Comparisons of sorghum grain (milo) and maize as the principal cereal grain source in poultry rations. 3. The supplementation of milo layer diets with fish meal and acidulated soapstock

Two trials were performed in order to determine the effect of all‐vegetable milo diets on layer performance, and in an attempt to pinpoint possible deficiencies in milo grain. The diets were supplemented with acidulated soya soapstock, fish meal and/or methionine.

Under the conditions of this study, the only consistent and significant effect due to the source of cereal grains was the reduction of egg size due to milo. Fish meal supplementation of milo diets almost, or completely, equalised egg weights, and some beneficial effects were also obtained from added methionine and soapstock.

The linoleic acid content of maize is decidedly higher than that of milo, a difference which is reflected in the fatty acid composition of the respective diets, and which causes corresponding changes in the fatty acid pattern of the yolk lipids of eggs produced by hens fed these diets. Soya soapstock added to milo diets tended to equalise the yolk fatty acid pattern obtained with milo and maize diets.

It is suggested that in milo‐soya diets methionine is the first limiting factor, and that linoleic acid is the next limiting factor in increasing egg size, after the first requirement has been met.     

The influence of dietary palm olein, fish oil and lard on the egg yolk and plasma lipid composition, and performances of laying hens

The influence of dietary palm olein, in comparison to fish oil and lard, on lipid levels in egg yolk and blood plasma, the fatty acid composition of egg yolk, and various production parameters were studied. Brown Lohman laying hens (n=45) were randomly assigned into three groups of 15 birds, and treated with experimental diets with either 3% palm olein (PO), fish oil (FO) or lard (L) for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, feed consumption was significantly lower for hens fed the PO diet, except week 6 of the experiment. The concentration of plasma triglycerides was increased by all experimental diets, whereas there were no significant increases of plasma total lipid and total cholesterol concentrations only in the PO group. For yolk lipids a decrease in triglycerides in the FO and L groups was observed, while total cholesterol and total lipid were significantly decreased in the PO group. Feeding with the PO diet resulted in the lowest concentrations of palmitic, stearic and linoleic acid, as well as in the highest concentration of monounsaturated oleic acid in the yolk total lipid. It was concluded that the composition of yolk lipids did not closely match the concentrations of lipids observed in experimental diets or plasma. Based on the current work it seems that the PO diet modulates egg yolk lipid content best.     

Supplemental defatted microalgae affects egg and tissue fatty acid composition differently in laying hens fed diets containing corn and flaxseed oil

Effects of defatted microalgae (DFA) on fatty acid composition of eggs and tissues of hens have not been well studied. This experiment was to determine how low concentrations of supplemental DFA in the presence or absence of flaxseed oil (FO) altered fatty acid profiles of egg yolk, liver, adipose tissue, and plasma of layers. A total of 60 Shaver Leghorn layer hens (individually caged, 20-wk old) were allotted into 6 groups (n = 10) and fed a corn/soybean meal basal diet containing 0, 3, or 5% DFA and 0 (1.5% corn oil, CO) or 1.5% FO for 6 wk. BW, ADFI, egg production rate, and egg component weights were not affected by any of the dietary treatments at various time points, but egg yolk color was changed (P < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of DFA. The concentration of n-3 fatty acids in egg yolk and plasma were elevated by FO up to 9-fold (P < 0.05) starting at wk 1 or 2, and 39 to 83% (P < 0.05) by DFA. Supplemental DFA improved (P < 0.05) n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios in egg yolk and plasma from 13 to 23 and 7 to 13, respectively, only in hens fed diets without FO. Fatty acid profiles of liver and adipose tissue (at wk 6) displayed responses to supplemental DFA and FO similar to those of egg yolk or plasma. In conclusion, supplemental 3 or 5% DFA caused moderate enrichments of n-3 fatty acids and decreased the n6/n3 fatty acid ratios of egg yolk and tissues in hens fed diets without FO.     

日粮中添加辣诺素对海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加辣诺素（辣木和诺丽果的提取物）对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。将产蛋高峰期（22周龄）的海兰褐商品蛋鸡540只随机分为6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。负对照组（NC）饲喂基础日粮,正对照组（PC）饲喂添加50 mg/kg杆菌肽锌的基础日粮,4个试验组分别饲喂添加0.25、0.50、0.75和1.00 g/kg辣诺素（LNS）的基础日粮。试验期24周。结果显示：①日粮处理对蛋鸡试验前期和后期生产性能均无显著影响（P>0.05）,试验后期添加0.50和0.75 g/kg辣诺素有改善料蛋比的趋势（P=0.087）;日粮处理对试验前期和后期鸡蛋蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄重和哈氏单位均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但日粮中添加杆菌肽锌和辣诺素有提高蛋壳强度的趋势（P=0.062）,其中以添加0.75g/kg辣诺素组鸡蛋强度最高。②与正、负对照组相比,添加辣诺素显著增加了生蛋黄和熟蛋黄的罗氏蛋黄色比率（P<0.05）,显著降低了蛋黄胆固醇的含量（0.25 LNS组除外）（P<0.05）。③与负对照组相比,添加0.50 g/kg辣诺素显著提高了鸡蛋总黄酮、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）、卵磷脂、亚麻酸和亚油酸含量（P<0.05）。综合以上试验结果,辣诺素作为饲料添加剂具有提高鸡蛋营养品质的功能,考虑到添加成本,产蛋鸡日粮中添加0.25~0.50 g/kg为宜。     

Comparison between wheat, triticale, rye, soyabean oil and strain of laying bird on the production, and cholesterol and fatty acid contents of eggs.

1. The effects of feeding three types of cereal grain (wheat, triticale or rye) and soyabean oil (0 or 20 g/kg) over a 12-week period on the production, yolk cholesterol and yolk fatty acid concentrations of three strains of laying pullets were studied. 2. Pullets fed on wheat- or triticale-based diets had higher body weight gains, egg productions, egg weights, egg mass and lower yolk cholesterol concentrations than pullets fed on rye-based diets. However, there were no significant differences between the cereals in yolk cholesterol content. 3. There were no significant differences between the three cereals in total food consumption of pullets nor of yolk weight nor yolk concentration of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. 4. Pullets fed on triticale-based diets had higher yolk linoleic acid concentrations and lower yolk oleic acid: linoleic acid ratios than pullets fed on rye- or wheat-based diets. 5. Soyabean oil supplementation increased egg production, egg mass, yolk linoleic concentration and yolk unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio, but reduced yolk oleic acid: linoleic acid ratio. 6. There were differences between strains of pullets in weight gain, food consumption, rate of lay, egg weight and yolk cholesterol, but not in yolk fatty acid concentrations. 7. It was concluded that wheat- or triticale-based diets gave good production of eggs of lower cholesterol content, that soyabean oil supplementation gave eggs with a high unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio and that two strains of layers produced eggs with lower yolk cholesterol concentrations than a third strain.     

Relation between vitamin E supply and the fertility of laying hens

In 4 experiments with a total of 1296 laying hens it was ascertained that a laying hen requires 1 mg vitamin E/kg feed for egg production if the ration contains sufficient selenium and is not rich in multiply unsaturated fatty acids. For the fertilization of the eggs little more of this vitamin is required. There were close relations, however, between the amount of vitamin E supplement to the feed and the number of hatched chickens in % of the fertilized eggs. With the help of the experiments carried out so far the exact requirement could not yet be ascertained. Based on the results of our experiments we recommend 20 mg vitamin E/kg feed for breeding hens of the laying variant. There is a close relation between the vitamin E content of the feed and that of the yolk. A supplement of 7 or 14% resp. of vitamin-free sunflower oil decreases -in dependence on the vitamin E supplement-hatching in particular without diminishing the vitamin E content of the yolk. The vitamin E content of the yolk sac, however, was drastically reduced. The influence of polyene fatty acids in hatching is smaller when sunflower oil rich in vitamin E is supplemented. Vitamin-free sunflower oil has an influence on the vitamin content of the yolk, but it diminishes drastically the vitamin content of the yolk sac and, provided that vitamin E supply is low, prevents hatching.     

The effect of palm oil and safflower oil in the feed of parent fattening hens on fertility, hatchability and growth of progeny]

The aim of two experiments with broiler breeder hens was to evaluate the effect of diets containing palm butter or safflower oil (25 g and 50 g/kg feed, resp.) on fertility, hatchability and growth of progeny. Especially the incorporation of oleic and linoleic acid in egg yolk reflected the dietary fatty acid source. Eggs were collected and stored in the incubator at a hen age of 31, 40, 50, and 60 weeks. Hatched chicks were reared over 5 weeks. The number of fertile eggs (Experiment 1 and 2, 75 and 88%, resp.) differed between the experiments (P < or = 0.05). Neither embryonic mortality nor hatchability (Experiment 1 and 2, 76 and 78%, resp.) were significantly affected by fatty acid composition of yolk. No clear maternal dietary effect was recorded on chicken weight at hatching (Experiment 1 and 2, 43.3 g and 43.7 g, resp.) and at 35 days of age (Experimental 1 and 2, 1676 g and 1764 g, resp.) The fatty acid composition in the analysed egg yolk sac of chicks showed a different fatty level but corresponded to fatty acid composition of breeding eggs before incubation. According to a decreased level of docosahexaenoic acid in egg yolk due to increased incorporation of linoleic acid, the content of this fatty acid was also diminished in phospholipids of the brain of chicken on days 1 and 5 after hatching.     

Effect of dietary karaya saponin on serum and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens

1. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of dietary karaya saponin on cholesterol deposition in laying hens. 2. A total of 40 Boris Brown hens were randomly assigned at 20 weeks of age to 4 treatment groups and fed on diets supplemented with 0 (control), 25, 50 or 75 mg/kg karaya saponin for an 8-week experimental period. 3. After 8 weeks of dietary supplementation, karaya-saponin-treated groups had significantly lower serum cholesterol (23·0%) and triglycerides but increased high density lipoproteins cholesterol concentration than controls, irrespective of karaya saponin content in the diet. Egg yolk cholesterol and triglycerides were also significantly reduced by dietary karaya saponin. Hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced by karaya saponin but bile acids concentration in the faeces and liver were significantly increased by karaya saponin. The concentrations of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in the yolk were greater in hens receiving karaya saponin than in controls. Karaya saponin significantly increased egg production, feed efficiency and yolk colour compared with controls. Karaya saponin tended to increase egg weight, feed consumption, Haugh units, albumen weight and yolk index. 4. In conclusion, karaya saponin is a potential agent for reducing yolk cholesterol concentration together with an overall increase of production performance and improvement in egg quality.     

The effect of supplementing layer diets with shark cartilage or chitosan on egg components and yolk lipids

1. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of the addition of shark cartilage (SC) or chitosan (CH) to layer diets on egg component weights, yolk lipids and hen plasma lipids. 2. Hy-Line laying hens (80) were used during a 56 d feeding trial. Treatments were: basal diet (BD), BD + 20 g/kg SC, BD + 30 g/kg SC, BD + 20 g/kg CH and BD + 30 g/kg CH. Eggs were analysed on d 14, 28, 42 and 56. 3. Egg weight and egg component weights were not affected by these treatments throughout the experimental period. 4. After 14d of experimental feeding, cholesterol levels were higher in eggs from birds given BD + 20 g/kg CH and BD + 30 g/kg CH than in those from birds given BD. 5. Furthermore, eggs from hens given BD + 20 g/kg SC or BD + 20 g/kg CH were higher in palmitic and stearic acids and lower in oleic acid than those from birds fed on BD. After 56 d feeding, however, palmitic and stearic acid contents in eggs from hens given any of the supplemented diets were lower than in those from hens given BD, and oleic acid in eggs from hens given BD + 20 g/kg SC, BD + 30 g/kg SC and BD + 30 g/kg CH was higher than in those from birds fed on BD. 6. Plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. 7. Shark cartilage or chitosan at up to 30 g/kg in layer diets did not affect egg component weights (yolk, white and shell) and total lipid contents. During the period from 42 to 56d of experimental feeding, diets containing up to 30 g/kg chitosan reduced egg yolk contents of cholesterol, palmitic and stearic acids and increased the content of oleic acid.     

Yeast Culture Supplementation to Laying Hen Diets Containing Soybean Meal or Sunflower Seed Meal and Its Effect on Performance,Egg Quality Traits,and Blood Chemistry

This study was designed to investigate the effects of yeast culture supplementation to laying hen diets containing 2 oilseed meals on performance, egg traits, and some blood parameters. A total of 180 Lohmann Brown laying hens 21 wk of age were allocated to 4 dietary treatments and fed for 16 wk. Two different basal diets were prepared; one contained soybean meal and the other contained sunflower seed meal. Both of the basal diets were supplemented with 0 and 2 g/kg commercial yeast culture product (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Yeast culture supplementation to diets containing either oilseed meal did not significantly affect feed intake, hen-day egg production, feed efficiency, interior and exterior egg quality characteristics, serum levels of total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol, alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Body weight gain (P < 0.05), egg weight (P < 0.001), and serum uric acid (P < 0.05) were increased with yeast culture supplementation. The reduction in egg yolk cholesterol was significant (P < 0.001) in the groups fed yeast-supplemented diets. The results in this study demonstrated that yeast culture supplementation to the diets containing soybean meal or sunflower seed meal increased egg weight and decreased egg yolk cholesterol without affecting performance and egg traits, but serum uric acid concentration was increased.     

亚麻籽和鱼油对蛋鸡蛋黄n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量与肝脏脂肪酸代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加亚麻籽和鱼油对蛋鸡蛋黄n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量、肝脏脂肪酸组成及其合成代谢基因表达的影响。选择28周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡96只,随机分为4组,每组24只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加10%亚麻籽、10%亚麻籽+5%鱼油和5%鱼油。饲养21 d后连续收集7 d鸡蛋,然后每组随机选取4只鸡屠宰取样。结果表明,与对照组相比:1)添加亚麻籽和鱼油均显著增加蛋黄中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量(P0.05),其中单独添加鱼油的蛋黄中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十碳五烯酸含量最高;2)试验组肝脏单不饱和脂肪酸比例均显著降低(P0.05),肝脏n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例均显著增加(P0.05);3)单独添加鱼油显著降低肝脏脂肪酸延长酶1、脂肪酸延长酶2和去饱和酶(脂肪酸去饱和酶1、脂肪酸去饱和酶2和硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1)基因表达水平(P0.05)。由此可见,蛋鸡饲粮中单独添加亚麻籽或鱼油可以富集蛋黄n-3多不饱和脂肪酸沉积;添加亚麻籽促进肝脏α-亚麻酸转化生成DHA过程,表现为上调脂肪酸延长酶和去饱和酶基因表达,添加鱼油显示相反结果。     

虫草粉联合酵母硒对蛋鸡产蛋高峰中期产蛋性能、蛋品质、抗氧化性和免疫功能的影响

为了研究虫草粉（古尼虫草地顶孢霉培养物）联合酵母硒对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、抗氧化功能和免疫功能的影响,试验选用450羽24周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复15羽。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ~Ⅳ组饲喂添加0.1 mg/kg酵母硒联合不同剂量虫草粉（0、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%）的基础饲粮,试验期27周;选取产蛋高峰中期（第40周龄）蛋鸡进行产蛋性能、鸡蛋品质、免疫功能和抗氧化功能分析。结果显示,与对照组相比,产蛋高峰中期试验Ⅲ组蛋鸡的产蛋率、平均蛋重均显著提高,料蛋比显著降低（P<0.05）;鸡蛋哈夫单位、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度、蛋黄颜色、蛋清粗蛋白质含量、蛋黄粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量均显著升高（P<0.05）,蛋清中必需氨基酸Leu、Lys、Met、Trp、Phe、Thr、Val和His及非必需氨基酸Ala、Asp、Glu、Pro和Tyr水平也显著增加（P<0.05）;试验Ⅳ组蛋鸡的蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度、哈夫单位和蛋清粗蛋白质含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,蛋清中必需氨基酸Ile、Gly、Arg和非必需氨基酸Cys、Ser水平均显著增加（P<0.05）;试验Ⅰ~Ⅳ组蛋鸡蛋黄、蛋清中硒含量均显著增加（P<0.05）。同时,与对照组相比,产蛋高峰中期试验Ⅲ组蛋鸡血清MDA含量显著下降（P<0.05）,WBC数量、血清IFN-γ和IL-2水平及T-AOC和T-SOD活性均显著升高（P<0.05）。结果表明,饲粮中联合添加酵母硒和适量的虫草粉能明显提高产蛋高峰中期蛋鸡的产蛋性能和鸡蛋品质,增强机体免疫力和抗氧化能力,以0.1 mg/kg酵母硒联合添加0.3%虫草粉的效果最佳。     

Influence of high vitamin E dosages on retinol and carotinoid concentration in body tissues and eggs of laying hens.

The aim of the study was to contribute to the discussion of overdosing vitamin E in laying hens. A total of 45 laying hens, divided into 5 groups were fed diets supplemented with either 0; 100; 1000; 10,000 or 20,000 mg dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet over a period of 10 weeks. Concentrations of vitamins A and E were measured in plasma, various tissues and egg yolk. Furthermore egg yolk colour and some carotinoids were measured in egg yolks. None of the vitamin E doses significantly influenced performance of the hens. As expected, vitamin E concentration in plasma, all tissue samples and egg yolk was significantly increased with increasing tocopherol content in the diet. The egg yolk showed the highest vitamin E concentration, followed by liver and muscles. Feeding 1000 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate per kg diet resulted in an increase of vitamin A concentration in the liver. Very high doses (10,000 and 20,000 mg/kg diet) significantly decreased retinol concentration in the liver and egg yolk, as well as carotinoid concentration in the egg yolk. The lower carotinoid concentration in egg yolk resulted in a decreased intensity of egg yolk colour. A prooxidative and/or competitive effect of very high doses of vitamin E with other fat soluble substances has been discussed.     

Effects of vegetable oil supplementation on feed intake,rumen fermentation,growth performance,and carcass characteristic of growing swamp buffaloes

Fifteen, one year old swamp buffalo males with average liveweight of 200.5 ± 9.5 kg were randomly assigned according to a completely randomized design to receive three dietary treatments of supplemental vegetable oils in concentrate contained 140, 750, and 16 g of crude protein, total digestible nutrient, and ether extract, respectively (T1 = unsupplemented, T2 = supplemental coconut oil and sunflower oil in ratio 50:50 at 6% of concentrate, and T3 = supplemental sunflower oil at 6% of concentrate) during a 5-month feeding trial. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum and concentrate was supplemented at 150 g/kg BW. The results revealed that supplementation of vegetable oils decreased dry matter intake in sunflower oil supplemented group. Combination of coconut oil and sunflower oil supplementation resulted in similar average daily gain as those found in control and in sunflower oil supplemented groups. Rumen microorganism population, ammonia–nitrogen, blood urea–nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were decreased as vegetable oils were supplemented. Oil supplementation slightly reduced growth rate, hot carcass percentage, loin eye area particularly on sunflower oil supplemented group. Based on these findings, vegetable oil resulted in decreased performance of swamp buffaloes although the combination of coconut oil and sunflower oil could reduce negative effect of unsaturated oil supplementation. However, further analyses of conjugated fatty acids (CLA) in meat could offer useful information in determining pronounced effects of vegetable oil supplementation.     

Effect of different levels of dried citrus pulp on performance,egg quality,and blood parameters of laying hens in early phase of production

Utilization of agricultural wastes in animal nutrition is a matter of great concern. Dried citrus pulp (DCP) is a potential source of some valuable nutrients for animal and poultry. In an experiment with completely randomized design, the effect of different levels (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16%) of DCP was evaluated on performance, egg quality, and blood parameters of laying hens from 25 to 37 weeks of age. The birds were randomly allocated to five groups with six replicates and three birds in each replicate. The results showed that with increasing the level of DCP up to 12%, there were no significant differences among treatments for feed intake, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, final body weight, yolk index, and yolk color. There were no significant differences between treatments in shell thickness, eggshell index, egg score, and Haugh unit. Utilization of DCP up to 16% significantly increased serum glucose and high-density lipoprotein and reduced cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides (P < 0.05). Results of the present study indicated that use of 12% DCP in laying hen diets had no adverse effect on performance and egg quality of laying hens in early phase of production.     

The influence of dietary fish oil vs. sunflower oil on the fatty acid composition of plasma cholesteryl-esters in healthy, adult cats

The question addressed was whether the fatty acid composition of plasma cholesteryl esters (CEs) in cats reflects the intake of fatty acids. Diets containing either fish oil or sunflower oil were fed to six healthy, adult cats in a cross-over trial. The dry cat foods contained approximately 18.5% crude fat, of which two-third was in the form of the variable oil. Blood samples were collected at the end of each 4-week feeding period, and the fatty acid composition of plasma CEs and plasma concentrations of lipoproteins were determined. Consumption of the diet with fish oil was associated with significantly greater proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and myristic acid in plasma CEs. The intake of fish oil instead of sunflower oil reduced the percentage of linoleic acid in CEs. The plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides were not affected by fish oil vs. sunflower oil feeding.     

苜蓿多糖对夏季高温环境下蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

本试验旨在研究夏季高温环境下在饲粮中添加苜蓿多糖对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。将540只156日龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分成6组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加250、500、1 000、2 000和4 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖的试验饲粮。试验期为6周。结果显示:与对照组相比,1)饲粮中添加不同水平苜蓿多糖对平均蛋重、平均日采食量、不合格蛋率和死淘率均无显著影响(P0.05),而添加500、1 000和4 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖显著提高了蛋鸡的产蛋率(P0.05),添加500、1 000、2 000和4 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖显著降低了料蛋比(P0.05)。2)饲粮中添加不同水平苜蓿多糖对蛋白高度和哈夫单位均无显著影响(P0.05);250 mg/kg苜蓿多糖添加组第4和6周末的蛋黄颜色显著提高(P0.05);500 mg/kg苜蓿多糖添加组第6周末的蛋形指数显著降低(P0.05),第1、4和6周末的蛋黄颜色显著提高(P0.05);1 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖添加组第4和6周末的蛋壳颜色显著加深(P0.05),第1、2和4周末的蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度显著提高(P0.05),第1和6周末的蛋形指数显著降低(P0.05),第1、2、4和6周末的蛋黄颜色显著提高(P0.05);2 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖添加组第1和4周末的蛋壳厚度显著提高(P0.05),第6周末的蛋形指数显著降低(P0.05),第1、4和6周末的蛋黄颜色显著提高(P0.05);4 000 mg/kg苜蓿多糖添加组第4周末的蛋壳颜色显著加深(P0.05)且蛋壳强度显著提高(P0.05),第1和4周末的蛋壳厚度显著提高(P0.05),第6周末的蛋形指数显著降低(P0.05),第1、4和6周末的蛋黄颜色显著提高(P0.05)。结果表明,夏季高温环境下,在饲粮中添加适量的苜蓿多糖可以有效缓解蛋鸡的热应激,提高蛋鸡的生产性能,改善蛋品质,且适宜添加量为1 000 mg/kg。     

柠檬酸与辣木茎叶粉联用对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和血清抗氧化指标的影响

试验旨在研究柠檬酸和辣木茎叶粉的使用对产蛋后期蛋鸡的生产性能、蛋品质及血清抗氧化指标的影响。试验选取720只52周龄生产性能及体重相近的广西麻鸡,随机分为4组,每组180只。试验采用单因素设计,其中柠檬酸以添加剂的形式添加,辣木茎叶粉为等量替代基础日粮的方式加入,添加量分别为0.07%柠檬酸、0.07%柠檬酸+4%辣木茎叶粉、4%辣木茎叶粉,分别记为A组、B组、C组,对照组饲喂基础日粮。结果表明:与对照组相比,B组在产蛋率、蛋白高度、哈夫单位、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度均有一定程度的改善,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,B组蛋黄粗脂肪含量显著提高(P<0.05),A组蛋黄粗脂肪含量显著降低,C组平均蛋重显著降低。与对照组相比,B、C组总超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶显著提高(P<0.05)。研究表明,柠檬酸和辣木茎叶粉的联合使用可以改善产蛋后期蛋鸡的生产性能、蛋品质和血清抗氧化能力。     

不同干燥工艺加工的苜蓿粗多糖对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和血清、鸡蛋中抗体含量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同干燥工艺加工的苜蓿粗多糖对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、器官指数和血清、鸡蛋中抗体含量的影响。选取54只38周龄的京红1号产蛋鸡,随机分为3组,每组18个重复,每个重复1只鸡,单笼饲养。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加1 000 mg/kg微波真空干燥所得苜蓿粗多糖1(ACPS1)和减压烘干干燥所得苜蓿粗多糖2(ACPS2)。试验期65 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)在试验第28~36天,ACPS1组蛋鸡的平均日采食量显著增加(P0.05);饲粮中添加不同干燥工艺加工的苜蓿粗多糖对蛋鸡各阶段的产蛋率和平均日增重均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)试验第63天,ACPS1组蛋鸡的蛋黄颜色显著增加(P0.05);试验第30天,饲粮中添加不同干燥工艺加工的苜蓿粗多糖对蛋鸡的蛋壳颜色、蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度和哈氏单位均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)ACPS1组蛋鸡的肝脏指数显著增加(P0.05),ACPS2组的卵巢指数显著降低(P0.05);且ACPS1组的肝脏指数和卵巢指数均显著高于ACPS2组(P0.05)。饲粮中添加不同干燥工艺加工的苜蓿粗多糖对蛋鸡的脾脏指数和输卵管指数均无显著影响(P0.05)。4)ACPS1组蛋鸡血清中免疫球蛋白Y(Ig Y)含量显著增加(P0.05),ACPS1和ACPS2组血清中新城疫抗体(NDV-Ab)、蛋黄中NDV-Ab、蛋清中免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)和免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)含量均显著增加(P0.05);且ACPS1组蛋黄中NDV-Ab、蛋清中Ig A和Ig M含量均显著高于ACPS2组(P0.05)。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加苜蓿粗多糖能加深蛋鸡的蛋黄颜色,增加血清和鸡蛋中的抗体含量,且ACPS1的效果更佳。     

酵母培养物对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及鸡蛋卫生指标的影响

本试验旨在研究酵母培养物(YC)对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及鸡蛋卫生指标的影响。选取2 304只210日龄的罗曼褐产蛋鸡,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复192只产蛋鸡。对照组(YC0组)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组(YC0.2组、YC0.4组和YC0.6组)分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%酵母培养物的试验饲粮。试验期9周。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,YC0.4组和YC0.6组平均蛋重显著增加(P0.05),破蛋率显著降低(P0.05);YC0.2组、YC0.4组和YC0.6组软蛋率显著降低(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,YC0.4组和YC0.6组蛋壳厚度显著增大(P0.05);YC0.2组、YC0.4组和YC0.6组蛋黄颜色的亮度值显著降低(P0.05),黄度值显著升高(P0.05);YC0.6组蛋黄颜色的红度值显著升高(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,试验第3、9周,YC0.2组、YC0.4组和YC0.6组的蛋壳表面大肠菌群数量显著降低(P0.05);试验第3、6周,YC0.4组蛋壳表面细菌总数显著降低(P0.05)。4)对照组组相比,YC0.6组粗蛋白质、能量和干物质表观消化率显著提高(P0.05)。5)与对照组相比,YC0.2组、YC0.4组和YC0.6组盲肠乳酸杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加0.4%和0.6%的酵母培养物能够改善产蛋鸡蛋品质,提高饲料消化率;饲粮添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%酵母培养物均能够改善产蛋鸡的生产性能,减少大肠杆菌的数量,抑制盲肠中沙门氏菌的产生。综合考虑,产蛋鸡饲粮中酵母培养物适宜添加量为0.4%。