犬瘟热RT-PCR快速诊断方法的建立

本研究建立了快速诊断犬瘟热感染的RT-PCR方法,并应用该方法对犬瘟热病死犬的脏器及感染犬体表采集样品进行了检测。为确定犬瘟热最佳的隔离检疫周期及采样部位,本研究对一例CDV攻毒犬感染病程收集的口鼻液、粪便、尿液样品进行了对比检测,结果证实粪便、口鼻液等易于获取的样品中CDV病毒滴度较高,并可在发病全程检测到,因此,它们可作为理想的受试样品。     

犬瘟热RT-POR快速诊断方法的建立

本研究建立了快速诊断犬瘟热感染的RT-PCR方法,并应用该方法对犬瘟热病死犬的脏器及感染犬体表采集样品进行了检测。为确定犬瘟热最佳的隔离检疫周期及采样部位,本研究对一例CDV攻毒犬感染病程收集的口鼻液、粪便、尿液样品进行了对比检测,结果证实粪便、口鼻液等易于获取的样品中CDV病毒滴度较高,并可在发病全程检测到,因此,它们可作为理想的受试样品。     

荧光定量RT-PCR法对犬瘟热病毒PS株感染犬血清和粪便中病毒的检测

为研究犬人工感染犬瘟热病毒(CDV)后病毒在血清和粪便中的含量及变化,本实验根据CDV核衣壳蛋白(NP)基因序列设计一对特异引物,扩增NP基因.并以NP基因重组质粒作为阳性标准品,建立检测CDV的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量RT-PCR方法.结果表明,该方法102拷贝～109拷贝范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为R2=0.998,扩增效率为E=98.3％,敏感度高,最低检测限为6.1拷贝/μL,重复性检测变异系数低于2.62％.该方法与常规RT-PCR方法比较,其敏感性提高102倍.两只人工感染CDV PS强毒株的犬,分别于接种后17d、19d发病死亡,采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法对人工感染犬的血液和拭子液中的病毒核酸栽量进行定量检测以及对收集的22份临床样本拭子液进行检测,均检测到CDV.本研究结果表明,该方法可以用于CDV核酸定量检测,为该病毒的致病机理及病毒传播途径的研究提供了一种快速和敏感的检测手段.     

鉴别犬瘟热病毒野毒株与疫苗株双重一步法RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为了建立一种简单、快速鉴别检测犬瘟热病毒(CDV)野毒株与疫苗株的方法,试验根据GenBank中CDV野毒株与疫苗株H基因序列设计鉴别检测引物,建立鉴别CDV野毒株与疫苗株一步法RT-PCR,并验证该方法的特异性、敏感性、重复性及符合性;利用建立的鉴别CDV野毒株与疫苗株双重一步法RT-PCR检测方法对2017—2020年采集于江苏省11个不同地市的505份发病犬喉拭子样品和病料样品进行检测,确定CDV野毒株与疫苗株双重一步法RT-PCR的临床适用性。结果表明：该方法对CDV野毒株、CDV疫苗株、CDV野毒株/疫苗株可分别扩增出477 bp、677 bp、477 bp/677 bp的特异性条带,而检测犬细小病毒(CPV)、犬腺病毒(CAV)、犬副流感病毒(CPIV)、犬冠状病毒(CCV)均为阴性;该方法的检测灵敏度为23.1 pg RNA;与RFLP方法的符合率为100%;批内重复性检测和批间重复性检测的结果完全一致;利用该方法检测505份临床样品,CDV野毒株和疫苗株的阳性率分别为8.91%和72.48%。说明建立的鉴别CDV野毒株与疫苗株一步法RT-PCR检测方法具有良好的特异性、...     

荧光抗体技术诊断犬瘟热的研究

本研究建立了用于检测犬瘟热病毒的间接荧光抗体染色法。试验确定了1:80稀释的抗犬瘟热单克隆抗体和1:32倍稀释的荧光素标记羊抗鼠IgG为适宜的工作浓度。采用该方法检测21只犬瘟热自然感染犬的血液样品，CDV检出率为76％。对3只犬细小病毒自然感染犬，6只健康犬进行检测，各有一例为CDV抗原阳性。此外，用该方法检测了此21只犬瘟热病犬的眼分泌物、鼻汁、粪便和血涂片，其检出率分别为21％、14％、15％和76％。该方法与临床诊断的符合率为77％。另外，对稀释荧光素标记抗体冷冻保存，测定其保存期至少为7个月，染色后荧光稳定性为2周。该方法是一种简便、快速、特异的检测犬瘟热的方法，适于推广使用。     

犬细小病毒在自然感染犬体内的分布调查

利用PCR检测方法对疑似犬细小病毒(CPV)自然感染宠物犬的不同部位共141份样品进行检测,确定CPV在感染犬组织中分布情况。结果表明,眼分泌物、唾液、鼻液、血液、粪便、尿液、肺脏、肝脏、小肠和脾脏的CPV检出率分别为90%、91.7%、88.9%、89.5%、89.4%、80%、80%、40%、80%和60%;同时,采用抗原胶体金检测试剂盒对66份粪便样品进行检测,两种检测方法符合率为93.9%。从上述结果可以看出,从眼分泌物、唾液和粪便宜于获取的部位采样,检测率相对较高,可作为理想的检测部位。实验证明PCR方法较抗原胶体金检测试剂盒具有更高的灵敏性和准确性,可广泛用于临床病原的检查和流行病学的调查分析。     

成都地区宠物犬感染犬瘟热病毒和犬呼吸道冠状病毒的分子流行病学调查

为了解成都地区宠物犬犬瘟热病毒（canine distemper virus,CDV）和犬呼吸道冠状病毒（canine respiratory coronavirus,CRCoV）的感染情况,本试验应用RT-PCR对采自成都地区8家动物医院共计420份出现呼吸道症状的宠物犬鼻腔棉拭子样本进行分子检测。结果发现,从420份样本中,检出213份CDV阳性,检出率为50.71%;检出247份CRCoV阳性,检出率为58.81%;CDV和CRCoV混合感染的检出率为41.19%。表明成都地区宠物犬感染CDV和CRCoV较为严重,且二者混合感染率较高。宠物犬CDV和CRCoV的检出率与年龄、性别、品种、季节和免疫状况等因素的关系存在不同程度的差异。其中,1~3月龄幼犬检出率最高,分别为74.40%和79.20%;纯种犬的检出率较其他犬种高,分别为59.37%和62.22%;春季CDV的检出率较高,为56.19%,而冬季CRCoV的检出率较高,为67.59%;未免疫犬的检出率较高,分别为64.42%和63.46%。该研究丰富了成都地区宠物犬CDV和CRCoV的流行病学资料,为该地区宠物犬CDV和CRCoV的诊断及防控提供了基本数据。     

成都地区宠物犬感染犬瘟热病毒和犬呼吸道冠状病毒的分子流行病学调查

为了解成都地区宠物犬犬瘟热病毒(canine distemper virus,CDV)和犬呼吸道冠状病毒(canine respiratory coronavirus,CRCoV)的感染情况,本试验应用RT-PCR对采自成都地区8家动物医院共计420份出现呼吸道症状的宠物犬鼻腔棉拭子样本进行分子检测。结果发现,从420份样本中,检出213份CDV阳性,检出率为50.71%;检出247份CRCoV阳性,检出率为58.81%;CDV和CRCoV混合感染的检出率为41.19%。表明成都地区宠物犬感染CDV和CRCoV较为严重,且二者混合感染率较高。宠物犬CDV和CRCoV的检出率与年龄、性别、品种、季节和免疫状况等因素的关系存在不同程度的差异。其中,1~3月龄幼犬检出率最高,分别为74.40%和79.20%;纯种犬的检出率较其他犬种高,分别为59.37%和62.22%;春季CDV的检出率较高,为56.19%,而冬季CRCoV的检出率较高,为67.59%;未免疫犬的检出率较高,分别为64.42%和63.46%。该研究丰富了成都地区宠物犬CDV和CRCoV的流行病学资料,为该地区宠物犬CDV和CRCoV的诊断及防控提供了基本数据。     

云南省部分地区猪瘟感染状况调查

为了解云南省部分地区猪瘟病毒在规模化猪场中的流行情况,并对其流行趋势进行分析,从而为预防和控制该病提供参考。应用RT-PCR方法于2012至2017年间对采集自云南省部分规模化猪场的血液、组织、精液、鼻液、粪便样本共计989份进行了猪瘟抗原检测。结果显示:2012年至2017年间,猪瘟阳性检出率分别为5.88%、7.04%、12.98%、17.68%、5.41%、20.00%,其中血液阳性检出率18.86%,占阳性样品的70.71%;组织阳性检出率8.55%,占阳性样品的14.29%;精液阳性检出率10.24%,占阳性样品的9.29%;鼻液阳性检出率12.50%,占阳性样品的5.00%;粪便阳性检出率2.13%,占阳性样品的0.71%。结果表明,猪瘟在云南地区广泛存在,感染率呈逐步上升的趋势,应加强对该病的监测,做好综合防治工作。     

检测犬细小病毒和犬瘟热病毒联合PCR/RT-PCR方法的建立及初步应用

为了建立一种能同时检测犬细小病毒(CPV)和犬瘟热病毒(CDV)的快速鉴别PCR方法,试验根据GenBank中登录的CPV NS1基因和CDV F基因序列设计2对特异性引物,通过综合CPV单项PCR方法与CDV单项RT-PCR方法的扩增程序,最后确定出联合PCR/RT-PCR方法的最佳退火温度、延伸时间和循环次数等反应程序,并对扩增产物进行克隆鉴定,同时进行特异性试验、敏感性试验和临床病料的检测。结果表明:建立的联合PCR/RT-PCR方法可以在一个扩增体系内同时检测两种病毒,其最佳联合PCR/RT-PCR扩增退火温度为50.8℃;经特异性分析,联合PCR/RT-PCR方法对犬副流感病毒(CPIV)、狂犬病毒(RV)、犬腺病毒(CAV)的检测为阴性;经敏感性分析,联合PCR/RT-PCR方法在模板浓度稀释到1×10~0 TCID_(50)时仍能见到较清晰的特异性条带;应用联合PCR/RT-PCR方法对延吉市36份犬病料样本进行检测,CPV阳性率为25.00%,CDV阳性率为33.33%,CPV和CDV混合感染阳性率为8.33%。说明试验建立的CPV和CDV联合PCR/RT-PCR检测方法特异性强、敏感性高,可用于犬细小病毒病和犬瘟热病毒病的临床诊断。     

Comparison of one-step RT-PCR and a nested PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus in clinical samples

OBJECTIVE: To develop a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of canine distemper virus (CDV) by nested PCR using clinical specimens. DESIGN: A nested PCR was developed, compared to a one-step RT-PCR and validated. PROCEDURE: Two sets of specific primers for a one-step RT-PCR and a nested PCR, targeting a 640 bp fragment and a 297 bp fragment, respectively, were selected from the highly conserved region of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene of CDV. The nested PCR and the one-step RT-PCR were used to amplify a part of the CDV NP gene of a CDV vaccinal strain and samples of urine, blood, nasal discharge and saliva from 29 dogs suspected of suffering CD. RESULTS: Both the one-step RT-PCR and the nested PCR reacted with the CDV vaccinal strain, but not with canine parvovirus. The expected 640 bp fragment of the NP gene was detected in 11/22 (50.0%) blood, 10/20 (50.0%) urine, 5/25 (20.0%) saliva and 6/27 (22.2%) nasal swab samples by one-step RT-PCR, whereas the nested PCR amplified an expected 297 bp fragment of the NP gene in 18/22 (81.8%) blood, 15/20 (75.0%) urine, 14/25 (56%) saliva and 19/27 (70.3%) nasal swab samples. CONCLUSION: The nested PCR detected CDV in blood, urine, nasal swab and saliva more frequently than did the one-step RT-PCR. Therefore, this assay should be a useful aid to antemortem diagnosis of CDV infections in dogs.     

Immunohistochemical detection of canine distemper virus in haired skin, nasal mucosa, and footpad epithelium: a method for antemortem diagnosis of infection.

A reliable antemortem diagnostic method is needed for determining infection with canine distemper virus (CDV). The utility of immunohistochemical detection of CDV antigen was examined was examined for samples of nasal and footpad epithelium and haired skin in dogs with and without detectable CDV antigen in the lung and/or brain. Tissues from 57 dogs at risk of CDV infection were tested. Viral antigen was found in the lung and/or brain of 28 dogs. Among these dogs, viral antigen was demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa in 24 of 27 dogs, in the footpad epithelium in 24 of 26 dogs, and in the haired skin of the dorsal neck in 26 of 27 dogs. Among the 29 dogs without CDV antigen in either the lung or brain, 1 dog had positive staining for viral antigen in the skin and nasal mucosa. Biopsies of haired skin of the dorsal neck, which is relatively simple to sample, can be used for immunohistochemical testing for acute and subacute infection with CDV.     

Use of quantitative real-time RT-PCR to investigate the correlation between viremia and viral shedding of canine distemper virus,and infection outcomes in experimentally infected dogs

We used real-time RT-PCR and virus titration to examine canine distemper virus (CDV) kinetics in peripheral blood and rectal and nasal secretions from 12 experimentally infected dogs. Real-time RT-PCR proved extremely sensitive, and the correlation between the two methods for rectal and nasal (r=0.78, 0.80) samples on the peak day of viral RNA was good. Although the dogs showed diverse symptoms, viral RNA kinetics were similar; the peak of viral RNA in the symptomatic dogs was consistent with the onset of symptoms. These results indicate that real-time RT-PCR is sufficiently sensitive to monitor CDV replication in experimentally infected dogs regardless of the degree of clinical manifestation and suggest that the peak of viral RNA reflects active CDV replication.     

Antemortem Diagnosis of CDV Infection by RT-PCR in Distemper Dogs with Neurological Deficits without the Typical Clinical Presentation

In dogs with neurological disturbances without myoclonus and extraneural signs, the clinical diagnosis of distemper is difficult perform. Considering the great infectious potential of the disease, the possibility of carrying out an antemortem diagnosis of distemper is important, particularly in hospitalized patients with neurological disease. The present study was carried out to evaluate RT-PCR for antemortem CDV detection in hospitalized dogs with neurological disturbances without the typical findings of distemper. We investigated five dogs with canine distemper virus (CDV) encephalomyelitis, in which the clinical diagnosis was not performed owing to the absence of characteristic signs of the disease, such as myoclonus and systemic signs. We observed an apparent high sensitivity of RT-PCR in urine samples for detection of CDV: four out of five urine samples were RT-PCR positive. The results of the present study suggest that urine is a good biological sample for antemortem CDV detection by RT-PCR in dogs with distemper encephalomyelitis in which the clinical diagnosis is likely to be difficult owing to the absence of suggestive distemper signs. The use of two different body fluids (urine and CSF) may increase the RT-PCR sensitivity for antemortem diagnosis of distemper in such cases.     

Protective levels of canine distemper virus antibody in an urban dog population using plaque reduction neutralization test

Blood samples from 50 dogs were collected at three veterinary clinics in Ibadan and Abuja, Nigeria and the serum from each sample was evaluated serologically for neutralizing antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) by the highly sensitive plaque reduction (PRN) neutralization assay. Thirteen dogs had plaque reduction neutralization titres of 0-100, seven had titres of 100-1,000 while 30 had titres ranging from 1,000-6,000. The PRN titres of vaccinated dogs were found to be significantly higher than unvaccinated dogs. The widespread use of the highly reproducible PRN test for the evaluation of antibody response to CDV may be very important in the generation of international CDV positive serum standards that should help to improve pre-and post-vaccination testing of dogs worldwide.     

Comparison of the Immunofluorescence Assay with RT-PCR and Nested PCR in the Diagnosis of Canine Distemper

Two pairs of primers were prepared, both localized within the sequences of the nucleoprotein gene (NP) of canine distemper virus (CDV). A number of experiments were done to optimize the conditions of RT-PCR and nested PCR methods. The nucleic acids of the Onderstepoort, Rockborn, Snyder Hill and Lederle strains of CDV could be detected with these primers. However, they did not react with the sequences of the Edmonston strain of the measles virus. The detection limit for RT-PCR was 10 TCID50 and for nested PCR 0.1 TCID50 of CDV. The RT-PCR was able to demonstrate the nucleic acid of CDV in the blood of all seven puppies vaccinated with a modified live virus. Blood samples of 23 dogs clinically suspected of distemper were examined by RT-PCR combined with nested PCR, and the results were compared with the detection of the CDV antigen in the smears from the mucous membranes by the direct immunofluorescence (IF) test. Of the 23 dogs, 12 were positive in nested PCR, six in the IF assay, and only two in single RT-PCR. It is concluded that nested PCR seems to be the most sensitive method for ante-mortem diagnosis of canine distemper, especially in its subacute or chronic forms.