灌区U形渠道机翼形量水槽水跃特性的研究

机翼形量水槽是一种适用于平原灌区末级渠系的新型量水设备,其槽后水跃的相关参数是判别量水槽选型是否合理的重要标准之一。为对该问题进行深入研究,选用在灌区末级U形渠道中较有代表性的0.45与0.49两组收缩比,采用基于Tru-VOF方法追踪自由液面、Favor技术实现网格优化的Flow-3D软件,对U型渠道机翼形量水槽水跃进行三维数值模拟,提取槽后水跃的时均流场、流速分布、共轭水深、水跃长度等相关参数,并通过水工模型试验对数模结果进行验证。对比结果表明,二者吻合度较高,从而证明本文所建立的紊流数学模型是合理的,对水跃问题的研究以及机翼形量水槽在平原灌区U型渠道的应用提供一定的工程技术参考。     

U形渠道机翼形量水槽试验研究

主要介绍了机翼形量水槽的构造、测流原理。通过在U形渠道上的试验研究得出该槽的流量公式、流量水头关系、测流误差。试验结果表明机翼形量水槽测流精确且投资较小,适合灌区量水的要求。     

U形渠道机翼柱型量水槽水力性能分析

为了详细探究机翼柱型量水槽应用于U形渠道的量水性能,设置了4个不同的量水槽收缩比开展水力性能试验。通过对流量、收缩比和上游水位等数据进行分析,拟合出机翼柱型量水槽的流量公式。研究还对测流精度、上游佛汝德数、临界淹没度等参数进行了详细分析。试验结果表明,机翼柱型量水槽水位～流量相关性极高,相关系数R2达0.998,利用试验数据拟合出的流量公式简单易用,平均流量误差约为2.47%,上游佛汝德数小于0.3,临界淹没度最高为0.887。与传统的U形渠道量水槽相比,机翼柱型量水槽的流动公式简单易用,U形渠道机翼柱型量水槽的结构为进一步研究提供了新的思路和参考。     

机翼形量水槽过流流态探讨

为深入理解流经机翼形量水槽等短喉道量水槽的水流流态提供理论依据,并以期指导该类量水槽的设计与灌区应用,以大量试验观测为基础,采用能量和临界流方程理论推导出在理想状态下临界流发生的位置;用断面比能法分析了喉道内水流能量与流态的转换关系,并对过槽水流从流态上进行定性的讨论和总结。结果表明:对于平坡渠道机翼形量水槽而言,临界流发生在渠道侧向收缩达到极小值的断面(即喉口断面);分析得到5种情况下的3类过槽流态(缓流,临界流,急流)符合试验观测。若能控制量水槽的过流流态为急流,则可以取得较好的测流效果。     

底坎式机翼形量水槽试验研究

机翼形量水槽是一种新型的量水建筑物,为保证量水槽在自由流下工作,设计了底坎式机翼形量水槽。选择3种收缩比,在矩形渠道上进行一系列试验,并运用量纲分析法和不完全自相似理论,拟合得到了量水槽自由流条件下的流量计算公式,拟合度R2=0.9993。结果表明:该公式测流误差小,平均相对误差为1.44%;临界淹没度可达0.88。     

U形渠道直壁式量水槽水力特性的研究

灌区的水费改革有利于我国节水制度的加强,这就需要推广一种切实、有效的量水设施,而U形渠道直壁式量水槽由于具有与U形渠道自然衔接,不抬高底坎,过沙能力较强,工程量较小,量水精度较高的优点,是U形渠道理想的优化选择。对U形渠道直壁式量水槽进行试验,并对实验数据进行分析,得出U形渠道直壁式量水槽的基本水力特性。     

梯形渠道机翼形量水槽试验

基于Hager对圆锥筒及圆柱体量水槽测流原理分析,推求出梯形渠道机翼形量水槽在自由出流时的流量理论计算公式,指出流量校正系数可由相对水头确定.选择6种收缩比进行了一系列室内模型试验,并根据试验数据建立了相对流量与相对水头的无量纲关系式.结果表明,相对流量与相对水头具有良好的相关关系,流量计算最大相对误差为±3.5%,该量水槽临界淹没度可达0.90,控制断面收缩比为0.372～0.585时可得到较好的量水效果.     

矩形渠道机翼形量水槽试验研究与应用

渠道量水设施是灌区实现节水和水资源高效可持续利用的有效途径之一。介绍了一种机翼形状的矩形渠道量水设施,在试验室矩形渠道中通过4种不同量水槽收缩比进行了系统的组合试验,并在引大入秦工程进行了原型试验和应用研究。试验结果表明:该量水槽过流顺畅,水头损失较小,试验数据资料表现出极好的相关性,相关系数R2=0.999 7。拟合的具有量纲和谐性的指数形式的流量计算公式简明实用,流量计算平均误差小于1.10%,临界淹没度可达0.89,完全可以实际应用。     

小型U形渠道适宜量水设备浅析

在节水灌溉技术的推广应用中,灌区量水是一项基础的、关键性的技术.灌区量水设施灌区节水、实现水资源高效可持续利用具有重要意义。随着节水农业的发展和水价制度的改革，迫切需要研究并推广可对灌区末级渠系计量的量水设备。抛物线形移动式量水堰板和便携式量水槽是针对小型U形渠道测流而提出的量水设备，具有使用方便，结构简单等优点。通过对2种量水设备的比较，模拟分析了在不同渠道条件下的量水性能指标。结果表明：2种量水设备的量水精度均可满足灌区测流要求；抛物线形移动式量水堰板测流幅度大，渠道适应性好；在可以适用的缓坡渠道条件下，可优选便携式量水槽。     

U形渠道量水槽的比较与选型

U形渠道具有其他形式输水渠道无法比拟的防渗效果好、整体性强、输水率高、抗冻胀、渠道占地面积小等优点,在渠灌区已经作为标准渠道推广应用,但U形渠道的量水槽选型是困扰U形渠道推广应用的瓶颈.目前作为标准推广应用的U形渠道的量水设施有3种,在通过实验室和灌区实际测试的基础上,从不同的角度对3种量水设施进行对比分析,为灌区U形渠道量水设施的选型提供依据.     

Simulating root water uptake from a shallow saline groundwater resource

Disposal of saline drainage water is a significant problem for irrigated agriculture. One proposal to deal with this problem is sequential biological concentration (SBC), which is the process of recycling drainage water on increasingly more salt tolerant crops until the volume of drainage water has been reduced sufficiently to enable its final disposal by evaporation in a small area. For maximum effectiveness this concept will require crop water reuse from shallow groundwater. To evaluate the concept of sequential biological concentration, a column lysimeter study was used to determine the potential crop water use from shallow groundwater by alfalfa as a function of ground water quality and depth to ground water. However, lysimeter studies are not practical for characterizing all the possible scenarios for crop water use related to ground water quality and depth. Models are suited to do this type of characterization if they can be validated. To this end, we used the HYDRUS-1D water flow and solute transport simulation model to simulate our experimental results. Considering the precision of the experimental boundary and initial conditions, numerical simulations matched the experimental results very well. The modeling results indicate that it is possible to reduce the dependence on experimental research by extrapolating experimental results obtained in this study to other specific sites where shallow saline groundwater is of concern.     

Simulation of root water uptake: III. Non-uniform transient combined salinity and water stress

Six different reduction functions for combined water and salinity stress are used in the macroscopic root water extraction term. The reduction functions are classified as linear additive, non-linear multiplicative, and that which is neither additive nor multiplicative. All these reduction functions are incorporated in the numerical simulation model HYSWASOR. The relation between the experimental relative transpiration and the joint soil water osmotic and pressure heads appears to be linear (with an exception for the salinity near the threshold value). As the mean soil solution salinity increases, the trend becomes more linear. The simulations indicated that for most treatments the newly proposed reduction term provides the closest agreement with the experimental transpiration. Soil water content, and particularly soil solution salinity simulated with this equation agree reasonably with the experimental data: in spite of the observed differences, the trend of the simulated data is good. A reason for the disagreement between the simulated and experimental water contents can be attributed to the influence of roots and the soil solution concentration on the soil hydraulic conductivity. The input soil hydraulic parameters were obtained from soil samples without roots and salinity and assumed constant during the simulations.     

微咸水水质和地面坡度对沟灌土壤侵蚀的影响

合理利用微咸水资源是解决水资源危机的一条重要途径。微咸水灌溉对土壤侵蚀的研究较少。本文采用微型土槽室内模拟试验,对微咸水沟灌引起的土壤侵蚀效果进行了试验研究,分析了在固定流量下不同坡度和不同水质条件对土壤侵蚀的影响,以期为改善和提高微咸水地面灌溉地区水土资源的管理水平提供理论依据。试验结果表明:相同坡度及相同流量处理下,土壤侵蚀量随灌溉水钠吸附比的增大而增加,随电导率的增大而减小;地面坡度是沟灌土壤侵蚀的主要因素,随坡度的增加土壤侵蚀量也不断增加。     

水稻微咸水灌溉试验及开发研究

在试验田各小区内进行不同浓度微咸水灌溉,从理论和实验上找出水稻各生育期的适宜水质盐分和极限水质盐水,探索微咸水灌溉对水稻的生长发育及产量的影响。并分析了实验与实际生产中的差异,利用微咸水灌溉对环境所产生的影响,以及应注意的技术措施。     

叶尔羌河灌区冬小麦灌溉试验与分析

以叶尔羌河灌区地下水均衡场内２０ 个试验小区两年的冬小麦田间灌溉试验为基础,对田间土壤水量平衡,冬小麦产量、水分生产率与耗水量关系,冬小麦产量与供水量关系等进行了分析。还根据试验成果应用Ｊｅｎｓｅｎ 模型拟合了冬小麦水分生产函数     

Modeling the effect of capillary water rise in corn yield in Portugal

There are regions in Europe such as Italy, Portugal, or Holland in which capillary water rise plays an important role in crop water regimes. The objectives of this work were: to modify an existing simulation model (CERES-maize) by including a capillary rise submodel; to use it for predicting the production function of corn grown above a shallow ground water table; and to compare model prediction with experimental results in Portugal. It is assumed that the capillary rise determines the initial conditions of soil water profile within the root zone, just before the sowing day. The model was used to simulate several theoretical and experimental situations for forage corn. Simulation results showed that the production function reaches an optimal yield when the best combination of soil, air and water is obtained. Capillary rise has a negative effect on yield, at high irrigation level. At low irrigation level, the best combination of air and water was obtained when ground water table depth was about 1 m below surface. The good determination coefficient (r²=0.92) indicated that results of simulations were in good agreement with experimental results. It is concluded that upward flow from shallow water is a significant component in the irrigation water balance of corn.