臭氧降解粮食中农药残留的试验

用15～20ppm浓度的臭氧处理拌有5种主要储粮用有机磷农药(甲基嘧啶磷、甲基毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、杀螟松和DDVP)的稻谷、小麦和玉米，结果表明：粮食中农药的残留量明显下降，降解速度最快可达每天12．3％。     

臭氧在粮食农药残留降解中的应用

利用臭氧降解粮食中的农药残留,效果明显,成本较低,并有利于仓储企业绿色储粮。通过试验发现,用20mg／L-30mg／L浓度的臭氧处理小麦扣玉米等有机磷残留有很好的效果,降解速度最快可达每天12．3％。     

农药残留及其检测

农药残留是指食用作物上农药残留的数量。农药施用在蔬菜上，经过一段时间后，绝大部分由于日晒（特别是紫外线）、高温、雨淋而挥发和流失，同时植物代谢等作用也会使之分解消失，但在收获的产品中仍然可能残留着微量农药亲体及其代谢物、降解物和其他杂物。如果长期食用农药残留量超过了允许值的蔬菜，人、畜将受到不同程度的毒害。有些农药残留量特别高的蔬菜，食用后甚至会引发急性中毒事件。因此，要预防农药残留中毒，必须做到：①对喷了农药的蔬菜，要间隔一段时间采收，保证蔬菜中的农药残留量低于国家允许标准。间隔期的长短因农药…     

甲基毒死蜱在稻谷中的残留研究

以甲基毒死蜱10ppm、20ppm 喷雾法和药糠载体法处理稻谷生产试验的残留研究结果说明:施药后稻谷中药剂含量约为理论施药量的一半,已经低于卫生标准最高允许限量10ppm.谷物上药剂的残留主要集中在稻壳和糠上,大米上残留量很低,约为原粮上的十分之一,蒸煮成米饭后降低到几乎检不出的程度.     

稻谷中氧化胡椒丁醚（增效醚）残留研究

本试验分析了用K-Obiol处理的稻谷中的氧化胡椒丁醚残留,观察它在广东和四川省储藏条件下的降解速度,试验包括室内与生产试验两部份。结果证实:氧化胡椒丁醚在稻谷中于处理后的一段时间分解较快,以后则减慢。稻谷储藏在广东的气候条件下,降解速度比在四川的条件下快。稻谷中氧化胡椒丁醚分解到原施用浓度一半所需的时间约2～4个月。     

植物防护剂安粮仙防治储粮害虫的研究

研究证明,植物防护剂安粮仙１号对储藏小鼠,稻谷中的玉米象,谷蠹和３种扁谷盗等主要储粮害虫有很好的防治效果。处理小麦７个月后,累计检出虫量比对照减少９７．３％,防治效果高达９６．９％;用安粮仙１号处理稻谷后,害虫得到有效控制的时间长灰９个月,处理１０个月后的粮食虫蚀率仅为０．５％,防治效果高达９６．９％。     

硫丹残留检测技术开发成功

记从厦门检验检疫局技术中心了解到，该中心近日成功攻克了出口水产品中硫丹残留检测技术，有力地打破了输日水产品中“硫丹”残留检测技术壁垒。 硫丹是一种高毒有机氯类杀虫剂、杀螨剂，也称为硕丹、赛丹等，在农作物中广泛用于杀虫和杀螨。据通报，日本口岸检测机构已从我输日烤鳗中检测出硫丹残留，残留量为0．007mg／kg，并开始对从我国输入的烤鳗产品全面实施检查。     

进口粮食农药残留检测技术的研究进展

农药残留问题是随着农药大量生产和广泛应用而产生的,对人类健康危害极大。综述了近年来粮食农药残留检测技术的研究进展,以期为农药残留分析检测技术的发展与完善提供一定的帮助,保护消费者的合法权益。     

敌敌畏气化环流熏蒸的初步研究

ＤＤＶＰ气化后，能够在环流熏蒸系统中进行粮食实仓熏蒸杀虫，以空间０．３ｇ／ｍ＾３、粮堆０．７９ｇ／ｍ＾３的用药量，就可以得到较好的防治效果，并且在机械通风后，稻谷中的ＤＤＶＰ残留量完全符合安全标准。     

我国首个降解农药残留的新型生物肥料生产线投产

我国首个利用生物技术生产快速降解农药残留的新型生物肥料生产线在河南省西华县投产。作为国家发改委高新技术示范工程项目，这种生物肥料通过降解农药残留，不仅可解决粮食、水果、蔬菜农药残留超标和环境污染问题，还可促进农作物增产，为破解农业高投入、高产出、高污染问题提供了新途径。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.