Release of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium during the decomposition of apple (Malus domestica) leaf litter under different fertilization regimes in Loess Plateau,China

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is one of the air-pollutants known to be harmful to plants, and is emitted by industries and volcanoes. Fluoride affects plant metabolism and its effects on respiration are fully understood (2). However, little is known about the effect of fluoride on photosynthesis as has been reviewed by Chang (2). Fluoride reduces syntheses of chlorophyll and protochlorophyll, induces the degradation of chloroplast structure in bush bean and soybean (5), and inhibits the Hill reaction (1). When orange leaves were fumigated with HF, the main site of fluoride accumulation was the chloroplasts (3). Although it may therefore be presumed that the rate of photosynthesis of intact leaves decreases during HF fumigation, fluoride-effects on APS have not been fully determined.     

供氮水平与地面覆沙对苹果幼树15N-尿素吸收分配及利用的影响

探究地面覆沙与供氮水平对陇东旱塬苹果幼树氮素吸收、分配及利用的影响,为实现半干旱区苹果园合理施氮、提高氮素利用率提供科学依据。该研究以3 a生富士苹果幼树为材料,采用二因素裂区设计,田间设置主区为地面管理措施,清耕(对照CK)和覆沙(SM),副区为2个供氮水平,5 g 15N-尿素(N1),5 g15N-尿素+75.5 g普通尿素(N2)。利用15N同位素示踪技术,分别于6月(果实膨大期)、8月(新梢停止生长期)和10月(落叶前)3个生育期对植株各器官15N丰度和全氮量进行测定分析。结果表明:1)地面覆沙增加了幼树地上部生物量累积,覆沙条件下供氮有利于生育后期地上部和总生物量累积;清耕条件下高供氮量(CKN2)可有效增加地下部干物质量,但SMN1处理于落叶前(10月)地下部生长极快,与CKN2差异不显著(P>0.05)。地面覆沙和供氮水平及二因素互作显著影响果实和多年生枝的Ndff值(氮素含量来自肥料氮的百分比)(P<0.05),二因素互作对果实Ndff值累积作用较多年生枝更大。6月和8月,地面覆沙条件下SMN1处理多年生枝和细根Ndff值最高,分别为2.26%、3.21%和3.67%、5.89%。当年生育周期内,二因素及二因素协同作用对果实15N分配率有极显著影响(P<0.01),对其他器官存在部分显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响,贮藏器官是树体最大的15N利用器官,其次为营养器官、生殖器官。整个生育期内,植株15N利用率为3.38%~38.00%,表现为地面覆沙SM>CK,地面覆沙显著提高苹果幼树的15N利用率(P<0.05),而供氮水平的升高对树体15N利用率的影响大多情况下并不显著(P>0.05)。综合分析认为,该试验条件下较低的供氮水平(N1)及有效的地面覆沙措施(SM)既可促进幼树总生物量累积,又能提高氮素利用效率,从而优化农业生态系统中氮肥投入。     

Impacts of farmland conversion to apple (Malus domestica) orchard on soil organic carbon stocks and enzyme activities in a semiarid loess region

Land‐use change often affects the sizes of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and the activities of soil enzymes. Responses of relevant soil quality indices caused by farmland conversion to orchard are largely unknown in the semiarid loess regions. This study was conducted at orchard sites, which have been under very intensive cultivation, to evaluate the impacts of farmland conversion to apple (Malus domestica) orchard on SOC stocks and soil enzyme activities in the semiarid loess region of Weibei, Shaanxi province, China. The spatial and temporal changes in a variety of soil quality indices were measured for the 0–100 cm soil profile in apple orchards of three age groups (< 10 y, juvenile; 10–15 y, mature; > 15 y, over‐mature) and adjacent farmlands (control). After farmland conversion, total SOC (TOC) content and density and soil alkaline phosphatase activity significantly decreased, while soil catalase activity increased for the 0–100 cm soil profile. The labile SOC (LOC) content, its proportion to TOC content, and carbon management index (CMI, changes in the total content and lability of SOC) significantly increased in the 0–40 cm soil layer, whereas soil urease and invertase activities only increased in the 0–20 cm layer (P < 0.05). With increasing age of apple orchards, SOC stocks significantly increased after 10 y, being more than 10% larger in mature and over mature orchards than in adjacent farmlands. The LOC content and CMI value also had an increasing trend, while soil enzyme activities showed different response patterns. There were significant correlations between soil enzyme activities, SOC fractions, and CMI value (P < 0.05). We concluded that farmland conversion to apple orchard affected soil quality by reducing SOC stocks in the soil profile and changing SOC content as well as soil enzyme activities at various depth intervals. Long‐term apple cultivation was effective to restore SOC stocks, although it took over a decade to rebuild a new increasing trend after farmland conversion.     

苹果与小麦间作对土壤养分状况及生物活性的影响

通过测定苹果与小麦间作条件下土壤养分及土壤生物活性的变化,探讨了种植方式对农田土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,土壤有机质、全磷及速效磷含量和几种主要土壤酶活性、微生物数量存在离树距内的空间变异。距树越近,有机质含量越高,全磷及速效磷含量越低;树冠区及近冠区几种主要水解酶和氧化酶活性显著受抑,且细菌、放线菌总数和解磷菌、纤维分解菌数量减少。     

生长模型和15N示踪评价施肥处理对苹果树氮肥利用的影响

为提高果树氮肥利用率,探索一种简便易行的氮肥利用评价方法,该研究以田间5年生延长红（“长富2号”芽变品种）为研究对象,分别采用生长模型和15N示踪技术对比分析不施氮肥（CK）、常规高氮（N800,800 kg/hm2化肥氮）、优化减氮（N400,400 kg/hm2化肥氮）和有机无机配施（N200+O200,化肥氮和有机氮各200 kg/hm2）处理下苹果树对氮肥的吸收利用情况以及各器官氮素的分配特性的差异,结果表明：不同施肥处理对苹果的产量没有显著性的影响（31.7～37.3 t/hm2）;各施氮处理基于生长模型和15N示踪技术的果树氮肥利用率分别为13.13%～31.94%和11.64%～32.40%;基于生长模型,N400和N200+O200处理果树的氮肥利用率比N800处理高84.92%和143.26%;基于15N示踪技术,N200+O200处理的果树氮肥利用率比N800和N400高178.35%和69.28%;不同施肥处理对各器官氮素分配没有显著性的影响。两种评价方法对于果实和叶片的氮肥利用率、各器官氮素的分配情况分别存在显著差异（P<0.05）和极显著差异（P<0.01）,但对植株总体氮肥利用率的评价结果无显著差异,平均仅相差3.10%。基于本试验的研究结果可以得出,利用生长模型可以估算苹果树的氮肥利用率。研究结果可为农田管理措施改善以及果树氮肥利用率评价提供理论参考。     

The role of root exudates in specific apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) replant disease (SARD)

In an effort to improve our understanding of the specific apple replant disease (SARD), direct and indirect effects of phytohormones and related compounds (abscisic acid, 6‐benzyladenine, indole‐3‐acetic acid, 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid, and gibberellins GA₃ or GA₄) on root exudates of apple seedlings were evaluated as a potential mediating factor in the infection process. In the first type of experiments, radioactively labeled hormonal substances were applied to the stumps of decapitated apple‐seedlings and the occurrence of radioactivity in root exudates and their qualitative characterization were examined (direct influence). In another set of experiments, the effects of leaf‐applied plant growth regulators on the amount and composition of the predominant organic acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids/amides were studied. Cherry seedlings resistant to SARD and apple seedlings with dormant apical buds and, thus, not susceptible to infection were used for comparison. The results showed no differences in exudation of applied plant growth regulators between growing cherry and apple seedlings. Thus, a direct effect of plant hormones on the infection process is unlikely. However, leaf treatments with growth regulators, in particular with auxin‐type compounds and abscisic acid, increased exudation of alditols. This may indicate that plant hormones are, to some degree, indirectly involved in the infection process.     

Fate of nitrogen derived from 15N-labeled plant residues and composts in rice-planted paddy soil

Pot experiments that lasted for 3 y were conducted to investigate the dynamics of nitrogen derived from plant residues (rice root, hull, straw, corn root, and rapeseed pod-wall), and composts (rice straw compost, cattle manure compost, and cattle manure sawdust compost), which were labeled with ¹⁵N. The rates of nitrogen uptake by rice (=N efficiency), denitrification, and immobilization derived from the organic materials incorporated before the first year of cultivation were investigated throughout 3 y of cultivation. At the end of the first year of cultivation, relatively high rates of N efficiency were obtained for rapeseed pod-wall (24.6%), rice straw (19.1%), and rice hull (18.6%), while corn root and cattle manure sawdust compost displayed a noticeably high denitrification rate. Corn root, cattle manure sawdust compost, rice hull, and rapeseed pod-wall exhibited remarkably high N mineralization rates ranging from 60 to 75% of the organic materials N applied. Cumulative rates of N efficiencies from the organic materials applied before the first year of cultivation fitted well to a first-order kinetic model and their asymptotes were compared among the organic materials. The asymptotic rates of N efficiency tended to depend on the rates at the end of the first year of cultivation.     

不同时期施氮矮化苹果对15N的吸收、 分配及利用

【目的】研究不同时期施氮对矮化苹果氮素吸收、 分配及利用的影响,以期为矮化果园合理施肥、 提高氮肥利用率提供科学依据。【方法】以5年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶苹果为试材,采用15N同位素示踪技术,研究3个时期施氮对15N-尿素的吸收、 分配及利用特性。试验设3个处理,每个处理为1株,重复3次,分别在萌芽期(3月20日)、 春梢缓长期(6月5日)和秋梢生长期(7月10日)3个时期进行施肥, 每次每株施15N-尿素(丰度10.14%)10 g,普通尿素150 g。果实成熟期(10月15日)取全株样品进行氮的分析测定。【结果】不同时期施肥,植株不同器官从肥料中吸收分配到的15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)差异显著。萌芽期施肥,植株在盛花期根的Ndff值最高,多年生枝次之; 从春梢缓长期到果实膨大期,根部吸收的15N优先向新生营养器官转运,果实成熟前期各器官Ndff均达到较高水平; 到果实成熟期,果实的Ndff值最高。春梢缓长期施肥,秋梢生长期根的Ndff值最高; 果实成熟期新生器官的Ndff均达到较高水平,其中果实的Ndff值最高。秋梢生长期施肥,根和多年生枝等贮藏器官的Ndff值在各测定时期都处于较高水平,随着物候期推移,一年生枝、 叶片和果实等地上部新生器官的Ndff值逐渐增大,到果实成熟期,一年生枝、 叶片和果实等新生器官的Ndff均达到最高水平,但此期果实对15N吸收征调能力相对减弱。在果实成熟期,不同施肥处理植株各器官的15N分配率存在显著差异。萌芽期施肥,营养器官的15N分配率最大; 春梢缓长期施肥,生殖器官的15N分配率最大; 秋梢生长期施肥,贮藏器官的15N分配率最大。在果实成熟期,3个施肥时期处理间植株的总氮量、 吸收15N的量及15N肥料利用率存在显著差异,均以春梢缓长期施肥处理最大,分别为86.34 g、 1.38 g和30.07%; 秋梢生长期次之,分别为75.64 g、 1.25 g和27.22%; 萌芽期施肥处理最小,分别为72.82 g、 1.09 g和23.63%。【结论】在土壤比较贫瘠的果园中进行矮化栽培,生产上应制定合理的施肥次数,做到少量多次,在春季少施氮肥,初夏(果实膨大期)追施氮肥,同时加强当年贮藏营养,施肥时期适当后移,既能够满足树体不同生长发育阶段的需求,而且还能够尽量减少因灌溉和降水等造成的地表径流和地下淋溶损失等,提高氮肥利用效率。     

Effects of microbial inoculations on soil chemical,biochemical and microbial biomass carbon of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) growing Vertisols

Cassava is an important subsidiary food in the tropics. In Tamil Nadu, India, microbial cultures were used to eradicate the tuberous root rot of cassava. Hence, an experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to test the effects of coinoculation of microbes on soil properties. The surface soil from the experimental site was analysed for soil available nutrients, soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass carbon. The treatment of Azospirillum with Trichoderma at the 50% recommended N:P₂O₅:K₂O (NPK) rate (50:25:50 kg ha^?1) significantly increased soil available nitrogen (142.81 kg ha^?1) by 72.66% over uninoculated control. There was a significant increase in available phosphorus in soil by the inoculation of AM (arbuscular mycorrhizal) fungi with Trichoderma at the 50% recommended NPK rate (41.04 kg ha^?1) compared to other treatments. The application of Pseudomonas fluorescens with Trichoderma at the 50% recommended NPK rate significantly increased available iron (19.34 µg g^?1) in soil. The treatment of Azospirillum with Trichoderma increased urease enzyme activity at the recommended NPK rate (816.32 μg urea hydrolyzed g^?1 soil h^?1). Soil application of all cultures at the 50% recommended NPK rate significantly increased dehydrogenase activity (88.63 μg TPF g^?1 soil) and β-glucosidase activity (48.82 μg PNP g^?1 soil) in soil. Inoculation of Trichoderma alone at the 50% recommended NPK rate significantly increased microbial biomass carbon (3748.85 μg g^?1 soil). Thus, the microbial inoculations significantly increased soil available nutrient contents, enzyme activities such as urease, dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activity and microbial biomass carbon by reducing the amount of the required fertilizer.     

Soil N transformations after application of 15N‐labeled biomass in incubation experiments with repeated soil drying and rewetting

The effects of repeated soil drying and rewetting on microbial biomass N (N_bio) and mineral N (N_min) were measured in incubation experiments simulating typical moisture and temperature conditions for soils from temperate climates in the post‐harvest period. After application of in vitro ¹⁵N‐labeled fungal biomass to a silty loam, one set of soils was exposed to two drying‐rewetting cycles (treatment DR; 14 days to decrease soil moisture to 20 % water‐holding capacity (WHC) and subsequently 7 days at 60 % WHC). A control set (treatment CM) was kept at constant moisture conditions (60 % WHC) throughout the incubation. N_bio and N_min as well as the ¹⁵N enrichment of these N pools were measured immediately after addition of ¹⁵N‐labeled biomass (day 0) and after each change in soil moisture (day 14, 21, 35, 42). Drying and rewetting (DR) resulted in higher N_min levels compared to CM towards the end of the incubation. Considerable amounts of N_bio were susceptible to mineralization as a result of soil drying (i.e., drying enhanced the turnover of N_bio), and significantly lower N_bio values were found for DR at the end of each drying period. Immediately after biomass incorporation into the soil (day 0), 22 % of the applied ¹⁵N was found in the N_min pool. Some of this ¹⁵N_min must have been derived from dead cells of the applied microbial biomass as only about 80 % of the microbes in the biomass suspension were viable, and only 52 % of the ¹⁵N_bio was extractable (using the fumigation‐extraction method). The increase in ¹⁵N_min was higher than for unlabeled N_min, indicating that added labeled biomass was mineralized with a higher rate than native biomass during the first drying period. Overall, the effect of drying and rewetting on soil N turnover was more pronounced for treatment DR compared to CM during the second drying‐rewetting cycle, resulting in a higher flush of mineralization and lower microbial biomass N levels.     

不同氮形态对连作平邑甜茶幼苗生长及土壤尖孢镰孢菌数量的影响

【目的】研究盆栽条件下不同形态氮对苹果砧木—平邑甜茶幼苗生长以及对连作土壤微生物的影响,为连作建园时科学施肥、减轻苹果连作障碍提供依据。 【方法】试验于 2015 年露地进行,以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,以连作土为对照1 (CK1) 和溴甲烷熏蒸为对照2 (CK2),设置施入铵态氮 (T1)、硝态氮 (T2) 和酰胺态氮 (T3) 3 个不同形态氮处理 (N 180 mg/L),于 2015 年 8 月测定平邑甜茶生物量、光合参数和土壤微生物等相关指标。 【结果】铵态氮 (T1) 和酰胺态氮 (T3) 处理均能明显提高连作条件下‘平邑甜茶’苹果幼苗的生物量,其中 T1 处理的株高、地径、鲜重、干重与 CK1 相比分别提高了 35.3%、24.4%、42.0%、57.7%。添加 3 种形态氮素均可不同程度地提高平邑甜茶幼苗叶片的净光合速率 (Pn)、气孔导度 (Gs) 和根系呼吸速率,其中 T1 处理的 Pn、Gs 和根系呼吸速率分别比 CK1 提高了 27.6%、35.6%、43.3%,却并未达到 CK2 的效果。实时荧光定量 PCR 结果表明,CK2 尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数降低最为明显,比 CK1 降低了 52.6%,T1 也有效地降低了尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数,而 T2 和 T3 处理尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数与 CK1 没有显著性差异。T-RFLP 结果表明,T1 和 T3 处理的真菌群落结构与 CK1 有明显差异,T1 处理与 CK2 的真菌群落结构较为相似,T2 处理的真菌群落结构与 CK1 较为相似。 【结论】铵态氮处理可更好地提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、净光合速率以及根系呼吸速率,降低土壤尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数,明显改变连作土壤的真菌群落结构,可作为减轻苹果连作障碍的措施。     

Changes in soil microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities under elevated CO2 affect fine root decomposition processes in a Mongolian oak ecosystem

The relationships between soil microbial properties and fine root decomposition processes under elevated CO₂ are poorly understood. To address this question, we determined soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C) and nitrogen (SMB-N), enzymes related to soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling, the abundance of cultivable N-fixing bacteria and cellulolytic fungi, fine root organic matter, lignin and holocellulose decomposition, and N mineralization from 2006 to 2007 in a Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour) ecosystem in northeastern China. The experiment consisted of three treatments: elevated CO₂ chambers, ambient CO₂ chambers, and chamberless plots. Fine roots had significantly greater organic matter decomposition rates under elevated CO₂. This corresponded with significantly greater SMB-C. Changes in the activities of protease and phenol oxidase under elevated CO₂ could not explain the changes in fine root N release and lignin decomposition rates, respectively, while holocellulose decomposition rate had the same response to experimental treatments as did cellulase activity. Changes in cultivable N-fixing bacterial and cellulolytic fungal abundances in response to experimental treatments were identical to those of N mineralization and lignin decomposition rates, respectively, suggesting that the two indices were closely related to fine root N mineralization and lignin decomposition. Our results showed that the increased fine root organic matter, lignin and holocellulose decomposition, and N mineralization rates under elevated CO₂ could be explained by shifts in SMB-C and the abundance of cellulolytic fungi and N-fixing bacteria. Enzyme activities are not reliable for the assessment of fine root decomposition and more attention should be given to the measurement of specific bacterial and fungal communities.     

聚天冬氨酸尿素对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

土壤微生物量碳、氮是植物营养与土壤肥力的主要参数之一。采用对聚天冬氨酸、普通尿素及聚天冬氨酸尿素肥料培养实验、小麦盆栽方法,研究了普通尿素及聚天冬氨酸尿素对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响。培养试验结果表明:聚天冬氨酸在培养早期能促进土壤微生物量碳、氮增加,聚天冬氨酸尿素处理比普通尿素处理对土壤微生物量碳、氮的作用更有效,前45 d,普通尿素处理的土壤微生物量氮降幅达21.87 mg.kg-1,而聚天冬氨酸尿素处理的土壤微生物量氮仅降低4.8 mg.kg-1;盆栽条件下,三叶期聚天冬氨酸尿素处理比普通尿素处理的土壤微生物量氮差值最高达12.57 mg.kg-1,成熟期差值为2.85 mg.kg-1,抽穗期、成熟期的聚天冬氨酸尿素处理比普通尿素处理土壤微生物量碳分别低16.12和14.81 mg.kg-1。说明聚天冬氨酸尿素的碱解氮易被聚天冬氨酸吸附,养分持效时间更长,比尿素具有一定增效作用。     

Nitrogen pools and turnover in arable soils under different durations of organic farming: I: Pool sizes of total soil nitrogen,microbial biomass nitrogen,and potentially mineralizable nitrogen

Soil organic matter contents, soil microbial biomass, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (N) and soil pH values were investigated in the Ap horizons of 14 field plots at 3 sites which had been under organic farming over various periods. The objective was to test how these soil properties change with the duration of organic farming. Site effects were significant for pH values, microbial biomass C and N, and for potentially mineralizable N at 0—10 cm depth. The contents of total organic C, total soil N, and potentially mineralizable N tended to be higher in soils after 41 versus 3 years of organic farming, but the differences were not significant. Microbial biomass C and N contents were higher after 41 years than after 3 years of organic farming at 0—10 cm depth, and the pH values were increased at 10—27 cm depth. Nine years of organic farming were insufficient to affect soil microbial biomass significantly. Increased biomass N contents help improve N storage by soil micro‐organisms in soils under long‐term organic farming.     

嘎拉苹果对春施15N-尿素的吸收、利用与分配特性

以7年生嘎拉苹果（Malus domestica）/平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis）为试材,研究了苹果对春季土施15N-尿素的吸收、利用与分配特性。结果表明,盛花期以细根的Ndff值最高,粗根次之;新梢旺长期和果实膨大期根部吸收的15N优先向新生营养器官运转;果实成熟期以果实中Ndff 值最高,新生器官Ndff值普遍高于贮藏器官;果实采收后 15N在粗根和细根中的Ndff值最高,地上贮藏器官次之,新生营养器官下降到较低水平,树体吸收的15N开始向贮藏器官回流、积累。不同物候期苹果吸收的15N各器官的分配率存在显著差异,盛花期15N优先分配在根系中;新梢旺长期和果实膨大期,根部15N的分配率不断下降,15N主要向新生营养器官分配;在果实成熟期果实成为新的分配中心;果实采收后15N向贮藏器官回流、积累,15N在树体内的运转随生长中心的转移而转移。春季土施15N-尿素可被树体快速吸收、利用,氮肥利用率随物候期的推移逐渐提高,采收后的当季利用率为27.540%。     

Heavy metals mobility,sources, and risk assessment in soils and uptake by apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves in urban apple orchards

The aim of the study was determine potential mobility, sources, and environmental impacts of heavy metals in soil of urban apple orchards using a sequential extraction procedure and multivariate analysis. The soil and apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaf samples were collected from apple orchards of urban areas in Çanakkale, Turkey. A sequential extraction procedure was employed to determine the binding forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in soil samples. Sequential extraction procedure revealed that mobile fractions (acid soluble, reducible, and oxidizable) of Cd (60.2%) and Pb (56.8%) were higher than their immobile fractions. Such higher mobile fractions indicate the anthropogenic sources, and multivariate analysis results also supported the existence of such sources. The relationship between pH and mobile fractions of the metals (sum of acid soluble, reducible, and oxidizable) indicates that Cd and Pb become more mobile under decreasing pH conditions. Considering all metals, except for Cd, a strong relationship was observed between metal concentrations of apple leaves and mobile fractions, and plants were primarily able to uptake the metals in these fractions. Contamination factor and risk assessment code results together also revealed that Cd was highly mobile; retained less and had high risk for the environment.     

青藏高原土壤中15N和全氮形态及其与土壤环境因子间的关系

The patterns of soil nitrogen(N) isotope composition at large spatial and temporal scales and their relationships to environmental factors illustrate N cycle and sources of N,and are integrative indicators of the terrestrial N cycle and its response to global change. The objectives of this study were:i) to investigate the patterns of soil N content and natural abundance of 15N(δ15N) values in different ecosystem types and soil profiles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; ii) to examine the effects of climatic factors and soil characteristics on the patterns of soil N content and soil δ15N values; and iii) to test the relationship between soil δ15N values and soil C/N ratios across ecosystems and soil profiles. Soil profiles were sampled at 51 sites along two transects 1 875 km in length and 200 km apart and distributed in forest,meadow and steppe on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Each site was sampled every 10 cm from a soil depth of 0 to 40 cm and each sample was analyzed for soil N content and δ15N values. Our results indicated that soil N and δ15N values(0–40 cm) in meadows were much higher than in desert steppe. Soil N decreased with soil depth for each ecosystem,while variations of soil δ15N values along soil profiles were not statistically significant among most ecosystems but for mountain meadow,lowland meadow,and temperate steppe where soil δ15N values tended to increase with soil depth. The parabolic relationship between soil δ15N values and mean annual precipitation indicated that soil δ15N values increased with increasing precipitation in desert steppe up to 500 mm,and then decreased with increasing precipitation across all other ecosystems. Moreover,the parabolic relationship between δ15N values and mean annual temperature existed in all individual ecosystem types. Soil N and δ15N values(0–40 cm) increased with an increase in soil silt and clay contents. Furthermore,a threshold of C/N ratio of about 11 divided the parabolic relationship between soil δ15N values and soil C/N ratios into positive(C/N 11) and negative(C/N 11) parts,which was valid across all ecosystems and soil profiles. The large explanatory power of soil C/N ratios for soil δ15N values suggested that C and N concentrations,being strongly controlled by precipitation and temperature,were the primary factors determining patterns of soil δ15N on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

小麦秸秆腐解对自身锌释放及土壤供锌能力的影响

为探讨秸秆在土壤中腐解对其本身所含锌的释放及其对土壤原有锌、外源施入锌形态转化以及对微生物量锌（Mic-Zn）含量的影响,进行了为期42 d的小麦秸秆腐解室内培养试验。结果表明,秸秆在土壤中腐解时CO2-C累积释放量和土壤微生物量碳（Mic-C）随着秸秆添加量的增加而显著增加,而秸秆自身锌含量高低以及外源施锌对其均无明显影响。土壤中无论是否添加秸秆,施入外源锌均明显增加了土壤Mic-Zn和土壤有效锌（DTPA-Zn）含量,土壤交换态锌（Ex-Zn）和松结有机态锌（Wbo-Zn）含量也明显增加;与低锌秸秆相比,高锌秸秆在土壤中腐解可明显增加土壤Mic-Zn和DTPA-Zn含量,提高土壤Ex-Zn和Wbo-Zn比例;秸秆腐解本身释放的锌主要转化为有效性较高的Ex-Zn。因此,增加秸秆还田量以及使用高锌秸秆还田能显著增加土壤Wbo-Zn比例,提高土壤有效锌含量,从而增强土壤供锌能力。     

Changes in C and N fractions with composted manure plus chemical fertilizers applied in apple orchard soil: an in‐situ field incubation study on the Loess Plateau,China

We investigated the effects of compost (CM ), made from poultry and cattle manure with spent mushroom substrate, plus chemical fertilizers (CF s) on soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fractions in silty loam soil of the Loess Plateau. Eight fertilizer practices were applied in a 7‐year‐old ‘Red Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchard for 360 days. Compared to CM alone, CM –CF s decreased slightly soil total organic C but increased total N by 4.3–11.6%. Notably, CM –CF s increased soil microbial biomass C (MBC ) by 2.7–26.5% and microbial biomass N (MBN ) by 7–13.7%. Soil water‐soluble carbon (WSC ) was increased by 20.7% and 19.2% when 2% CM plus N and phosphorus (P) (2%M–NP ) and 4% CM plus N and P (4%M–NP ) were applied, respectively. Whereas 0.5% CM plus N and P (0.5%M–NP ) increased WSC by 9.3% on day 30 but decreased it by 7.2% from 30–360 days. Hot water‐soluble C increased by 13.1–14.6% from 0–180 day, but thereafter, the effect disappeared. Compared to CF s, CM –CF s increased MBN by 35.1–115.6%, and increased alkali‐hydrolyzable‐N by 3.5–55.8% over 180–360 days of incubation. Additionally, CM –CF s promoted N mineralization, increasing NH ₄‐N and NO ₃‐N contents. Based on the changes in C and N fractions and available nutrients, 2%M–NP (45 t/ha of CM plus 450 kg/ha of N and 157.5 kg/ha of P) may be the optimal fertilizer strategy for stimulating soil microbial growth and activity, and enhancing nutrient cycling for apple growth.