Effect of Barium on Growth and Macronutrient Nutrition in Tanzania Guineagrass Grown in Nutrient Solution

Barium has been identified as a toxic element to most plants, although for grasses the toxicity has not been determined. A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of barium on growth parameters, barium accumulation, and macronutrient concentration in Tanzania guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.), cultivated in nutrient solution. Five barium rates and a control were set in a complete randomized block design, with four replications. Forage yield, leaf area, barium, and macronutrient concentrations and accumulation were measured. Leaf area and yield sharply decreased with increase of barium concentration in the nutrient solution. The greatest barium concentration and accumulation were found in culms and sheaths. Toxic barium concentrations were estimated to be 1.24 mmol L^?1 (170 mg L^?1) in nutrient solution and 225 mg kg^?1 in the diagnostic leaf, and the main symptoms of toxicity were interveinal chlorosis followed by necrotic spots in the leaf laminae of the grass.     

基于GIS的安徽省长丰县耕地上草莓适宜性评价研究

以安徽省长丰县为例,利用GIS对长丰县不同耕地中的草莓适宜性进行了评价。通过建立评价基础属性数据库、选择评价因子、确定评价因子的组合权重和隶属度等,得出长丰县不同耕地上草莓适宜性评价的分级方案,并对结果进行了详细分析。利用GIS技术进行草莓适宜性评价研究,可以从宏观上合理布局草莓的种植,实现产量的最大化,为稳产增产提供了科学指导,同时也能为土地管理和规划提供科学的量化依据。     

Effect of superphosphate applications on soil phosphorus and on crop phosphorus removal by the strawberry

Abstract

Rate of superphosphate application significantly increased the Bray #2 (easily acid soluble plus adsorbed P) and “AlPO₄”; fractions for 3 successive years. A single dolomitic limestone application increased “FePO₄”; by an average of 36% one year after application. Crop P removal by the strawberry cv. ‘Acadia’ was approximately 2–3 ppm each year and it was not possible to relate this small amount to any of the soil P fractions determined.     

几种有机和无机氮肥对草莓生长及其氮素吸收分配影响的差异

通过不同生育时期植株各部位的氮素分析,研究了不同商品有机肥和有机无机复混肥对大田草莓(FragariaAnanassa.c.v.Dutch.)植株生长及氮素吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施用不同肥料品种均可促进植物氮素吸收,提高氮素积累速率,促进氮素向果实中分配。在施等量氮素养分条件下,草莓器官的氮素吸收状况对不同氮肥品种反应不一。尽管无机肥处理的氮素积累速率和地上部全氮含量较高,但施用商品有机肥较无机氮肥或有机无机复混肥更能促进草莓生长发育和草莓果实产量的增加,说明无机氮不宜作为草莓基肥一次性施用。结果还表明,施肥处理氮素的日均积累量平均为10.8.mg/plant,而不施肥处理仅为5.1.mg/plant。在果实采收末期,不同处理草莓各器官的氮素分配趋势为果实茎和叶柄叶片根系。施用纯有机肥(OFA和OFB),果实中吸收的氮素超过植株吸收总量的一半,分别占53.5%和51.7%,无机氮肥处理(UN)和有机无机复混肥处理(OIF)的果实氮素分配率分别只有46.1%和39.8%。     

电子束辐照草莓保鲜效果研究

采用电子加速器辐照草莓,并测定辐照对草莓微生物含量、腐烂指数、失重率及相关生物指标的影响.试验表明1.0、2.0、3.0kGy剂量的电子加速器辐照能减少草莓的微生物量,延缓草莓腐烂的速度,为草莓的保存提供良好的初始状态,其中2.0、3.0kGy的辐照能延长草莓保质期2～3d.辐照后草莓的可溶性固形物、Vc和总酸含量比对...     

根癌农杆菌介导草莓遗传转化研究

利用带有内含子gus基因的瞬时表达,研究影响根癌农杆菌介导\"鬼露甘\"草莓遗传转化的若干因素。结果表明:草莓叶片外植体对卡那霉素较为敏感,适宜的筛选浓度为20mg/L,可明显抑制非转化组织的生长;300mg/L的羧吩青霉素可有效抑菌,对外植体生长影响也较小;预培养2-4d有利于转化;共培养2-3d有利于提高转化频率并避免了农杆菌的过度生长;OD600nm值为0.4的菌液侵染10min效果最佳。再生植株经PCR检测初步证明gus基因已成功整合到草莓基因组中。     

CHANGES IN FOLIAR AMMONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SUBSTRATE-GROWN STRAWBERRY

Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Nyoho) grown in peat-based substrate often suffer interveinal chlorosis in their immature leaves 10–20 d after planting. Based on our previous results and observations from growing practice, we hypothesized that the cause of this phenomenon could be due to drastic changes in plant nitrogen (N) nutrition in strawberries just after planting into peat bags. To determine optimal sampling time, diurnal variations in foliar ammonium (NH₄)-N concentration were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Results showed a broadly similar pattern of diurnal variation, with the rates increasing to a maximum at midday and decreasing steadily during the second-half of the light period. However, foliar NH₄-N concentration was higher under sunny than under cloudy or shaded light conditions. In the second part of this study, changes in foliar NH₄-N and in nitrate (NO₃)-N in petioles in relation to the occurrence of interveinal chlorosis were investigated. When the plants were supplied with 30 (control) or 50% ‘Ohtsuka A’ nutrient solution for two weeks after planting, foliar NH₄-N concentrations increased earlier than petiole NO₃-N concentrations, and reached their peak 8 and 10 days after planting in 50% (1.90 μmol g^?1 FW) and 30% (1.78 μmol g^?1 FW) treatment respectively. Interveinal chlorosis was observed in immature leaves in 50% treatment about 10 days after planting while there was no chlorotic symptom in control treatment. The absence of interveinal chlorosis in immature leaves in control plants, led to the conclusion that a high leaf NH₄-N concentration and related accumulation of NH₄-N play an important role in triggering interveinal chlorosis.     

DRIS Norms for Pêra Orange

Chemical analysis of leaves is an effective tool for detecting nutritional imbalances and providing data for fertilizer recommendations. Therefore, it is extremely important to establish criteria for interpreting these results. The DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) method is an alternative to the interpretation of results of leaf analysis as it allows the calculation of indexes for each nutrient, using its relations with others and comparing them with a reference population. Thus, we aimed to establish preliminary DRIS norms, by both Beaufils’s and Jones’s methods, and to derive critical levels and nutrient sufficiency ranges in the leaf tissue for Pêra orange, by studying a commercial crop in the growing conditions of the São Paulo state. The methods (Beaufils and Jones) differed in the limiting nutrients in the Pêra orange orchard. The use of regional norms must be prioritized because of differences between the management methods applied. In the methods used, the nutrients that had a greater number of concordant cases in decreasing order: Mn > Mg > B > N > Cu > Fe > Zn > K > P > Ca. Amplitudes related to the DRIS methods used were narrower than the conventional literature.     

添加外源锌对猪肚菇子实体蛋白质营养价值的影响

采用国际上通用的非生物学评价方法,研究了不同供锌水平对猪肚菇子实体蛋白质营养价值的影响,以期为猪肚菇栽培技术的改善和完善提供科学依据。结果表明,氨基酸总量以40mg·kg^-1处理的最高,其与对照差异达到显著（P〈0.05）,但与其他处理差异不显著（P〉0.05）;而Zn含量以10mg·kg^-1处理最高。营养综合评价结果显示,以浓度为30mg·kg^-1Zn处理的培养料栽培的猪肚菇子实体蛋白质营养价值评价的6项指标中氨基酸评分、必需氨基酸指数、氨基酸比值系数分和生物价分别为95.33、91.70、82.52和88.50,均居6种Zn处理之首,化学评分和营养指数分别为73.22和25.49,均居第3位。综合评价的结果显示,以浓度为30mg·kg^-1Zn处理的蛋白质营养价值最高。     

控释氮肥替代水溶肥对草莓产量和品质的影响

为解决基质栽培条件下草莓肥料投入量大、追肥次数多、劳动力成本投入高等问题,研究以控释氮肥代替水溶肥实现草莓的一次性施肥。以“红颜”草莓为试验材料,以常规优化施肥处理为对照,测定基质栽培条件下优化施肥处理和不同氮用量的控释氮肥处理对草莓产量、品质、经济效益的影响,分析计算最优施氮量。结果表明:与常规优化施肥处理相比,控释氮肥处理的草莓产量提高了7.4%～26.5%,单果重提高了9.1%～33.3%,经济效益增加了7.5%～26.7%,糖度提升了7.7%～31.4%,Vc含量提升了8.8%～14.0%;除控释氮肥氮用量97.50 kg/hm²处理外,氮肥偏生产力和农学效率较常规优化施肥处理也分别提高了26.5%～144.3%和73.7%～222.7%。这说明,控释氮肥替代水溶肥既减少了肥料用量,保证草莓的产量,而且可以实现高产,提高了草莓的经济效益。通过二次曲线拟合控释氮肥施氮量与草莓产量、单果重的关系,得出控释氮肥的最佳推荐用量约为N 60 kg/hm²,为实际生产提供参考。综上所述,控释氮肥替代水溶肥提高了草莓的产量,保证了草莓的品质,降低了肥料投入成本,提高了经济效益。综合考虑草莓的产量、单果重、品质、肥料生产力和经济效益,推荐适宜草莓生产的控释氮肥用量约为N 60 kg/hm²。     

Effects of potassium silicate and nanosilica on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of a commercial strawberry (fragaria × ananassa cv. ‘camarosa’)

Silicon (Si) is considered as a beneficial element to higher plants especially under stress conditions. A factorial experiment, in a completely randomized design with four replications, was used to investigate the effects of two application methods (spraying and soil drenching) and eight levels of Si compounds including 0, 5, 10 and 15 mM of potassium silicate (K₂SiO₃) and 0, 5, 10 and 15 mM of nanosilica (SiO₂). The results indicated that Si application (all or some treatments) decreased transpiration, specific leaf area, petiole length, and promoted the flowering, fruit firmness, leaf/crown number, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, water use efficiency. They also showed it did not affect the fruit set percentage, yield, chlorophyll index, total soluble solid, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of crown, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, internal carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and mesophyll efficiency of strawberry. The results suggest the beneficial effects of Si on growth and development of strawberry.     

How to improve strawberry productivity,nutrients composition,and beneficial rhizosphere microflora by biofertilization and mineral fertilization?

The main objective of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of fertilizer types on the counts of soil microorganisms, the mineral leaf composition, and productivity of three strawberry cultivars in the period 2012–2013. Two types of fertilizers were applied—mineral and microbiological. Significantly higher number of Azotobacter, ammonifiers, oligonitrophils, and total microbial count were observed under biofertilizers treatment. Significantly higher counts of fungi and actinomycetes were obtained under mineral fertilizer treatment, compared to other fertilizer treatments. The use of mineral fertilizer led to the most favorable balance of macronutrients and micronutrients in the leaf. In 2012, the generative potential and yield increased after mineral fertilization, whereas in 2013 these parameters were positively affected by mineral fertilizer and Biofertilizer 1. Given the obtained results, in order to improve technology of strawberry production, a partial substitution of mineral fertilizers by microbiological ones can be recommended.     

Influence of Drought Stress on Leaf Traits of Different Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) Varieties in Natural Environment

A study was carried out to explore leaf traits analysis of three strawberry varieties under different drought conditions in Malaysian upland environment in 2013. Plants of three strawberry varieties were grown in three different soil moisture levels including 25 percent (severe stress), 50 percent (mild stress), and 75 percent (normal irrigation) and remained for 60 days as a duration of stress to get appropriate observations of plants to drought stress. Significant differences were observed among varieties, treatments, and duration of drought stress in different traits (P < 0.05). Leaf area, leaf number, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index, leaf moisture, leaf expansion rate, and leaf yield were diminished under stress especially when treated with 25 percent of soil moisture level and 60 days of duration. Moreover, there were remarkable differences among plants in terms of leaf thickness in 25 percent, 50 percent, and control. Severe stress reduced leaf thickness significantly compared to other treatments.     

高氧处理对草莓采后腐烂和品质的影响

为探索高氧处理对草莓防腐保鲜的效果,该试验研究了40%、60%、80%和100% O₂及空气气流连续处理对“丰香”草莓在5℃、16 d贮藏期间果实腐烂和主要品质指标变化的影响。结果表明,高氧处理对果实总酸、可溶性固形物含量及果实表面色泽无明显影响。但60%～100%高氧处理可显著抑制草莓果实贮藏期间的腐烂,且O₂浓度越高,果实腐烂率越低,以100% O₂处理对果实防腐的作用最大。60%～100%高氧处理还可显著抑制果实失重,保持较高的果肉硬度和维生素C含量。40% O₂处理对草莓果实腐烂无显著影响。这些结果表明,高氧处理在草莓果实采后防腐保鲜中具潜在的应用前景。     

Nutrition of fig (Ficus carica L.) under hydroponics and greenhouse conditions

In this investigation the extraction curve of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) were determined in the cultivation of fig. A system of intensive production of fig in greenhouse and hydroponics was established with 1.25 plants m^?2. The determination of the nitrogen content was done by the micro-Kjeldahl method. The P was by the yellow molybdovanadate method throughon a spectrophotometer. The K was determined by flamometry and the Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Of the organs analyzed, the stem was the that accumulated more dry matter, then, the leaves and finally the fruits. The nutrient extraction dynamics presented similar upward behavior in all nutrients. The demand for macronutrients in decreasing order was N?>?K?>?P?>?Ca?>?Mg and for the micronutrients Cu?>?Fe?>?Mn?>?Zn.