Impact of genomics on the study of plant nutrition. 7. Practical use of naturally occurring genomic variation in plant nutrition

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 343–349, 2006)     

植物叶面积测定方法的比较研究

以两个不同品种的大豆叶片为研究对象，采用了不同的测定方法测定叶面积，分析并指出各种测定方法的优缺点，为在不同测定条件和实验目的要求下选择不同的叶面积测定方法提供依据，也为研究人员提供更加准确、快速、简便和经济的测定方法和依据。     

离子选择微电极技术及其在植物营养学研究中的应用

离子选择微电极(Ion selective microelectrode)起初是用于化学分析和电化学研究,随着电生理学的发展而发展.离子选择微电极的制备和工作原理主要有:1)双电极制备过程包括离子敏感剂(Sensor)的配制、电极拉制、硅烷化和敏感剂Sensor的灌注、电极的标定等;2)离子选择微电极的工作原理与其它类...     

植物根际沉积与土壤微生物关系研究进展

【目的】活跃的根际微生物被喻为植物的第二套基因组,在植物的生长发育过程中发挥着关键作用。植物通过根际碳沉积影响根际土壤微生物群落的结构和功能;作为根际微生态系统中的物质流、能量流和信息流,根际碳沉积是连接大气、植物和土壤系统物质循环的重要纽带;因此,理解根际碳沉积在根际微生态中的作用对于提高植物抗逆性,增加作物产量,调控根际养分循环等方面具有重大的理论意义。【主要进展】本文就近年来关于根际微生物领域的研究成果,重点综述了根际微生物多样性和组学研究;根际碳沉积的组成和产生机理;根际微生物群落结构的形成机制;根际微生物在促进作物养分吸收、提高作物抗逆性等方面的生态功能;以及气候变化和长期施肥对植物-微生物互作关系的影响。在此基础上我们提出了未来可能的研究重点和发展方向:1)植物根际沉积物原位收集方法和检测技术的改进和发展;2)稳定同位素探针与分子生态学技术的结合,将植物、土壤和微生物三者有机地联系起来,综合分析根际界面中微生物的活性与功能;3)高通量测序、组学技术和生物信息学等新技术的引入势必使根际微生物学研究发生革命性的变化;4)随着全球气候变化和土壤肥力改变,例如全球变暖、CO2浓度升高和长期施用化肥,根际沉积物在植物-土壤-微生物中的分配与调节机制,以及这种环境选择压力下植物如何诱导根际促生菌发挥更大作用。希望通过平衡作物与微生物之间的相互关系来实现作物的高产高效,促进农田的可持续利用。     

高等植物细胞的Ca2+-ATP酶

本文对高等植物细胞的Ca2 ATP酶的分布、功能、生化特性和分子生物学等方面的研究进展作了较为系统的综述。     

植物耐铝性机制的研究进展

铝毒害是酸性土壤上作物生长的主要限制因素和森林大面积退化的重要原因。本文综述了近年来对植物耐铝性机制研究的进展，指出在植物体内存在多条耐铝性途径。     

Tracer study on preferential uptake of germanium by rice plant

The root uptake of germanium, as well as its phytotoxicity, was demonstrated in 1935 by Geilman and BrÜnger (1) in a study with barley, oat and several other crop plants. They were studied on an artificially prepared soil mediums consisting of sand and peat. Recently, a research work on the germanium uptake by lowland rice was reported by Chino and Tanaka (2) with special reference to the pollution problem. The problem was originated from irrigation water contaminated with industrial waste. Meanwhile, the analogous property of germanium to silicon in chemical behavior can be assumed because of their close positions in the periodic table.     

Lectures: Impact of genomics on the study of plant nutrition. 6. Advance in recent QTL studies—basic research toward application for agriculture

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 337–342, 2006)     

Diagnostic techniques for cereals based on plant analysis I. Stage of plant development

Abstract

The feasibility of using plant nutrient analysis results in the development of quantitative models for the evaluation and control of the nutritional status and grain yield of lowland rice was studied in a growth chamber experiment. Rice plants were grown under varying basal applications of N, P, K as well as several topdressing levels of N. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na in the above ground portions of the plants were measured four times during the growing period and at plant maturity.

Grain yield was closely related to the nutritional status of plants at 2.0 g Dry Hatter weight (DMw) per hill, as indicated by clear and reproducible relationships between the grain yield and concentrations of individual nutrient elements. Interactions between the various nutrient elements were minimum at this DMw. Therefore, 2.0 g DMw per hill was selected as a representative stage of plant development for identifying the reference values for the nutritional status of young rice plants for developing quantitative methods for the evaluation and control of nutritional status and yield.     

滨渤海平原植物群落分布特征初探

通过野外调查和室内分析,对滨渤海平原的主要植物群落结构分布特征及演替规律进行了研究。结果表明，土壤盐分是影响植被类型、结构、空间分布和演替的主导因子。     

Nutrio-physiological studies on the tomato plant II. Translocation of photosynthates

The percentage translocation from the leaf is low in the tomato; it is as low as 16 per cent in some cases and the maximum value observed is 62 per cent.

The ability of a leaf to act as the sink for the photosynthates of other leaves becomes very low with age, but it serves as a sink for its own photosynthates for a long period.

The photosynthates of a leaf may be translocated to any alnk, but the major translocation stream under ordinary conditions is determined by the growth stage of the plant and the position of the source leaf. In this sense thero are source-sink partnerships between certain leaves and organs: The major sinks of L₅, L₉, L₁₁, L₁₄, and L₁₆ are the roots, T-1, T-Il, T-III, and T-III, respectively, although the partnerships are weak and flexible.     

纳米TiO2光半导体材料防治植物病害的初步研究

纳米TiO2光半导体材料是一种具有抗菌与环境净化功能的新型环境友好材料,试验首次探索了将其应用于植物病害防治的可能性.在黄瓜霜霉病防治研究的栽培试验中发现,喷施纳米TiO2光半导体溶胶材料可以显著地降低黄瓜霜霉病的发病率和病情指数,减少叶片病斑数量与病斑面积.试验研究结果初步证实了其对黄瓜霜霉病害具有一定的防治作用,为以纳米TiO2光半导体溶胶材料为主要有效成分的植物抗菌剂与保护剂的开发提供了参考依据.     

淤泥质海岸微地貌土壤盐分与植物群落分异机制初探

对滨渤海几种微地貌的土壤盐分与植物群落分布及其相关性性研究的结果表明,微地貌是造成非地带性土壤盐分颁的关键因子,微地貌造成的雨水聚集区可有效淡化土壤。通过创造微地貌集雨体系，进行生态工程设计建设，可为土壤改良与植被建设提供有效途径。     

基于~(31)P核磁共振分析的植物体内磷分级研究

为了深入了解植株残体中磷的分级情况以及在降解过程中的供磷情况,采用~(31)P核磁共振(31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance,~(31)P-NMR)技术,分析了油菜、蚕豆不同部位的磷的分级情况,并采用室内模拟的方法评价不同植物材料还田后的有效性。结果表明,不同植物材料中都以正磷酸盐所占比例最高,在60%~67%之间,其次为磷酸单酯,占浓缩液全磷的比例为20%~28%;高磷植株的正磷酸盐和磷酸单酯含量显著高于中磷和低磷植株,这与植物吸收磷的特性以及磷在植物体内的储存方式有关。结果表明,~(31)P-NMR分析技术能较好地反应植物材料还田后的供磷潜力。     

A study of the gaseous and particulate pollutants in the environment of a thermal power plant project area

Observations on gaseous and particulate pollutants were undertaken at four locations in the region of a thermal power plant (TPP), which is under construction at Tuticorin, south India. The predicted concentrations Of SO₂ due to the emissions from the TPP and its possible impact on the inhabitants and climate in the downwind region were evaluated. Also, the predicted concentrations downwind of a Petrochemical Industrial Complex (PIC) located in the vicinity of the TPP were computed and compared with the measured concentrations. The predicted maximum concentration of SO₂ at 6 km downwind of TPP is about 530 μg m^?3 under most favourable wind conditions. The anticipated increase in SO₂ due to the thermal power plant under construction may therefore be substantial. The predicted concentrations Of SO₂, at a distance of 1.8 km downwind of the PIC, varied between 34 and 216 μg m^?3 for wind directions ranging from 70 to 90° and for Pasquill stability category C. The plume would be over the observational site when the wind direction is 80°. The maximum measured concentration was 23 ug m^?3. The discrepancy was due to the rapid fluctuations in the wind direction during the observational period over a wide range from 20 to 90°.     

基于31P核磁共振分析的植物体内磷分级研究

为了深入了解植株残体中磷的分级情况以及在降解过程中的供磷情况，采用31P核磁共振(31 phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance，31P-NMR)技术，分析了油菜、蚕豆不同部位的磷的分级情况，并采用室内模拟的方法评价不同植物材料还田后的有效性。结果表明，不同植物材料中都以正磷酸盐所占比例最高，在60%～67%之间，其次为磷酸单酯，占浓缩液全磷的比例为20%～28%；高磷植株的正磷酸盐和磷酸单酯含量显著高于中磷和低磷植株，这与植物吸收磷的特性以及磷在植物体内的储存方式有关。结果表明，31P-NMR分析技术能较好地反应植物材料还田后的供磷潜力。     

Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds.

The antioxidative activity of a total of 92 phenolic extracts from edible and nonedible plant materials (berries, fruits, vegetables, herbs, cereals, tree materials, plant sprouts, and seeds) was examined by autoxidation of methyl linoleate. The content of total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Among edible plant materials, remarkable high antioxidant activity and high total phenolic content (GAE > 20 mg/g) were found in berries, especially aronia and crowberry. Apple extracts (two varieties) showed also strong antioxidant activity even though the total phenolic contents were low (GAE < 12.1 mg/g). Among nonedible plant materials, high activities were found in tree materials, especially in willow bark, spruce needles, pine bark and cork, and birch phloem, and in some medicinal plants including heather, bog-rosemary, willow herb, and meadowsweet. In addition, potato peel and beetroot peel extracts showed strong antioxidant effects. To utilize these significant sources of natural antioxidants, further characterization of the phenolic composition is needed.     

纳米TiO2光半导体材料防治植物病害的初步研究

纳米TiO₂光半导体材料是一种具有抗菌与环境净化功能的新型环境友好材料，试验首次探索了将其应用于植物病害防治的可能性。在黄瓜霜霉病防治研究的栽培试验中发现，喷施纳米TiO₂光半导体溶胶材料可以显著地降低黄瓜霜霉病的发病率和病情指数，减少叶片病斑数量与病斑面积。试验研究结果初步证实了其对黄瓜霜霉病害具有一定的防治作用，为以纳米TiO₂光半导体溶胶材料为主要有效成分的植物抗菌剂与保护剂的开发提供了参考依据。