规模化奶牛场粪污全量贮存及肥料化还田工艺设计

为推进粪污全量贮存和肥料化还田模式在规模化奶牛场的应用,该研究以存栏500头规模奶牛场为例,分析了粪污收集量、贮存工艺与设施和粪肥还田等内容,提出了粪污贮存池设计容积和粪肥还田配套土地面积等参数。结果表明：奶牛粪污全量收集量为17.33 t/d,全量贮存设施分为舍内贮存池和舍外贮存囊2种。单个舍内贮存池尺寸为85 m×12 m×2 m（长×宽×深）,粪污存储期9个月,所需贮存池数量为5个,总容积10 200 m3;舍外贮存囊占地尺寸为90 m×30 m（长×宽）,深2.2 m,总容积5 615 m3。粪肥全部还田所需土地面积与种植作物类型和种植制度相关,种植作物为小麦、玉米、小麦+玉米和水稻（1年2熟）时,需配套土地分别为248.4、400.6、122.8和127.0 hm2。粪肥还田成本为10.37万元/a,全部还田可节省化肥22.8万元/a,年可产生经济效益12.43万元。     

沼液堆肥化与牛粪堆肥化的发酵特性及腐熟进程

为评价沼液作为堆肥含氮添加剂的应用效果,开发沼液的处理应用技术,以牛粪树叶堆肥为对照,将沼液和树叶混合堆制发酵,探讨其发酵特性与腐熟进程。研究结果表明,环境温度一直在10℃以下,沼液堆肥化和牛粪堆肥化均能经历35d以上的堆温超过50℃的高温发酵;而沼液堆肥化超过50℃的高温期持续时间比牛粪堆肥化少8d;经60d的发酵沼液堆肥化的半纤维素含量从发酵初期的12.14%下降到6.53%,纤维素含量由20.5%下降到9.8%;而牛粪堆肥化的半纤维素含量从12.8%下降到9.56%,纤维素含量由21.5%下降到15.9%。可见沼液堆肥化的分解更彻底。从C/N、温度、可溶性糖含量、含水量、种子发芽指数综合评价两种堆肥的腐熟度,沼液堆肥化进入腐熟状态约经30d,而牛粪堆肥化进入腐熟约需45d。     

规模化肉牛场粪污收集与堆肥处理工艺设计

针对规模化肉牛场粪污的收集与处理问题,以干清粪工艺为研究对象,总结归纳了规模化肉牛场粪污收集量的计算公式,并以1万头肉牛养殖场为例计算了粪污的产生和收集量,在此基础上选取了堆肥技术处理牛粪,进行了牛粪堆肥处理工艺设计。结果表明:干清粪工艺下规模化肉牛场粪污收集量可由公式直接算出,粪污收集率系数为0.83。养殖规模为1万头的肉牛养殖场,每天的粪尿收集量为150 t,含水率为82%。日处理210 t原料(牛粪150 t+辅料60 t,含水率60%),可产生含水率35%的堆肥产品93.04 t;堆肥项目主要土建工程占地面积为17 738 m2,采用连续动态好氧堆肥处理工艺和配套设备后,实现了整个系统的自动化运行。     

外源微生物对堆肥理化性质及酶活影响的研究

利用牛粪和稻草为原料进行堆肥实验,通过测定堆肥过程中的温度、含水率等物理、化学指标以及酶活性的变化,研究了接种外源微生物对堆肥过程的影响。结果表明,接种外源微生物比对照提前2d达到高温期,并且维持时间长。大肠杆菌数量及植物毒性比不接种大幅度降低,纤维素酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶均有所增加。说明接种外源微生物可以使堆肥中微生物数量增多,加速堆料中有机物的分解,加快堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥反应的进程,对优化堆肥工艺具有重要的意义。     

Agricultural Composting in the United States

In the United States, more farms are composting than municipalities, commercial/institutional establishments, and other private sector groups combined. To obtain an overview of agricultural composting in the United States, industry, government, and university representatives from the top 10 beef and dairy cattle, poultry, and swine producing states were contacted between January and April of 1995. These states represent at least 70 percent of the nation's production of these commodities (except for beef cattle at 52 percent). The representatives provided information about the number of farms composting, the materials composted, composting methods, how the compost is used, and motivating and impeding factors for farms to compost. In addition, information was gathered concerning composting crop residues. In this case, specific applications of crop residue composting were identified and individuals knowledgeable about the applications were contacted for background information.

Note the estimated numbers of composting operations presented here represent a best attempt to quantify the composting activity taking place on various types of farms. In many cases, the numbers are rough estimates, based on the assessments of the representatives contacted in each state. Also, they only include the composting operations in the top 10 producing states. A considerable amount of composting occurs outside of these states. Therefore, Tables 1 and 2 underestimate the number of farms that compost.     

中国东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术与资源化利用模式分析

为摸清东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术与资源化利用模式应用现状,该研究采用问卷调研与现场评估相结合的方式,对黑龙江、吉林和辽宁3省272个规模化养殖场进行了调研,分析了养殖畜种与存栏量、粪污产生量、粪污处理技术、粪污处理设施设备以及粪肥还田参数等数据,总结了东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术应用现状和资源化利用模式特点。结果表明：东北地区主要粪污收集工艺为干清粪,占比达94.35%。固体粪便以堆沤肥工艺为主,占所调研养殖场的86.93%,各畜种粪便存储设施面积符合畜禽规模化养殖场粪污资源化利用设施建设规范要求。液体粪污主要处理方式为粪水贮存,占所调研养殖场的68.18%;奶牛养殖场粪水贮存设施小于建设规范要求。东北地区粪肥还田主要种植作物为玉米,占所有种植作物的78.13%,现有配套土地面积普遍低于畜禽粪污土地承载力测算需求面积。固体粪肥主要施肥方式为人工施肥,占比达88.00%;液体粪肥主要施肥方式为漫灌和喷灌,占比分别为54.17%和37.50%。整体来看,东北地区粪污处理与资源化利用主要技术模式为“干清粪+粪便堆沤+粪水贮存”。研究结果可为东北地区粪污处理和资源化利用模式推广和政策制定提供参考。     

糠醛渣添加量对奶牛粪堆肥腐熟及氨气释放量的影响

为解决奶牛场粪污和糠醛渣的贮存及其对环境的污染问题,我们探究不同添加量的糠醛渣对奶牛粪条垛式堆肥腐熟及氨气释放量的影响,以新鲜奶牛粪和小麦秸秆为主料,分别添加质量分数为3%、6%、9%的糠醛渣进行为期35 d的堆肥试验。结果表明,当糠醛渣添加量质量分数为3%~9%时,新鲜奶牛粪和小麦秸秆堆肥的产品的含水率、pH、NH₃释放量分别比对照不添加糠醛渣下降13.86%~20.91%、1.09%~4.37%、12.86%~30.82%,种子发芽指数和C/N分别提高24.35%~43.48%、12.54%~31.22%。综上考虑认为,采用奶牛粪堆肥时,添加质量分数为3%~9%的糠醛渣,可促进堆肥物料的分解转化,加快腐熟速度,降低氨气释放量。     

规模化养猪场粪污全量收集及贮存工艺设计

基于全量收集的粪污贮存技术具有粪尿收集方便、运行成本低廉和养分利用率高等特点,在欧美等发达国家得到了普遍应用,是一种适合在中国华北、西北等地区和土地匹配较充足的区域进行推广的粪污处理与还田利用技术。文章以规模化养猪场尿泡粪全量贮存技术为研究对象,分析了尿泡粪收集量、贮存工艺控制参数、贮存设施设计和投资运行成本等内容,旨在为该技术的推广应用提供参考。结果表明:每头生猪整个饲养周期内尿泡粪收集量为0.70 m~3;粪污贮存设施分为舍内贮存池和舍外贮存罐2种,粪污贮存方法可采取舍内贮存、舍外贮存和舍内结合舍外贮存3种。粪污pH值酸化至5.5～6.5,氨排放量最高可减少80%;粪肥还田前一般要求存储时间为6个月。以存栏5000头规模养猪场为例,舍内贮存池所需容积为6 600 m~3,投资660万元;舍外贮存罐所需容积为4 118 m~3,投资206万元;舍内结合舍外贮存设施所需容积为8 214 m~3,投资651万元;粪污处理成本为3.83万元/a,施肥成本为10.8万元/a;全部粪肥还田可满足133 hm~2农田用肥,节省化肥6.0万元/a,该研究可为粪污贮存及利用提供参考。     

中国畜禽粪污资源化利用技术应用调研与发展分析

中国畜禽粪污资源化利用技术模式的选择和应用情况底数不清,缺乏系统研究。该研究采用问卷调研与实地测量相结合的方式,对中国190个县（市区）2 589个养殖场进行调研,并从畜禽粪污收集方式、粪污处理方式、粪肥还田利用情况等方面进行统计分析。结果表明,畜禽规模养殖场清粪方式以干清粪为主,占养殖场总数的89.40%;固体粪便处理普遍采用堆（沤）肥处理,占养殖场总数的89.44%,液体粪污处理主要采用厌氧发酵和贮存发酵等技术,分别占41.59%和39.09%,目前大部分规模养殖场粪污处理设施建设符合规范要求,但部分养殖场设施水平不高;粪污处理后还田是主要利用方向,利用粪肥的作物以水果蔬菜等经济作物为主,占比可达61.83%。总结分析了中国畜禽粪污资源化利用存在问题,提出中国畜禽粪污资源化利用亟需提升处理设施标准化水平,提高设施装备水平,同时还需引导养殖场按照种养平衡要求配套足够消纳土地,提高粪肥还田利用机械化水平。该研究可为畜禽粪污资源化利用科技创新、技术推广提供基础支撑,对于促进畜禽粪污资源化利用和农业绿色发展具有指导意义。     

不同处理对高含水率奶牛粪便好氧堆肥的影响

针对奶牛养殖场粪便含水率高,堆肥处理成本高的特点,采用以干燥玉米秸秆为调理剂,在较高初始含水率条件下（70%～80%）,进行了强制通风堆肥槽和翻转式堆肥仓的对比试验,并且探讨了晾晒脱水作为预处理对堆肥效果的影响。结果表明,各处理堆体升温迅速,且均在50℃以上维持8～12d,满足堆肥无害化的卫生标准（GB7959—1987）要求。至堆肥结束时,各处理含水率均降至40%以下,C/N均降至20以下,WSOC均低于16g·kg-1,NH4＋-N含量均低于0.4g·kg-1;除采用堆肥槽在初始含水率为65%下堆肥NH4＋-N/NO3--N〉3尚未腐熟完全外,其他处理NH4＋-N/NO3--N均小于0.5,腐熟情况较好;所有处理的GI均大于50%,其中采用堆肥槽在较高初始含水率堆肥和晾晒预处理后堆肥GI已达80%,基本消除了植物毒性。采用较为开放的堆肥槽时,以玉米秸秆作调理剂,在较高的初始含水率条件下堆肥效果更好;以晾晒脱水作为预处理后堆肥,可减少所需调理剂的用量,节约了堆肥的成本。     

不同调理剂对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

养殖业的发展造成了周边环境的严重污染。好氧堆肥技术是处理固体有机废弃物的一种有效方法。该文利用自制发酵箱进行了牛粪与不同调理剂一玉米芯、玉米秸秆和稻草的混合好氧堆肥试验。试验结果表明,当堆肥底料的初始碳氮比为27:1,初始含水率为65％时,玉米芯、玉米秸杆和稻草均可作为调理剂与牛粪进行好氧堆肥,且可达到无害化要求。而采用粒径大、多孔、疏松的玉米芯作为调理剂,有利于通风供氧,堆体升温和降温均较快,高温持续时间长,堆料腐熟快,有利于加快堆肥的进程。     

不同调理剂对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

养殖业的发展造成了周边环境的严重污染。好氧堆肥技术是处理固体有机废弃物的一种有效方法。该文利用自制发酵箱进行了牛粪与不同调理剂-玉米芯、玉米秸秆和稻草的混合好氧堆肥试验。试验结果表明，当堆肥底料的初始碳氮比为27：1，初始含水率为65%时，玉米芯、玉米秸杆和稻草均可作为调理剂与牛粪进行好氧堆肥，且可达到无害化要求。而采用粒径大、多孔、疏松的玉米芯作为调理剂，有利于通风供氧，堆体升温和降温均较快，高温持续时间长，堆料腐熟快，有利于加快堆肥的进程。     

Alterations in yield,physicochemical components and mineral composition of onion following organic manure and inorganic nitrogen application

Onion is the one of the most important vegetable crops grown extensively throughout the world; hence, understanding the response of the crop to the form and amount of N provided is of immense importance. In a field experiment, poultry and cattle manure (at 10?t/ha) were compared with four inorganic nitrogen (N) application levels (0, 60, 90 and 120?kg?N/ha), and six combinations of manure and N applications were investigated. Plant growth and total yield (kg/ha) significantly increased, when N application increased from 0 to 120?kg/ha, with or without added poultry manure. Plant height, leaf number and neck thickness were significantly reduced at 0?kg/ha?N plus cattle manure. The bulb ascorbic acid concentration significantly increased with the use of poultry manure (15.94?mg/100?g) and cattle manure (15.94?mg/100?g), compared with 120?kg/ha inorganic N (11.42?mg/100?g). No significant effects were observed on total phenolics and total soluble solids of onion bulbs following the different fertiliser treatments. Cattle manure increased P and K concentrations, whilst poultry manure significantly increased Zn and Fe concentrations in onion bulbs. Onion bulb Ca and Mg concentrations were lower when cattle manure (0.19% and 0.12%) was used than when other organic or inorganic fertilisers were used. Therefore, organic manure increases the concentrations of certain minerals in onions, compared with inorganic N application, without negatively affecting bulb size.     

MSW Compost Reduces Nitrogen Volatilization During Dairy Manure Composting

Manures lose N through volatilization almost immediately after deposit. Attempts to control losses include the addition of a C source to stimulate nitrogen immobilization. Composting is a treatment process that recommends the addition of carbonaceous materials to achieve a C:N ratio of 30:1 to stimulate degradation and immobilize nitrogen. Dairies near cities may be able to reduce N loss from manures by composting with urban carbonaceous residues such as municipal solid waste (MSW) or MSW compost that, by themselves, have little agronomic value. Studies were conducted using a self-heating laboratory composter where dairy solids were mixed with MSW compost to determine the reduction of N loss during composting. One-to-one mixtures (v/v) of dairy manure solids and MSW compost were composted and NH₃ volatilization, CO₂ evolution and temperatures were compared to composting of manure alone. Addition of MSW compost resulted in increased CO₂ evolution and reduced N loss. Nitrogen loss from composting dairy manure alone was four to ten times greater than that from composting dairy manure mixed with MSW compost. Adjustment of the C:N ratio to 25 by adding MSW compost to manure appeared to be the major factor in reducing N losses.     

不同C/N下鸡粪麦秸高温堆肥腐熟过程研究

用鸡粪与小麦秸秆为堆肥原料进行高温好氧堆肥试验,研究添加鸡粪对小麦秸秆高温好氧堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH值、碳氮比和养分等理化指标的影响,寻求鸡粪与小麦秸秆高温堆肥的最佳配比,为农作物秸秆快速资源化利用提供科学依据和技术指导。结果表明,鸡粪与小麦秸秆在C/N=25时堆体达到的温度最高,为62℃,达到最高温度所需的时间最短,为2 d。堆肥过程中各处理pH值变化基本一致,都是先上升后下降的过程。堆肥结束时A2处理C/N=14.4,NH4＋-N含量比最高时降低了76.2%,腐殖质比初始增加了50.2%,胡敏酸相对于最低点升高了160%,富里酸与堆肥前相比降低57.1%。堆肥结束时,全氮含量除A1处理有所降低外,其余处理均有所增加。各处理堆肥全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量在堆肥结束时比堆肥初始均有所增加。综合判断,鸡粪与小麦秸秆C/N=25进行堆肥较为适宜。     

蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥类胡敏酸的表征及特性研究

分别用焦磷酸钠和氢氧化钠浸提新鲜牛粪、蜉金龟堆肥(APCM)和自然堆肥(腐熟牛粪)产物中的类胡敏酸,采用元素组成、红外光谱及差热分析研究了其结构特征。元素分析结果表明,蜉金龟堆肥焦磷酸钠浸提物——类胡敏酸(NaHLA)的芳香性低于新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥,而碳水化合物及氮元素含量增加。蜉金龟堆肥氢氧化钠浸提物——类胡敏酸(PAHLA)的碳水化合物和氮元素含量也高于新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥,而自然堆肥PAHLA的芳香性略低于新鲜牛粪和蜉金龟堆肥。红外光谱分析结果表明,与自然堆肥NaHLA相比,蜉金龟堆肥NaHLA中羧酸脂类化合物、酮类化合物、脂肪族化合物及碳水化合物有所增加。与新鲜牛粪PAHLA相比,蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥PAHLA的碳水化合物、脂肪族化合物、酚类化合物及纤维素酯类减少,同时蜉金龟堆肥PAHLA的酰胺化合物在蜉金龟消化过程中被其吸收。差热分析结果表明,自然堆肥NaHLA的热稳定性高于新鲜牛粪和蜉金龟堆肥,而蜉金龟堆肥NaHLA的脂族化合物、外围官能团和分子内部芳香结构含量较高,分子结构较复杂。蜉金龟堆肥PAHLA存在两个放热峰,而新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥的中温放热峰消失。综上,蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥采用两种提取液浸提出类胡敏酸的结构特征存在差异性。     

Effect of organic manures,crop residues and green manure (Sesbania aculeata) on nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in a sandy loam at field capacity and under waterlogged conditions

Summary The influence of the water regime on mineralization and immobilization of N and P was investigated in a calcareous sandy loam incubated with cattle, poultry and green manure (Sesbania aculeata), and wheat and rice straw in a pot experiment. At field capacity, N released from poultry and green manure during the first 4 weeks of incubation was 45% and 59%, respectively. During the next 12 weeks, only around 40% more organic N was mineralized from both sources. In contrast, addition of cattle manure resulted in a period of net N immobilization lasting up to 4 weeks. By the end of 16 weeks of incubation only about 19010 of the added N was mineralized. High rates of N immobilization were observed during the first 4 weeks of incubation of rice or wheat straw with C/N ratios of 78 and 85, respectively. The N mineralization kinetics of poultry and green manure and of untreated soil showed an initial fast reaction followed by a slow release of inorganic N and could be described by two simultaneous first-order reactions. Under waterlogged conditions mineralized N was lost simultaneously in significant amounts possibly through nitrification — denitrification reactions. At field capacity, the largest amount of Olsen P was accumulated in the soil amended with poultry manure, followed by cattle manure. Results from other treatments did not differ much from those of the untreated soil. About 15% of P from poultry manure was mineralized during the 1st week of incubation. In contrast to the field-capacity moisture regime, marked increases in Olsen P in the soils amended with green manure and crop residues were observed under water-logged conditions.     

添加硫酸对牛粪堆肥过程及其养分变化的影响

为研究不同浓度硫酸对畜禽粪便条垛式堆肥中pH值以及养分含量动态变化的影响,以牛粪和锯末为试验材料,以实验室常用浓硫酸稀释成不同浓度为添加物,在露天进行43 d 的条垛式堆肥,测定堆肥过程中温度、 水分、 pH值、 全量和速效养分含量,并以种子发芽指数测定堆肥效果。结果表明,在初始物料中添加0.2 mol/L、 0.3 mol/L 的硫酸对缩短堆肥高温上升期,降低堆肥 pH 和促进有机质分解,提高堆肥中全氮、 全磷、 全钾、 有效磷、 速效钾含量具有明显效果。其中添加0.2 mol/L硫酸堆体在堆肥43天时全氮、 全钾、 全磷、 速效钾、 有效磷与堆肥对照相比分别增加了19.51%、 13.49%、 6.07%、 21.39%、 9.03%。堆肥结束时各个处理发芽指数均达到80%以上,不会对植物造成毒害作用。整体来说,牛粪堆肥中添加0.2 mol/L的硫酸,堆肥效果最好。本研究为硫酸添加物应用于实际堆肥工程提供了理论依据。     

不同调理剂对猪粪好氧堆肥效果的影响

分别以木屑、药渣、菇渣、砻糠灰作为猪粪堆肥的调理剂,研究其在堆肥过程中温度、含水率、pH、EC和主要营养元素N、P、K的动态变化。结果表明,在整个堆制过程中,4个处理的堆温变化明显呈现出升温期、高温期和降温期3个阶段,其中,木屑处理堆体升温最快,且高温持续时间最长,砻糠灰处理高温持续时间最短;与初始值相比,堆肥后每个处理pH均有所上升,其中菇渣处理上升幅度最大,达0.9个单位;堆制过程中,4个处理有机质总体呈现下降的规律;堆肥后药渣处理的TN和TP含量最高;堆肥后砻糠灰处理的TK含量最高;堆肥后4个处理的pH和EC值都在腐熟堆肥的适宜范围之内,从N+P2O5+K2O总养分和保氮角度来看,应选药渣作调理剂,从提高堆肥TK含量来看,应选砻糠灰作调理剂。     

猪粪比例对烟草废弃物高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响

以烟草废弃物为基本原料进行堆肥试验,研究了不同比例猪粪与烟草废弃物混合堆肥体系中温度、pH、全氮、C/N比、水溶性NH＋4-N和种子发芽指数（GI,germination index）的动态变化规律,探讨了不同猪粪比例对烟草废弃物高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响。结果表明,在烟草废弃物中加入猪粪能缩短进入高温分解阶段的时间,增加高温分解持续时间,增加全氮含量,加快物料NH＋4-N和C/N比降低的速率,加快烟草废弃物堆肥腐熟化进程。添加一定比例猪粪的处理（烟草废弃物∶猪粪=7∶3、烟草废弃物∶猪粪=8∶2和烟草废弃物∶猪粪=9∶1）,分别在堆肥第3、4、5 d进入高温分解阶段（〉50 ℃）,高温持续时间分别为11、10、8 d;而纯烟草废弃物处理,最高温度为43 ℃,未进入高温分解阶段;至堆肥26 d,NH＋4-N含量分别比纯烟草废弃物对照降低47.7%、61.9%和25.6%;GI分别达到81.4%、84.1%和83.7%。