Research on pitch cone design for beveloid gears with crossed axes

Based on the spatial gearing theory, the mathematical model for working pitch cone design of crossed beveloid gears is created. The formulas to determine the transition from point contact to line contact are derived. The direct and in direct methods for pitch cone design of crossed beveloid gears are proposed. The effects of gearing parameters on the angle between the first principle directions are analyzed. The loaded tooth contact analysis is performed using FEM theory. The conclusion indicates that: the angle between the first principle directions is more sensitive to cone angles than to the helix angle. The increase of the angle between the first principle directions can obtain smaller contact area, higher transmission error and lower mesh stiffness. A practical tooth bearing test is conducted to demonstrate the proposed design procedure and the experimental result compared well with the simulation. For the matching design and optimization of beveloid gears, it has both the theoretical and project practical significance.     

Tooth contact analysis of helical beveloid gear with parallel axis

The study object of this paper is helical beveloid gears with parallel axis. Based on the gear Mshing Principles and the tooth-surface equations of pinion and gear,the mathematical model of tooth contact is developed under standard installation and installations with center distance error,axis error and multiple error respectively. The MATLAB solver is used to obtain the contact trace and the transmission error under different installing conditions and the comparative analysis is made. The results indicate that this gear drive is sensitive to axis installation errors,it forms the edge contact and cause the periodic transmission error. It can provide the foundation for designs and analysis of this gear transmission.     

基于OpenCV的Android手机植物叶片几何参数测量系统

通过Android 手机对植物叶片图像进行处理以测量其长、宽、周长、面积等几何参数,避免其他测量方法的缺点,提高数据采集效率。首先,获取含有已知尺寸矩形框的叶片图像。然后,对图像进行校正以消除倾斜失真。在校正阶段,采用了更为鲁棒的特征点检测法代替可能出现错误结果的Hough 变换法来处理矩形框,得到其4 个角点。根据求得的角点与标准图像的角点对图像进行映射得到校正图像。最后,处理校正图像计算叶片几何参数。参数计算提出以叶片轮廓为基础的方法,所有参数均通过对轮廓的处理求出,提高了计算效率。此外,基于轮廓求面积不需要对叶片进行形态学处理消除空隙及不连续,还可避免统计像素方法中将噪声像素误认为叶片造成的计算不精确。在求叶片长、宽时,给出了2 种方法供用户根据叶片实际形状选择。另外,在编程方面,采用了OpenCV-Android-SDK,大幅提高了图像处理速度。结果表明,精确度测试中,对打印出的规则图形几何参数测量的结果误差均在2%以内;而实际叶片的测量结果中长、宽的误差在2%以内,周长误差小于4%,面积误差低于3%。耗时测试中,相同图像处理算法采用OpenCV后,处理速度明显提升;对多部不同配置手机的测试中,处理1 幅分辨率为2448×3264 的叶片图像的耗时均在3 s 以内。另外,对于同一叶片图像,不同手机测量的结果完全一致。实验表明,该系统不仅操作简单、速度快、通用性强,而且对叶片几何参数的测量精确度也较高。     

Quantitative analysis of damage extent of transmission tower by using strain energy method

In order to solve the structural damage identification problem of transmission tower, a two-step identification method based on change rate and dissipation rate of modal strain energy is proposed. The damage location is identified by the change rate of modal strain energy method. Then, the modal strain energy dissipation rate theory is analyzed further by using the element stiffness matrix after injury. As a result, a more accurate damage quantification equation method is introduced. This method requires only several modals of vibration. The numerical simulation results show that this two-step method can find the damage location and damage degree of transmission towers effectively.     

卧式青核桃脱皮机链板输送机构的设计与有限元分析

为了分析卧式青核桃脱皮机中刀片及刀片安装板等核心关键部件的结构强度和力学性能,通过设计和计算确定了刀片及刀片安装板的结构参数,采用UG三维模型软件,创建了刀片及刀片安装板的分析模型,并通过ANSYS有限元分析软件对刀片及刀片安装板进行了静力学分析和模态分析。结果表明：刀片及刀片安装板既可以实现对青核桃的输送功能,又可以实现刀片对青皮的切割作用;刀刃边缘位置的变形最大,最大值为0.509 mm;刀片折弯位置的应力和应变值最大,最大值出现在0°刀片的折弯位置,最大值为114.7 MPa;在工作过程中最大等效应力远小于材料的屈服强度,刀片及刀片安装板的模态分析前三阶固有频率分别为466.99、1 206.8、2 199.7 Hz,而机构的工作频率远小于所分析零部件的固有频率,刀片及刀片安装板的结构能够满足强度和刚度要求,且工作过程中不会出现共振问题,这为研制卧式青核桃脱皮机链板输送机构提供了理论依据。     

棉花冠层对不同灌水量的反应

讨论了北疆棉区推广棉种新陆早6号与新陆早8号在不同灌水量条件下的冠层结构特征的差异性,得出新陆早6号对限量滴灌反应不敏感,而新陆早8号对限量滴灌反应较敏感。因此在限量滴灌条件下选择新陆早6号种植较适宜。叶面积指数降低,叶片平均倾斜角度大,则群体散射辐射透过系数和群体直射辐射透过系数增加,对光能的截获率降低。由此得出了不同品种对灌水量的反应表现及理想群体冠层结构的合理指标,为增加棉花产量和提高水分利用率提供了理论依据。     

Construction Stage Analysis on Replacement of Closure Segment in Prestressed Concrete Cable-stayed Bridges

To deal with failure of wet joint between a closure segment and its neighboring segments of main girder in an existing prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge, the technology on replacement of closure segment was presented. In order to analyze structural characteristics of this technology, its technical approaches and construction key points were introduced. Then a FEM model for a typical prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge was established, and a construction stage analysis method was given in detail, including establishing a structural basement calculation model for replacement of closure segment and simulating its construction procedures. Based upon calculation results, variations of some structural state parameters with construction stages, such as deck deflection of main girder, longitudinal horizontal displacement at the top of pylons, cable forces, were analyzed. The results showed, this method could reflect actual change process of structural state and existing inspected results of cable-stayed bridge, and FEM results could well meet with construction monitoring results during replacement of closure segment. Thus variations of structural characteristics with construction stages could actually be revealed. This method could provide references for design and construction control of replacement of closure segment in existing prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridges.     

A new measurement method for mass property parameters

Mass property parameters (mass, center of mass, moment of inertia) are important technology parameters of aircraft. The traditional mass and center of mass measurement uses centroid units, and the moment of inertia measurement torsion units, which can only get results in installing direction. Because of the structural reasons, there is a need to get all high accurate physical parameters in clamping once. To solve this problem, this study merges centroid units and torsion units into one composite unit, installs a table which can tilt and rotation to measure the moment of inertia in different conditions. The moment of inertia and product of inertia relative to three axis are calculated by the method of coordinate transformation. Measurement theory of mass, center of mass and mass moment of inertia are described, the main reason of causing measurement errors is discussed, and the measurement accuracy affected by tilt error is analyzed.     

Analysis of Elevated Structure Radiated Noise with BEM-FEM Method

Urban rail transit is becoming an important means of transportation and elevated structure is one important part of urban rail transit. So the radiation noise induced by elevated structure attracts more and more attention. Based on the theory of Helmholtz integral equation of BEM and fluid-structure coupling system of FEM, the sound pressure transmission vector reflecting the relation between structural vibration acceleration and radiation of sound pressure is derived and solved by the element radiation superposition method. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data from a viaduct section of the Beijing airport rapid rail transit.     

Application of FM-BEM in rolled piece deformation analysisof straightening process

Rolled piece deformation is analyzed by FM-BEM in straightening process. Deformation rule of plastic deformation area is analyzed in different straightening force, especially the area of the nodes in neutral axis. Through numerical analysis, it shows that plastic deformation of neutral axis nodes applied 250 kN straightening force is smaller than adjacent nodes. With straightening force increasing, this difference disappeared and formed a relatively flat area in 500 kN. The results obtained by FM-BEM demonstrate that neutral layer has some offset under straightening force. Compression bending amount has relationship with the neutral layer offset and it is one of reasons that compression bending amount is inaccurate. These conclusions are not obtained by FEM.     

灌浆压力测量误差的正交试验分析

灌浆规范中的灌浆压力是作用在灌浆岩体上的孔内灌浆压力。由于工艺的约束,现行灌浆监控过程常用孔口压力表示孔内灌浆压力,造成了灌浆压力的测量误差。针对非循环灌浆工艺,通过建立流体管道流动模型开展数值计算,采用多因素多水平正交法探究灌浆压力误差受浆液配比、浆液流速、灌浆孔深的相对影响,并采用统计法来分析不同工况下的显著影响因素。研究结果表明：灌浆压力较小时,灌浆压力误差普遍较大;若此时灌浆孔深且流速较大时,灌浆压力的测量误差则会超过灌浆压力仪表0.5%的精度要求,须进行误差补偿。其次,极差分析结果表明灌浆孔深是造成测量误差的主要因素,灌浆流速是第二个主要因素。而综合所有试验结果,浆液流速和灌浆孔深接近时,浆液配比越小,绝对偏差越大。结合上述正交试验和数值模型获取了不同工况下孔内灌浆压力值。     

Vibration characteristics of face-gear transmission system with parametric excitation

In order to study the influences of different factors on nonlinear dynamics of face-gear transmission system, a nonlinear dynamic model is presented. This model includes backlash, general transmission error, time-varying meshing stiffness, meshing damping, bearings and external load, etc. Based on numerical analysis theory of nonlinear dynamics, the equations are solved and the bifurcation characteristics with different parameters are obtained. And the calculation results show that increasing the backlash and time-varying meshing stiffness will augment the dynamic load of system, but increasing the mesh damping will reduce the dynamic load effectively.     

Mechanical Response Characteristics of the Earth Pressure Cell in Sand

Sand is a typical particle structure. The effective stress and corresponding deformation are both determined by the particle characteristics of the medium skeleton, and the changeable condition of the particles will further affect the mechanical response of the earth pressure cell in the test process. To correctly measure the earth pressure value, micromechanical method was applied to analyse the force chain formed by the particles contact under loading unloading condition, and the transferring process, the force strain curve and relationship between the cell mechanical response and the ideal response curve were analyzed in detail, which verified the above mechanical response model based on Particle Flow Code (PFC) method. According to the structural characteristics of the sand and above numerical model, the loading condition, porosity, friction coefficient between the particles and stiffness of the earth pressure cell affecting mechanical response of the earth pressure cell were deeply investigated, the numerical results indicated that there were obvious hysteresis and strain irreversibility for the response curve, and the measured value was sensitive to the above factors. Therefore, research on the force chain structure and corresponding evolution law brings forward a scientific base and new research means for understanding its micromechanical characteristics, and different factors influencing the earth pressure cell are also important for cell calibration and practical monitoring to get more correct earth pressure value.     

Numerical analysis on the evolutionary features of deformation and failure modes of slopes

The failure of slope is a gradual accumulation process. Under the effect of many interior and exterior factors, some parts in the slope reach yield with the increase of stress, and sliding surface forms gradually till complete transfixion. With continuous increase of the plastic strain, overall failure happens on the slope. Traditional analysis method cannot display the mechanic conditions and the whole process of deformation, transfixion of sliding surfaces and failure. Meanwhile, FEM strength reduction can quantitatively show the deformation features and the process of occurrence and development of sliding surface. Based on the previous researches, the paper classifies slopes according to the features of rock and soil and the slope structure. Through analyzing the graphs of deformation and the nephograms of plastic strain under different reduction factors or safety factors, the researchers can directly find the deformation tendency of slopes and the whole process of the extension, transfixion and failure of sliding surface with the reduction of safety factor. So, the failure mechanism of slope can be found intuitively, which can provide effective basis for the prevention and governance of slopes.     

响应面法不确定性参数对行星架静强度的影响

不确定性参数对行星架静强度的影响,取行星架强度最薄弱的部位-前轴承支座挖根(清根处)为研究对象,采用参数方差分析法从不确定性参数中挑选显著参数,并利用D最优抽样法选取样本点组合,计算精细有限元模型清根处应力响应值,继而基于最小二乘估计建立多项式回归响应面模型。基于快速响应面模型,利用蒙特卡洛模拟法和统计分析法研究显著性参数过盈量、铸造圆角和腹板公差对清根处第一主应力的影响,并从可靠度角度对清根处静强度进行评估。研究发现过盈量和前后腹板偏差的离散性对清根处静强度影响明显,同时行星架可靠度达到99.3%,表明在考虑了GL和IEC安全系数后,行星架可靠度仍然非常高。     

虚拟关节臂式坐标测量机模型的构建与验证

关节臂式坐标测量机的测量误差受到众多因素的影响,且由物理构件带来的误差无法被消除。为此,笔者旨在构建一种虚拟关节臂式坐标测量机。首先,采用D-H矩阵建立其运动学模型,其次,利用PC-DMIS测量软件分析测量机数据并对模型的精确性进行检验,最后使用蒙特卡罗法和测量机模型完成仿真测量。通过与实际参数构建的模型、制造商参数构建的模型相对比,可知所构建测量机模型的测量精度能够满足要求。仿真结果表明提出的模型构建与验证方法对坐标测量的应用具有较高的工程价值。     

Error Analysis for In-situ Measurement of Heat-transfer Coefficient of Building Envelope

The in-situ measurement of heat-transfer coefficient of external wall is the major content of building energy efficient measurement. A new test method and error assessment function were put forward. Computer simulation was conducted to analysis the influence of hot-box size, air temperature in hot box, structure and thickness of external wall on the result error to provide the theoretical guidance for test apparatus development. The results show that, size of hot-box and thickness of external wall is the major factors which decide the error in test. In-situ measurements were conducted according to the computer simulation results and show fine accuracy.     

Analysis of ultimate load and mechanismsof failure in large cast steel joints

Based on a project of pipe truss roof framing in Chengdu, the ultimate limit state analysis is performed on cast steel joints by using FEM, in which Linear hardening elastic-plastic constitutive model is considered. The results show that, the joint has a great accumulation of plastic strain in ultimate loads, and the point of maximum stress is different from that in elastic with the development of the yielding zone. The paper propoes to use rate-type tensor for the large strain geometric nonlinear problem, shows the criterion of failure formation , and indicates that its essential to apply limit state analysis to the determination of the weakest location on cast steel joint design, which provides basis for understanding the failure modes and failure mechanism of cast steel joint and the cast steel joint design.     

Image-Based Soil Deformation Measurement in Geotechnical Model Test

Deformation measurement and analysis play an important role in geotechnical model tests. Using the concept of quadrilateral isoperimetric element, the strain filed was achieved from the calculation method based on displacement modes, and the verification results show that this measurement technique has a reliable precision. The soil deformation in model test of square shallow foundation was measured by using this technique, and the results show that the measurement system based on digital image correlation method can realize the whole process quantitative measurement of soil displacement field and shear strain filed. This deformation measurement technique provides a tool for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of soil micromechanics characteristics.     

MODIFYING STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC MODEL USING AN INCOMPLETE SET OF MEASURED COMPLEX MODES

A method is presented in this paper which uses an incomplete set of complex modal parameters identified from the experimental date to modify the structural dynamic model. The method, not requiring iteration and being programed easily,is suitable for the complex structures with general viscous damping in improving the analytical mass, damping and stiffness matrix madel of a structure with a set of minimum changes in the analytical matrics, so as to force the eigensolutions to agree with the test measurement. An example is given to demonstrate the validity of this proposed method.