Aspects of phytoremediation of organic pollutants

Phytoremediation is a quite novel technique to clean polluted soils using plants. In theory, phytoremediation methods are cheap, are accepted by the public and, compared to physical or chemical approaches, are ecologically advantageous. Until today, however, there are only a few examples of successful applications. One reason is that the processes involved are complex, and a full clean up may require many years. Plants affect the water balance of a site, they change redox potential and pH, and stimulate microbial activity of the soil. These indirect influences may accelerate degradation in the root zone or reduce leaching of compounds to groundwater. Compounds taken up into plants may be metabolised, accumulated, or volatilised into air. Based on these processes, several phytoremediation methods have been developed: Phytoextraction, rhizofiltra-tion, phytostabilisation, rhizo and phytodegradation, pump and tree, land farming, phytovolatilisation, hydraulic control and more. Already in use are plants (and here willow, poplar and grass) for the degradation of petroleum products, aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), chlorinated solvents, explosives and cyanides. However, phytotoxicity and pollutant mass balances were rarely documented. Often, the success of the projects was not controlled, and only estimates can be made about the applicability and the potential of phytoremediation. This lack of experience about possibilities and limitations seems to be a hindrance for a broader use of these techniques.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Ability of the earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea trapezoides to increase plant growth and the foliar concentration of elements in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. spear) in a sandy loam soil

In a greenhouse study, the ability of the earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and A. trapezoides to influence the foliar concentration of elements and the growth of wheat plants was assessed 27 days after sowing in a sandy loam soil. The presence of A. rosea and A. trapezoides (at densities equivalent to 314 and 471 m^-2, respectively) caused a significant increase in the shoot dry weight of wheat. The presence of A. rosea and A. trapezoides (at densities equivalent to 314 and 157 m^-2, respectively) was also associated with a significant increase in the root dry weight of wheat. The presence of A. rosea caused a significant increase in the foliar concentration of Ca, Cu, K, Mn, N, Na, and P, but did not influence the foliar concentration of Al, B, Fe, Mo, Mg, S, and Zn. The presence of A. trapezoides was associated with a significant increase in the foliar concentration of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, N, and Na, but did not influence the foliar concentration of B, Cu, Mo, Mg, P, S, and Zn. These results demonstrate the potential of A. rosea and A. trapezoides to increase the growth of wheat in a sandy loam soil and suggest that the mechanism by which they increased plant growth was, in part, through increasing the availability and uptake of nutrients from this soil.     

不同锌水平对低剂量镉在水稻中迁移能力的影响

本研究利用水稻作为供试植物,在轻度镉(Cd)污染[镉浓度分别为0 mg·L~(-1)、0.01 mg·L~(-1)(低剂量)、0.03 mg·L~(-1)(中剂量)、0.09 mg·L~(-1)(高剂量)]水培条件下,通过外源添加不同剂量锌(Zn,浓度分别为0 mg·L~(-1)、0.025 mg·L~(-1)、0.05 mg·L~(-1)、0.1 mg·L~(-1)、0.2 mg·L~(-1))研究水稻生物量变化及Cd在水稻体内分布和迁移,探索Zn、Cd间的相互关系,并筛选治理水稻Cd污染的最适外源Zn浓度。结果表明,施加外源Zn水稻根茎叶的生物量均有所增加,且Zn浓度为0.05 mg·L~(-1)效果最显著。缺Zn条件(0 mg·L~(-1))下,水稻根细胞质和细胞壁中的Cd含量比值随外源Cd浓度增加而降低;加入外源Zn后,细胞质与细胞壁中Cd含量比值有上升趋势,0.03 mg·L~(-1) Cd水平下变化显著。中低剂量(0.01~0.03 mg·L~(-1))Cd水平下,施加Zn可降低水稻根部对Cd的吸收和转运。其中Zn浓度为0.05 mg·L~(-1)时,水稻根、茎、叶中的Cd含量下降最为显著,分别下降38%、71%、65%(低剂量Cd)和44%、79%、69%(中剂量Cd),且水稻根与茎、根与叶的转移系数分别降低53%和44%(低剂量Cd)、62%和40%(中剂量Cd);而后随Zn浓度增加水稻各部位Cd含量及转移系数无显著变化。在高剂量Cd环境下,施加外源Zn对水稻根、茎、叶Cd含量没有显著的抑制作用。因此,在中低剂量的Cd污染条件下,Zn、Cd间存在明显的拮抗作用,且外源添加0.05 mg·L~(-1) Zn是降低水稻Cd吸收迁移及增加水稻产量的最适浓度。     

大豆茎秆、叶片及豆荚生长的动态模拟

以疆莫豆1号、蒙豆30、北豆5号为试材,在系统观测的基础上,构建了大豆茎秆、叶片和豆荚等器官的形态建成模型。模型以生理发育时间为时间步长,以生理发育日来衡量茎秆、叶片和豆荚的生长进程与生长次序,以品种遗传参数为基础来确定其他的模型参数,引入了最小含氮量、最大含氮量和临界含氮量来订正氮素的影响。不同品种不同播期的检验结果表明,节间长度的模拟误差在0.08～0.59 cm,RMSE在0.25～0.28 cm;节间粗度的模拟误差在0～0.10 cm,RMSE在0.04～0.05 cm;叶片长度的模拟误差在0.28～0.58 cm,RMSE为0.47 cm;叶片宽度的模拟误差在0.31～0.39 cm,RMSE在0.35～0.36 cm;豆荚长度的模拟误差在0.14～0.39 cm,RMSE在0.24～0.39 cm;豆荚宽度的模拟误差在0.09～0.21 cm,RMSE在0.14～0.17 cm;豆荚厚度的模拟误差在0.04～0.09 cm,RMSE在0.06～0.07 cm。模型表现出较好的预测性和可靠性。该研究可为大豆器官形态的虚拟显示提供参考。     

基于农业本体的语义相似度算法及其在农作物本体中的应用

语义相似度计算是信息处理中的一个关键问题。针对领域本体语义相似度计算模型考虑因素过于单一、主观性较强、计算精度较低等问题,该文首先针对本体模型的结构特点,提出一种计算节点密度的新方法,并从模型概念间的关系类型、节点密度、节点深度等方面分析本体概念相似度的组成,并赋予不同的权重,从而计算概念对间的结构相似度;接着,根据文献资料和经验知识,构建本体概念对的属性网格以获取概念的属性相似度;然后,基于本体层次网络结构计算根、叶节点的 B-U 概率,进而计算语义信息量,该方法不依赖于专家经验,具有客观性;再次,结合本体结构、信息量、属性等影响相似度的因素,提出一种计算概念间语义相似度的综合算法,该算法考虑到不同的影响因子在语义相似度计算中的重要程度不同,从而赋予农业本体中概念对关系不同的权值;最后,以农业领域农作物本体的语义相似度的计算为例进行实例验证,并给出“甜玉米”和“糯玉米”语义相似度计算的详细过程。试验表明该文提出的语义相似度算法的计算结果（0.8206）和标准差（0.0565）较之其他3种语义相似度算法更接近人们直观认知和专家意见,能有效提高语义相似度计算的精度和有效性。     

揉碎玉米秸秆螺旋输送性能试验分析

针对螺旋输送装置输送农业纤维物料功耗大、生产率低、效率低等问题,该文分析了螺旋输送装置的输送性能指标和螺旋叶片受力,找出了影响叶片受力的主要因素。利用自行研制的压力测试系统和功耗测试系统对螺旋叶片受到的压力和输送装置的功耗进行了测试。针对螺旋叶片所受压力、输送功耗、生产率和输送效率等输送性能指标,研究了螺距、螺旋轴转速和喂入量对输送性能的影响。结果表明,在喂入量70 kg/min、螺旋轴转速58 r/min、螺距160～300 mm的范围内,当螺距250 mm时平均输送功耗最低,为294.63 W;螺距为300 mm时输送效率和生产率最高,分别为90%和58 kg/min。在螺距250 mm、喂入量70 kg/min、转速58～148 r/min的范围内,当转速117 r/min时生产率最高,为65 kg/min。在螺距250 mm、螺旋轴转速117 r/min、喂入量10～70 kg/min的范围内,当喂入量70 kg/min时生产率最高,为42 kg/min。该研究为研制适合输送农业纤维物料的螺旋输送装置提供了参考。     

Mineral element concentration of two barley cultivars in relation to water deficit and aluminum toxicity

The separate and combined effects of water and Al stress on concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Al, Sr, and Ba were determined in tops of ‘Dayton’ (Al‐tolerant) and ‘Kearney’ (Al‐sensitive) barley (Hordeum vulgäre L.) grown in an acid, Al‐toxic, Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, Typic Hapludult). Plants were grown 4 weeks in a plant growth chamber at high (pH 4.7) or low (pH 6.6) Al stress. During the last 2 weeks they were also subjected to low (‐20 to ‐40 kPa), moderate (‐40 to ‐60 kPa), or high (‐60 to ‐80 kPa) water stress. In general, Al stress had a greater overall effect on mineral element concentration of tops than water stress. Aluminum stress significantly decreased concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg and increased concentrations of Zn, Sr, and Ba, irrespective of the cultivar or water stress treatment. Cultivar differences in Mn concentration were observed with Al stress under all water stress conditions. In each case, Mn concentration was lower in ‘Kearney’ than in ‘Dayton’. Potassium, Ca, and Mg were lower in ‘Kearney’ than in ‘Dayton’ only at low and moderate water stress, under low Al stress, ‘Kearney’ had significantly higher concentrations of K and Ca than did ‘Dayton’ under all water stress conditions. The effects of water stress on mineral element concentration varied greatly with cultivar, Al stress treatment, and severity of water stress. Under high Al stress, increasing drought conditions from low water stress (‐20 to ‐40 kPa) to high water stress (‐60 to ‐80 kPa) significantly increased the concentrations of Ca, K, Zn, Sr, and Ba in Al‐sensitive ‘Kearney’ and reduced the concentrations of Zn, Sr, and Ba in Al‐tolerant ‘Dayton'; P and Mg concentration were unaffected by water stress. In contrast, under low Al stress, a corresponding increase in water stress significantly increased the concentrations of Ca and reduced that of P in ‘Kearney’ and increased Ca and B concentration in ‘Dayton'; Mg concentrations were unaffected in either cultivar. Thus, it appears that Al stress and water stress had opposite effects on Ca accumulation in barley tissue.     

The response of fruit trees in Michigan to trickle irrigation

Abstract

Trickle irrigation was evaluated in 2 seasons on sour cherry, plum, peach, and apple. Rates of water applied were 0, 1.9, 3.8, and 7.6 liters per hour (LPH) in 1975, and 0, 3.8, 7.6, and 15.2 LPH in 1976. Peach yields were increased both years. Apple yields were increased in 1976. Leaf content of Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Al in sour cherry; P, Cu, B, and Al in peach; and P, Na, Fe, Cu, and Al in plum was increased by irrigation.     

不同微量元素叶面肥对草莓育苗生长的影响

将硼、钼和铁等微量元素复配成单一或复合叶面微肥,应用于草莓育苗,通过分析草莓生长情况,以确定硼、钼和铁肥的最佳施用量。结果表明:单施硼、钼、铁肥及配施叶面肥均能不同程度促进草莓繁苗数、母株的株高、净光合速率以及母株和子苗的叶面积、SPAD值和地上部和地下部的生物量。其中硼、钼对繁苗数、叶面积的促进效果较为明显,铁对叶绿素和光合作用的促进效果最为明显;总体来看,随着铁浓度的增加,其对母株叶面积、SPAD值、母株地上部和地下部生物量以及子苗的叶面积的促进作用更加明显,但高浓度的硼、钼促进作用则减弱,甚至对繁苗数产生抑制作用;不同微量元素的配施处理中,以硼和钼配施微肥效果最好,显著提高了草莓母株和子苗的地上部和地下部生物量。由此,本试验中0.2%硼肥、0.2%钼肥及各浓度的铁肥以及硼、钼配施为草莓育苗微肥的最佳施用方式。     

Cultivation of lotus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nelumbo nucifera</Emphasis> Gaertn. ssp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">nucifera</Emphasis>) and its utilization in China

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ssp. nucifera), one of 12 aquatic species used as vegetable, has been cultivated for more than 2,000 years, and now has been widely cultivated in almost all provinces in China. The largest area under cultivation of lotus is located in the regions surrounding mid-down Yangtse River, including Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. According to different purposes or morphological differences, the Chinese lotus (N. nucifera ssp. nucifera) is usually classified into three types: rhizome lotus, seed lotus and flower lotus. Rhizome lotus is mainly cultivated in Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces; Seed lotus in Jiangxi, Fujian and Hunan, and flower lotus in Wuhan, Hubei province, and Beijing. Up to the year 2002, a total of 572 lotus accessions (including landraces, cultivars and breeding lines) were conserved in National Garden of Aquatic Vegetable, Wuhan, Hubei province, including those collections from 153 counties in 18 provinces, and lines bred by breeders. Out of these accessions, 310 were rhizome lotus which contains 201 landraces and 109 breeding lines; 229 were flower lotus including 172 cultivars and 57 breeding lines; and the rest 33 were seed lotus with 18 cultivars.     

不同灭酶处理对燕麦气味和品质的影响

为选择合适的灭酶处理方法,通过电子鼻、感官评价和快速黏度分析等方法,对5种灭酶处理（焙炒、常压蒸煮、高压蒸煮、远红外处理和微波加热）对燕麦粉的气味、色泽和糊化特性的影响进行了研究。研究表明：燕麦粉的电子鼻主成分分析（PCA）二维和三维指纹图谱均可将不同灭酶处理的样品明显区分开来;样品的感官评价气味值由高到低依次为：焙炒组,红外组,高压蒸煮组,常压蒸煮组,微波组;样品白度检测结果由高到低依次为：红外组,微波组,焙炒组,蒸煮组,与色泽的感官评价结果基本一致,微波组和红外组的色泽明显优于其他3组的色泽。样品的糊化特性指标中,除糊化温度外,其他6项快速黏度分析（RVA）特征值均差异显著。由此说明,不同灭酶处理对燕麦粉的气味、色泽和糊化特性均有不同影响,应结合燕麦粉的不同用途选用不同的灭酶处理。     

《广西壮族自治区畜禽寄生虫名录》补遗与修订(Ⅰ)

本文是《广西壮族自治区畜禽寄生虫名录》的补遗与修订 ,收载了广西畜禽体内外寄生虫共计 51 8种 ,隶属于 7门 ,1 0纲 ,2 5目。它们包括 :鞭毛虫 2科 ,2属 ,2种 ;类锥体虫 2科 ,4属 ,4 6种 ;无类锥体虫 2科 ,2属 ,4种 ;纤毛虫 1科 ,1属 ,1种 ;吸虫 1 6科 ,38属 ,95种 ;绦虫 6科 ,2 4属 ,4 2种 ;线虫30科 ,64属 ,1 36种 ,棘头虫 3科 ,3属 ,5种 ;蜱螨 7科 ,1 3属 ,2 5种 ;昆虫 1 9科 ,38属 ,1 62种     

Cadmium,Nickel, Chromium,and Lead Levels in Soils and Vegetables under Long‐Term Irrigation with Industrial Wastewater

Abstract: The industrial activity areas, rivers, and water sources in neighboring areas are influenced by wastewater of manufacturers. Utilizing water influenced by wastewater increased heavy metals in soils and plants. In 2004, to investigate the effects of wastewater on cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) content in soil and plants, wastewaters of three manufactures (chrome chemical, wood and paper, and textiles) were examined. At harvest time roots, whole shoots (rice, spinach, clover, grass), and rice grain in industrial wastewater–influenced areas and uninfluenced areas were sampled. Soil samples were also taken (0–15, 15–30 cm). Results indicated that when wastewater was discharged into the river water, the concentrations of Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb increased in river water. Application of river water influenced by industrial wastewater for irrigation of rice and another plants enhanced, the amounts of available Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb in soil. In subsurface horizons (15–30 cm), the concentrations of heavy metals were more than in the surface horizon (0–15 cm). With increasing cation exchange capacity in the soil, the amount of available Cr increased. When the calcium carbonate content in soils was raised, the available Cd and Pb increased in the soil, but Ni and Cr decreased. Meanwhile, organic matter enhanced the concentrations of heavy metals in soil. Accumulations of heavy metals were higher in the roots of rice (control and treatment) than in shoot and rice grain. Cadmium accumulation in rice root was three times that in whole shoot, and grain was two times more than control. The concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Pb in root, whole shoot, and grain of rice were two times higher in industrial wastewater–treated areas. The concentrations of heavy metals in root and whole shoot of spinach, clover, and grass in industrial wastewater area increased about 100%, but not to a toxic level. Cadmium translocated more than other heavy metals from soil to root, whole shoot, and grain of rice, and whole shoot of spinach, clover, and grass.     

国外剥离表土种植利用模式及对中国的启示

表土剥离利用是提高土地生产能力,保护优质土壤资源的重要途径。美国、加拿大、日本、澳大利亚等国家都非常重视表土剥离工作,并结合中国国情制定了与表土剥离有关的政策法规、技术规范等。该文采用文献资料法和对比分析法,梳理和总结归纳了美国、加拿大、日本、澳大利亚等国家表土剥离的基本情况、组织管理模式和利用模式,并阐述了这些国家表土剥离的特征。归纳起来,这些国家采取的表土剥离组织管理模式包括政府主导型模式、联合互动型模式和规划主导型模式;表土剥离利用模式包括原地利用和异地利用二种模式。这些国家表土剥离的特征主要有：一是目标综合化。各国开展表土剥离的目的从提高土地生产能力逐步延伸到保护耕地资源和改善环境;二是主体多元化。除政府外,第三部门、企业、个人积极参与表土剥离;三是资金明确化。保证金制度、复垦基金制度、政府拨款、社会捐款等保证了表土剥离的资金来源;四是技术规范化。许多国家制定了详细的程序、可采用的技术方法、验收标准等;五是实施法治化。各国的表土剥离工作都有充分的法律依据;六是空间分异化。主要表现为表土剥离空间尺度差异和空间关联性。在此基础上,该文归纳了中国表土剥离的模式,剖析了当前面临的难题,提出了发达国家表土剥离经验对中国的启示和借鉴。     

三江平原典型湿地土壤中硫的分布特征

本文以三江平原的三种典型类型湿地:小叶樟(Calamagrostisangustifolia)草甸、毛果苔草(Carexlasiocarpa)沼泽、乌拉苔草(Carexmeyeriana)沼泽为研究对象,对其土壤中硫的含量在水平及垂直变化方面进行分析。研究在自然环境下硫的分布特征。经过试验分析和数据处理,得出以下结论:总硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫、盐酸可溶性硫、盐酸挥发性硫、有机硫含量均为小叶樟草甸<乌拉苔草沼泽<毛果苔草沼泽;别拉洪河、挠力河、鸭绿河、浓江是三江平原四条有代表性的沼泽性河流,流域土壤中的硫素含量为挠力河>鸭绿河>浓江>别拉洪河;在土壤层次上,具有明显的规律性:除盐酸挥发性硫以外,其余各硫组分自上而下含量呈递减趋势;在湿地土壤各形态硫中,有机硫是土壤总硫的主体,盐酸挥发性硫含量最低。总硫与有机硫相关性最显著,达极显著正相关(P=0.01),水溶性硫与盐酸可溶性硫的相关性最差。影响湿地土壤中硫素含量的因素为土壤有机质、土壤pH值、物理粘粒及氧化-还原条件。     

考虑射流破碎和液滴形状的喷灌水运动轨迹改进模型构建及验证

喷洒液滴分布特征是模拟喷头水量和能量分布的基础。为解决现有弹道轨迹模型过度简化运动液滴的破碎过程及形状变化导致模型精度不足的问题,该研究改进了弹道轨迹模型的液滴破碎过程、运动液滴形状参数和运动液滴阻力系数,提出了基于能量加权的等效液滴指标,建立了考虑射流破碎和液滴形状的喷洒水运动轨迹改进模型;采用HY50型蜗轮蜗杆式喷枪验证了模型精度,对比了不同模型的差异。结果表明：喷嘴直径20mm和工作压力0.35MPa时,改进模型的平均绝对误差MAE分别比Fukui模型和Li模型的降低了43.3%和75.1%（落地速度）、51.8%和27.1%（落地位置）和61.4%和76.1%（落地角度）;以4个验证工况中落地速度为例,改进模型、Fukui模型和Li模型的均方根误差RMSE平均值分别为0.53、0.93和2.21 m/s;归一化均方根误差NRMSE平均值分别为0.10、0.17和0.40。研究可为应用弹道轨迹模拟喷洒液滴分布特征提供新思路。     

基于多源环境变量和随机森林的橡胶园土壤全氮含量预测

土壤全氮与土壤肥力和土壤氮循环紧密相关。掌握土壤全氮详细的空间分布信息对提高土壤肥力管理效率和更好地了解土壤氮循环至关重要。该文以儋州国营橡胶园为研究区域,采集2511个土壤样品,利用随机森林(random forest,RF)、逐步线性回归(stepwise linear regression,SLR)、广义加性混合模型(generalized additive mixed model,GAMM)以及分类回归树(classification and regression tree,CART)结合多源环境变量(成土母质、平均降雨量、平均气温和归一化植被指数)对研究区橡胶园土壤全氮含量进行空间预测,并通过754个独立验证点比较了4种模型的预测精度。结果表明RF对土壤全氮的预测值和实测值的相关系数(0.82)明显高于SLR(0.68)、GAMM(0.70)和CART(0.69),而RF的预测平均绝对误差(0.08836 g/kg)和均方根误差(0.13090 g/kg)均低于SLR、GAMM和CART。此外,RF模型预测结果能反映更为详细的局部土壤全氮含量空间变化信息,与实际情况更为接近。可见,RF模型可作为橡胶园土壤全氮含量空间分布预测的高效方法,为其他土壤属性的空间分布预测提供了一种新的方法。     

不同干燥方式对牛肉干物性特性的影响

为了探究中红外-热风组合（combined mid-infrared and hot air,CMIHA）干燥对牛肉干物性特性的影响,该文研究了CMIHA干燥工艺和热风（hot air,HA）干燥工艺对牛肉干干燥过程中色泽与质构特性的影响。通过分析牛肉干在2种干燥过程中亮度值、红度值、黄度值的变化,结合肌红蛋白、高铁肌红蛋白、氧合肌红蛋白及血红素铁的含量变化,研究干燥工艺对牛肉干色泽的影响;通过测定干燥过程中牛肉干嫩度和质构分析（texture profile analysis,TPA）的变化,并基于扫描电镜（scanning electron microscopy,SEM）、透射电镜（transmission electron microscope,TEM）以及核磁成像系统（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）研究干燥工艺对牛肉干微观结构及氢质子密度的影响,分析干燥工艺对牛肉干质构的影响。结果表明：与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥后期能够显著（P<0.05）改善牛肉干的色泽,提高牛肉干的嫩度,增加牛肉干的弹性和咀嚼性;另外,与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥能够降低肌红蛋白的氧化,增加氧合肌红蛋白、肌红蛋白和血红素铁的含量,赋予牛肉干较好的色泽;SEM与TEM观察结果表明,牛肉在干燥过程中,肌肉的微观结构均发生一定的收缩,但与HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥的牛肉干肌肉微观结构收缩程度较轻,同时微观结构保持较好;MRI观察结果表明,与HA干燥相比,牛肉干在CMIHA干燥过程中,内外水分分布较均匀,且收缩程度较轻。与生产中常规使用的HA干燥相比,CMIHA干燥能够降低肌红蛋白的氧化和肌肉微观结构的收缩,增加内外水分子分布的均一性,从而改善牛肉干的色泽和质构,提高牛肉干的物性特性。研究结果为CMIHA干燥在牛肉干方面的应用提供理论依据与技术参考。