauss-cubic centimeter), but here the discovery of multiple magnetic anomalies of small spatial scale in the crust of Mars is reported.     

Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements show much greater area of the dufek intrusion, antarctica

A combined aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding survey made in 1978 in Antarctica over the Dufek layered mafic intrusion suggests a minimum area of the intrusion of about 50,000 square kilometers, making it comparable in size with the Bushveld Complex of Africa. Comparisons of the magnetic and subglacial topographic profiles illustrate the usefulness of this combination of methods in studying bedrock geology beneath ice-covered areas. Magnetic anomalies range in peak-to-through amplitude from about 50 nanoteslas over the lowermost exposed portion of the section in the Dufek Massif to about 3600 nanoteslas over the uppermost part of the section in the Forrestal Range. Theoretical magnetic anomalies, computed from a model based on the subice topography fitted to the highest amplitude observed magnetic anomalies, required normal and reversed magnetizations ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-2) electromagnetic units per cubic centimeter. This result is interpreted as indicating that the Dufek intrusion cooled through the Curie isotherm during one or more reversals of the earth's magnetic field.     

Spatially Resolved Observation of Static Magnetic Flux States in YBa2Cu3O7-dgr Grain Boundary Josephson Junctions

With low-temperature scanning electron microscopy, the magnetic flux states in high critical temperature Josephson junctions have been imaged. The experiments were performed with YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) thin-film grain boundary Josephson junctions fabricated on [001] tilt SrTiO(3) bicrystals. For applied magnetic fields parallel to the grain boundary plane, which correspond to local maxima of the magnetic field dependence of the critical current, the images clearly show the corresponding magnetic flux states in the grain boundary junction. The spatial modulation of the Josephson current density by the external magnetic field is imaged directly with a spatial resolution of about 1 micrometer.     

Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies of the Sierra Madera, Texas, "Dome"

A geophysical traverse across the Sierra Madera "Dome" indicates a negative gravity anomaly of 1(1/2) milligals over the zone of brecciation in the center and a residual positive anomaly of (1/2) milligal associated with a positive magnetic anomaly of 25 x 10(-5) oersted to the southeast of the zone of brecciation. Areal surveys are needed before any definite conclusions can be drawn concerning the origin of Sierra Madera. However, gravity and magnetic data can be extremely valuable in establishing criteria for classifying terrestrial and lunar features according to meteoritic and cryptovolcanic origin.     

Magnetic properties of lunar sample 10048-22

The natural remanent magnetization (3.7 x 10(4) electromagnetic units per cubic centimeter) and the susceptibility per cubic centimeter (6.3 x 10(-13)) of an 18.5-gram breccia specimen were determined with instrumentation and techniques currently used in paleomagnetism. The relatively low magnetic stability of the rock in the earth's field and in alternating demagnetizing fields precludes considering it as a reliable carrier of paleomagnetism. A magnetic balance study yields an unusually high Curie temperature (750 degrees C) which is possibly diagnostic of metallic Fe containing less than 5 percent nickel. The estimated relative abundance of the iron in the sample is about 0.5 percent.     

Resonant tunneling in the quantum Hall regime: measurement of fractional charge

In experiments on resonant tunneling through a "quantum antidot" (a potential hill) in the quantum Hall (QH) regime, periodic conductance peaks were observed as a function of both magnetic field and back gate voltage. A combination of the two periods constitutes a measurement of the charge of the tunneling particles and implies that charge deficiency on the antidot is quantized in units of the charge of quasi-particles of the surrounding QH condensate. The experimentally determined value of the electron charge e is 1.57 x 10(-19) coulomb = (0.98 +/- 0.03) e for the states v = 1 and v = 2 of the integer QH effect, and the quasi-particle charge is 5.20 x 10(-20) coulomb = (0.325 +/- 0.01)e for the state v = (1/3) of the fractional QH effect.     

粉虱座壳孢菌的空间分布型及其抽样技术

根据,/,/m,C_A。C 和 K 等聚集度指标测定结果,粉虱座壳孢菌子座在柑桔园的空间分布属聚集分布,其 Iwao 和 Taylor 的线性回归关系分别为=1.720 2+1.313m(r=0.787)和1gV=0.500 8+1.035 6 1g m(r=0.912 9).同时,本文还给出了在允许误差 D=0.1,0.2,0.3,平均子座密度在0.5—10个7叶,间隔密度为0.5情况下的田间理论抽样数和树、叶之间最佳配额数.     

A Molecular Ferromagnet with a Curie Temperature of 6.2 Kelvin: [Mn(C5(CH3)5)2]+[TCNQ]-

The study of magnetic phase transitions in insulating molecular solids provides new insights into mechanisms of magnetic coupling in the solid state and into critical phenomena associated with these transitions. Only a few such materials are known to display cooperative magnetic properties. The use of high-spin molecular components would enhance intermolecular spin-spin interactions and thus a series of chargetransfer (CT) salts have been synthesized that utilize the spin S = 1 molecular cation, [Mn(C(5)(CH(3))(5))(2)](+) (decamethylmanganocenium). The structure and cooperative magnetic behavior of [Mn(C(5)(CH(3))(5))(2)](+)[TCNQ(-) (decamethylmanganocenium 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethanide) are reported. This salt is a bulk molecular ferromagnet with the highest critical (Curie) temperature (T(c) = 6.2 K) and coercive field (3.6 x 10(3) gauss), yet reported for such a material.     

不同抚育间伐方式对蒙古栎次生林空间结构的影响

目的以长白山林区蒙古栎次生林为研究对象,分析基于目标树经营与传统经营的抚育间伐前后蒙古栎次生林空间结构主要指标及空间结构综合指数变化,评价不同抚育间伐方式对森林空间结构的影响。方法在吉林汪清设置9块面积均为1 hm2的蒙古栎次生林样地,随机区组进行3种处理,分别为传统经营（T1）、目标树经营密度1（T2）和目标树经营密度2（T3）。利用混交度、角尺度、大小比数和密集度4个林分空间结构指标,分析间伐前后目标树及林分的空间结构变化,并利用4个指标构建空间结构综合指数（CSSI）来综合评价蒙古栎次生林的空间结构对不同抚育间伐的响应。结果结果表明,从干扰树间伐对目标树的影响来看,目标树的混交度、大小比数和密集度3个指标的改善明显,角尺度改善不明显;从不同抚育间伐方式对林分空间结构的影响来看,3种处理均提高了林分内种间隔离程度、降低了密集程度,使林分空间分布格局趋向于随机分布,对林木大小分化度的影响不明显;根据CSSI综合评价得知:3种处理均提高了林分的空间结构综合指数,提高幅度为T3 > T2 > T1。结论干扰树间伐优化了目标树的空间结构,3种处理的抚育间伐均优化了林分的空间结构。基于目标树经营的抚育间伐对空间结构的改善程度优于传统的抚育间伐,T3处理,也即目标树选择密度为100株/hm2时采取的抚育间伐最有利于目标树和林分的空间结构优化。      

庐山常绿阔叶林不同生长阶段林木空间结构特征及其评价

  目的  分析林木不同生长阶段的空间结构特征有利于认识林分更新及其稳定性,为优化林分空间结构及自然植被恢复等提供参考依据。  方法  以庐山常绿阔叶林为研究对象,将林木生长划分为幼树（1 cm ≤ DBH < 5 cm）、小树（5 cm ≤ DBH < 10 cm）、中树（10 cm ≤ DBH < 20 cm）和大树（DBH ≥ 20 cm）4个阶段,选用混交度、大小比数、密集度、角尺度4种空间结构参数构建空间结构综合指数,采用熵权法进行权重赋值。  结果  （1）幼树、小树、中树、大树的株数占林分总株数的比例分别为72.7%、16.8%、6.5%和4.0%,林分径级结构整体上呈倒“J”型。（2）幼树、小树、中树、大树的平均混交度分别为0.609、0.746、0.815和0.822,平均大小比数分别为0.545、0.268、0.132和0.089,平均密集度分别为0.852、0.895、0.871和0.842,平均角尺度分别为0.576、0.563、0.553和0.507;随着径级的增大,林木的混交、生长优势程度不断增大,密集程度先增大后减小,分布格局逐渐由聚集分布转变为随机分布。（3）小树、中树、大树的大小比数的权重均超过75.0%,优化其空间结构主要应调控其林木分化程度;幼树混交度和大小比数的权重分别为0.364和0.388,优化其空间结构则主要调控林木混交程度及分化程度。空间结构综合指数为大树（0.054） < 中树（0.082） < 小树（0.117） < 幼树（0.265）。  结论  庐山常绿阔叶林中林木随着径级的增大其空间结构逐步得到改善,大树的空间结构最好,幼树的空间结构最差;针对不同生长阶段林木空间结构特征,可以采取不同的经营措施以优化其空间结构。