Evidence for proteolysis of a recombinant prion protein in a lamb brain‐amended loamy soil

Soils contaminated by prions, the infectious agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases, remain infectious to grazing animals for many years. In this study, the ability of enzymes produced by soil microbes to degrade a recombinant prion protein (recPrP) was investigated in a loamy soil. A ¹⁵N‐labelled recPrP was added to soil in which microbial biomass and soil proteolytic activity had been increased by either simultaneous or prior amendment with lamb brain, and distribution of ¹⁵N among soil solid particles, soluble molecules and bacterial biomass was determined. After 1 day the proportions of recovered recPrP‐N associated with microbial biomass and soluble molecules were 6–9 and 15–19%, respectively, which is consistent with the hypothesis of degradation. A greater incorporation of ¹⁵N‐derived β‐sheeted recPrP into the microbial biomass pool occurred when the soil proteolytic activity was pre‐stimulated by a lamb brain amendment, suggesting that the recPrP degradation in soil is mediated by the activity level of proteolytic enzymes produced by the microbial biomass. The majority (35–87%) of the recovered recPrP‐N was associated with the soil particles. An observed partial degradation of recPrP deposited on a mica surface by soil soluble enzymes indicated a sorption‐related resistance to proteolysis. In conclusion, integration of the stimulation and turnover of the soil microbial component, after an input of a large amount of animal organic matter with the sorption properties of prion protein, is required to model and predict prion survivability, transformation and transmissibility in soil.     

Fate of prions in soil: Longevity and migration of recPrP in soil columns

Research into transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases has become a high priority worldwide in recent years yet remarkably little is known about the behaviour of TSE infectivity in the environment. The resilience and stability of prion proteins could lead to soils becoming a potential reservoir of TSE infectivity as a result of contamination from activities such as infected carcass burial or the dispersion of effluents from slaughter houses, or by contamination of pastures by infected animals, (e.g. scrapie in sheep). Knowledge of the fate of prion proteins in soils, and associated physico-chemical conditions which favour migration, can be used to help prevent re-infection of animals through grazing, to protect watercourses and develop good management practices. In two consecutive experiments of 9 and 6 months, the migration of recombinant ovine PrP (recPrP) in soil columns was followed under contrasting levels of microbial activity (normal versus reduced), under varying regimes of soil water content and redox potential, and in two different soil types (loamy sand and clay loam). At each analysis time (1, 3, 6 or 9 months), in both soil types, full-length recPrP was detected in the original contaminated layer, indicating the resilience and stability of recPrP under varied soil conditions, even in the presence of active soil microbial populations. Evidence of protein migration was found in every soil column at the earliest analysis time (1 or 3 months), but was restricted to a maximum distance of 1 cm, indicative of limited initial mobility in soils followed by strong adsorption over the following days to weeks. The survival of recPrP in the soil over a period of at least 9 months was demonstrated. In this study, recPrP was used as an indicator for potential TSE infectivity, although infectivity tests should be carried out before conclusions can be drawn regarding the infection risk posed by prions in soil. However, it has been demonstrated that soil is likely to act as a significant barrier to the dispersion of contaminated material at storage or burial sites.     

Fate of prions in soil: Interaction of a recombinant ovine prion protein with synthetic humic-like mineral complexes

Prion proteins are regarded as the main agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Understanding their fate in soil may be crucial to elucidate the dissemination of the prion in the environment, associated with a possible transmission of infectivity. Studies were performed with simplified model systems, derived by the birnessite-mediated oxidative polymerization of catechol, which simulate processes naturally occurring in soil. A benign full-length recombinant purified ovine protein (PrP) (residues 23-234), as well as a truncated-form ovPrP (tPrP) (103-234) were utilized. Catechol and prion protein interacted under experimental conditions that reproduced the interaction of PrP with soluble organic matter or with insoluble organic matter during or after formation of catechol polymers. PrP stability in all buffers and chemicals was preliminarily monitored by circular dicroism (CD) measurements. The disappearance of protein molecules from the solution, the decrease of UV-Visible absorbance of supernatants, and the FT-IR spectra and the elemental analyses of solid-phase residues indicated that both PrP and tPrP were involved in catechol polymerization by birnessite. Furthermore, a clear flocculation of soluble catechol-protein polymeric products in solid aggregates was observed when PrP was added to the supernatants. Different kinds of extracting agents were not able to desorb/extract PrP as well as tPrP from the formed solid aggregates, thereby highlighting the high stability of protein-organic and -organo-mineral complexes.     

Fate of prions in soil: Degradation of recombinant prion in aqueous extracts from soil and casts of two earthworm species

Prions represent the active agent in transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases and can remain infective to mammals even after prolonged periods in soil. The influence of mesofauna on prion dispersal and degradation in soil, however, remains unknown. In this study the effect of earthworms on the retention/dissemination of TSEs in soil was evaluated using a model recombinant prion protein (recPrP) and aqueous extracts from soil and fresh casts of two earthworm species, Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa. Our results showed that earthworm gut-derived enzymes did not enhance the degradation of recPrP in comparison to soil, even though non-prion related proteolytic activity was higher in fresh worm excrements than in soil samples. Complete degradation of recPrP occurred in the aqueous extracts from all samples within up to 6 days at +15 °C. The proteolytic enzymes responsible for degrading recPrP were inhibited by aprotinin and leupeptin and studies in pure cultures suggested these were most probably of soil microbial origin.     

Organic matter stabilization in soil aggregates and rock fragments as revealed by low-temperature ashing (LTA) oxidation

Low-temperature ashing (LTA), which is able to remove the organic material from mineral grains or aggregates without any disturbance to their physical structure, was used to oxidize the organic matter present into soil aggregates and sandstone- and siltstone-derived rock fragments. The three fractions were characterized for their mineralogy and pores distribution, and treated with LTA apparatus for 24 and 96 h. The losses of C and N were evaluated and the chemical modifications produced by LTA in the extractable organic matter and humin were investigated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. During the LTA treatment, the simplest organic molecules were lost, and the remaining material acquired a higher degree of oxidation, making this heterogeneous mix of fresh, partially and well-humified substances more homogeneous. In the aggregates and in the sandstone rock fragments, the composition of extractable material changed and was enriched in the aromatic component, due also to the contribution of fragments deriving from humin, as the oxidation produced compounds enriched in carboxyl groups and characterized by a higher solubility. This could mean the occurrence of a continuum between humin and extractable organic matter mediated by oxidation processes. In the siltstone rock fragments extractable organic matter and humin underwent lesser severe transformation than those in the sandstone rock fragments and aggregates; the mineralized C and N derived almost entirely from the extractable fraction, whereas humin appeared to be virtually indifferent to the LTA treatment. In fact, although the amount of C lost during the treatment was similar for the three fractions, the siltstone rock fragments lost only 11% of initial humin-C pool, against 30% of the aggregates and 60% of sandstone rock fragments. As the three fractions showed similar mineralogy, the obtained results indicated that the soil fraction richest in micropores exerts a better protection on the organic matter.     

Size fractions of organic matter pools influence their stability: Application of the Rock-Eval® analysis to beech forest soils

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a complex heterogeneous mixture formed through decomposition and organo-mineral interactions, and characterization of its composition and biogeochemical stability is challenging. From this perspective, Rock-Eval^® is a rapid and efficient thermal analytical method that combines the quantitative and qualitative information of SOM, including several parameters related to thermal stability. This approach has already been used to monitor changes in organic matter (OM) properties at the landscape, cropland, and soil profile scales. This study was aimed to assess the stability of SOM pools by characterizing the grain size fractions from forest litters and topsoils using Rock-Eval^® thermal analysis. Litter (organic) and topsoil samples were collected from a beech forest in Normandy (France), whose management in the last 200 years has been documented. Fractionation by wet sieving was used to separate large debris (> 2 000 μm) and coarse (200-2 000 μm) and fine particulate OM (POM) (50-200 μm) in the organic samples as well as coarse (200-2 000 μm), medium (50-200 μm), and fine (< 50 μm) fractions of the topsoil samples. Rock-Eval^® was able to provide thermal parameters sensitive enough to study fine-scale soil processes. In the organic layers, quantitative and qualitative changes were explained by the progressive decomposition of labile organic compounds from plant debris to the finest organic particles. Meanwhile, the grain size fractions of topsoils presented different characteristics. The coarse organo-mineral fractions showed higher C contents, albeit with a different composition, higher thermal stability, and greater decomposition degree than the plant debris forming the organic layer. These results are consistent with those of previous studies that microbial activity is more effective in this fraction. The finest fractions of topsoils showed low C contents, the highest thermal stability, and low decomposition degree, which can be explained by the stronger interactions with the mineral matrix. Therefore, it is suggested that the dynamics of OM in the different size fractions be interpreted in the light of a plant-microbe-soil continuum. Finally, three distinct thermostable C pools were highlighted through the grain size heterogeneity of SOM:free coarse OM (large debris and coarse and fine particles), weakly protected OM in (bio)aggregates (coarse fraction of topsoil), and stabilized OM in the fine fractions of topsoil, which resulted from the interactions within organo-mineral complexes. Therefore, Rock-Eval^® thermal parameters can be used to empirically illustrate the conceptual models emphasizing the roles of drivers played by the gradual decomposition and protection of the most thermally labile organic constituents.     

长期不同施肥方式对华北地区温室和农田土壤团聚体形成特征的影响

土壤的团聚状况是土壤重要的物理性质之一,团聚体数量是衡量和评价土壤肥力的重要指标。施用有机肥是提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进土壤团聚体形成和改善土壤结构的重要措施。本文以华北地区曲周长期定位试验站的温室土壤和农田土壤为研究对象,运用湿筛法,对比研究施用化肥(NP)、有机肥加少量化肥(NPM)、单施有机肥(OM)3种施肥方式对温室和农田两种利用方式土壤水稳性团聚体含量、分布和稳定性的影响,以提示施肥措施对不同土地利用方式土壤水稳性团聚体特征的影响。结果表明:在温室土壤和农田土壤中,OM处理较NP和NPM处理显著降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤有机质含量(P0.05),且在0~10 cm土层中效果最为明显。其中在温室土壤0~10 cm土层,单施有机肥处理(OM1)的土壤容重为1.17 g·cm~(-3),分别较施用化肥(NP1)和有机肥加少量化肥(NPM1)处理降低12.0%和8.6%,OM1的土壤有机质含量为54.81 g·kg~(-1),较NP1和NPM1增加104.8%和35.7%;在农田土壤0~10 cm土层,单施有机肥处理(OM2)的土壤容重为1.19 g·cm~(-3),较施用化肥(NP2)、有机肥加少量化肥(NPM2)分别降低8.5%和7.0%,OM2的土壤有机质为22.67 g·kg~(-1),较NP2、NPM2分别增加23.1%和15.0%。温室土壤和农田土壤中,0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~40 cm层土壤团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均为OMNPMNP;OM处理下水稳性团聚体的分形维数(D)值最低,NP处理下最大。OM处理显著降低0~20 cm土层内水稳性团聚体的D值,表层0~10 cm土层效果最为明显,土壤结构明显得到改善;相比农田土壤,温室土壤稳定性指标变化最为明显,团聚体结构改善效果最好。土壤有机质含量与0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量间呈极显著正相关关系(P0.001),说明土壤有机质含量越高,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量就越高,土壤团聚体水稳性越强,土壤结构越稳定。因此有机施肥方式能在补充土壤有机碳库和有效养分含量的同时,显著增加土壤中大团聚体的含量及其水稳性,是提高华北平原农田土壤、尤其是温室土壤结构稳定性和实现土壤可持续发展的有效措施。     

不同耕作制度对紫色水稻土活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

以长期定位试验点的紫色水稻土为研究对象，研究了耕作制度对紫色水稻土活性有机质和碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明：稻田长期垄作免耕0～10cm土层有机质含量比常规平作高，10～60cm土层有机质含量则比常规平作低；表明稻田长期垄作免耕土壤有机质具有表层富集现象；水旱轮作各土层有机质含量均比常规平作低。垄作免耕各土层活性有机质含量普遍增加，水旱轮作表层（0～10cm）活性有机质含量减少，其余土层变化不大。对活性有机质组分含量的研究表明：与常规平作相比，垄作免耕增加了土壤表层活性有机质各个组分的含量，在其余土层增加了低活性有机质含量，而减少了高活性有机质含量；水旱轮作增加了各土层低活性有机质含量而减少了中活性和高活性有机质含量。垄作免耕所有土层的碳库管理指数都在100以上，水旱轮作除表层（0～10cm）小于100以外，其余土层都在100以上。由此可见，农业管理措施对土壤有机质、活性有机质及碳库管理指数有较大影响。     

典型砂姜黑土黑色物质提取方法及成分研究

土壤颜色是反映土壤发生、分类及肥力特征的一项重要物理指标.黑色土壤一般有较高的有机质含量,但砂姜黑土是低有机质含量的黑色土壤典型代表.以黄淮海平原3种典型砂姜黑土为研究对象,分别采用添加六偏磷酸钠分散剂后振荡并结合多层次超声处理(HP)、添加碳酸钠分散剂后振荡并结合多层次超声处理(SC)和仅超声波处理(US)等3种方法...     

Composition of organic matter in particle-size fractions of an agricultural soil

The composition of organic matter was studied in clay (< 2 μm), fine silt (2-6.3 μm), medium silt (6.3-20 μm), coarse silt (20-63 μm) and sand (63-2000 μm) fractions of the Ap-horizon of a clay loam (Orthic Humic Gleysol) from Bainsville (Ottawa, Canada) by organic C and total N analyses and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS). The C and N contents were largest in fine silt and medium silt and smaller in coarse silt and sand. Differences in the contents of organic matter and absorbed water were significantly (r= 0.945***) reflected by the amounts of volatilized matter during Py-FIMS. The Py-FI therniograms and mass spectra showed clear differences in thermal stability and molecular composition of organic matter between the organo-mineral size-fractions. Abundances of carbohydrates, phenols and lignin monomers, alkylaromatics and N-containing compounds decreased, whereas abundances of lignin dimers and lipids increased with increasing equivalent diameters. An exception was the sand fraction which was dominated by the characteristic features of plant residues. The six compound classes, calculated using signals of biomarkers, accounted for 35% to 60% of the recorded total ion intensity. The thermal evolution of the selected compound classes, which are important constituents of soil organic matter (SOM), indicated the stability of humic and organo-mineral bonds in particle-size fractions, Moreover, the influence of mineral matrix on organic matter composition was shown by significant correlations between relative abundances of carbohydrates, N-containing compounds, lipids, lignin dimers, and proportions of phyllosilicates.     

县域尺度农田深层土壤有机质的估算及空间变异特征

县域是实施农业绿色发展的基本单元,农田土壤中不仅耕层的有机质含量会对土壤肥力产生影响,深层有机质的作用也不可忽略,精确估算基于县域尺度农田深层有机质含量具有重要意义。该研究选定位于山西省运城市的永济市农田为研究区,采用多点混合取样法,获取了8个样地剖面的18层数据,共144个混合土样的有机质含量数据,建立了表层(0～20 cm)有机质含量估算深层有机质含量的模型,并进行深层有机质含量的估算。基于半变异函数、空间自相关理论分析了0～30、30～60、60～90、90～120、120～150和150～180 cm土层有机质含量的空间相关性和聚集特征,并进行了相关性检验,采用克里格插值方法对研究区农田各土层的有机质含量进行了预测。结果表明:1)土壤有机质含量随深度的增加呈负指数递减(R2=0.80,P0.01),各土层的有机质含量变异系数介于35.89%～47.84%之间,处于中等变异程度。2)通过建立的估算模型可以通过表层有机质含量估算出任意深度的有机质含量,且拟合精度R2达到了0.90(P0.01)。3)指数模型是反映该区域有机质含量空间结构特征的最佳模型(R20.80,RSS0.001),各土层的有机质含量均表现出了中等程度结构性特征,和空间正相关性特征(Moran’s I=0.26,P0.01),并存在显著的空间聚集特征和异常值现象。4)克里格插值可以较好地进行研究区各层有机质含量的预测,预测精度较高,稳定性较好,为县域尺度深层有机质的估算,调整农艺措施、提高土壤肥力、达到土壤减肥增效、绿色增产增效提供依据。     

Quantification of Organic Matter in Agricultural Soils from the Central Region of Paraná State,Brazil

The organic matter (OM) quantity in soils is of fundamental importance for agriculture. The indirect determination of the OM through the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) quantity is performed by most soil laboratories in Brazil using the Walkley–Black (WB) method. This procedure involves oxidation with potassium dichromate which is a cancerous reagent. The objective of this study is to optimize the parameters for OM determination by the gravimetric method and to estimate the van Bemmelen factor for the studied soil. The studied region is the second and third plateau of Parana State, Brazil, from which 50 agricultural soil samples were analyzed. The temperature and exposition time in muffle were determined after a thermal analysis. The optimized parameters for the gravimetric method were 3 h at 420°C in the muffle furnace. The results for WB and gravimetric methods presented a good correlation and the van Bemmelen factor for the studied soil was 4.37.     

不同施肥及秸秆还田对潮土有机质及其组分的影响

基于长期田间定位试验样地,研究了裸地(CK1)、不施肥秸秆移除(CK2)、不施肥秸秆还田(CK3)、施无机肥秸秆移除(NPK)、有机无机肥混施秸秆移除(1/2NPK+1/2OM)、有机肥秸秆移除(OM)、无机肥秸秆还田(NPK+S)、有机肥秸秆还田(OM+S)8种处理对土壤有机质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,CK1土壤有机质及有机质各组分含量最低,但有机质稳定性较CK2、CK3高。与CK2相比,施肥处理(NPK、1/2NPK+1/2OM、OM)、秸秆还田处理(CK3)以及秸秆与肥料混施处理(NPK+S、OM+S)均能不同程度地增加土壤有机质及其各组分的含量,提高土壤有机质稳定性。其中OM处理效果最为显著,有机质含量比CK2高155.1%;有机质各组分中可溶性有机质DOM、富里酸FA、胡敏酸HA、胡敏素HM比CK2分别高39.1%、133.7%、540.0%、152.5%;HA/FA值为0.43,比CK2高173.9%。在CK3的基础上施用肥料(NPK+S、OM+S),土壤有机质含量以及有机质稳定性均有所增加,并且有机肥(OM+S)效果好于无机肥(NPK+S)。可见秸秆还田及有机肥施用对潮土有机质及其各组分含量均有提升作用,促进有机质积累并提高其稳定性。     

南亚热带不同母质发育土壤团聚体特征及其稳定性

团聚体是土壤的基本结构单位,其稳定性是评价土壤质量的重要指标.以南亚热带地区不同母质(石灰岩、第四纪红黏土、砂页岩)发育的土壤作为研究对象,采用湿筛法和LB法测定不同母质发育土壤团聚体稳定性特征.结果表明:(1)随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重呈上升趋势,而孔隙度、有机质和游离氧化铁含量呈下降趋势.砂页岩母质发育的土壤有机...     

Microbial mineralization of humic acid-3,4-dichloroaniline complexes

3,4-Dichloroaniline (DCA), a biodegradation intermediate of numerous herbicides, binds covalently to soil humus to form persistent complexes. Prompted by the possibility that, upon repeated treatments, xenobiotic residues may accumulate in humus, the turnover rates of intact, solvent-extracted, and hydrolyzed humic complexes of ¹⁴C-DCA were compared with that of similarly-treated soil organic matter fractions. The turnover rate of intact humic-DCA complexes was considerably faster than the average turnover of soil organic matter. Humic-DCA complexes, that had been washed in solvents to remove adsorbed DCA or hydrolyzed to break susceptible chemical bonds, had turnover rates that were equal to or slower than that of the average soil organic matter, respectively. However, the turnover rates of the solvent-washed and hydrolyzed humic-DCA complexes were similar to that of identically-treated humic acid. The evidence indicates that an extensive accumulation of DCA or similar herbicide-derived halogenated anilines in soil organic matter is unlikely.     

植草恢复对侵蚀红壤重组有机质的影响

在福建中亚热带红壤区,将侵蚀经济林(油茶)改造成人工草地(人工植草)、封山育林(自然恢复)进行生态恢复,11a后,分析A-C层土壤的常规理化性质、土壤复合量、原土复合度、腐殖质结合形态用以评价土壤肥力变化。结果表明:不同土层各指标有明显差异,其中土壤速效养分、有机质、土壤复合量表现为A层B层C层,原土复合度则表现为C层B层A层。土壤腐殖质在C层呈松结合态向紧结合态转变的趋势,其中在自然恢复区B、C层土壤的松/紧比值较A层分别下降0.149,0.458个单位,人工植草区C层土壤的松/紧比值较A层下降0.292个单位,松结合态向紧结合态转变速度较自然恢复区有所减缓。人工植草区A层土壤的有机质及有机碳总量虽低于自然恢复区,但重组有机碳含量相近,其它测定指标亦无明显差异。     

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractions and water‐stable aggregation as affected by cropping and grassland reclamation in an arid sub‐alpine soil

This paper investigates effects of cropping abandonment and perennial grass growing on soil organic C and N pools and aggregate stability, by comparing soils under native grassland, crop cultivation, perennial grass growing and cropping abandonment, in degraded cropland at a sub‐alpine site in north‐western China. The pools of total and particulate organic C (115 and 37 Mg ha⁻¹) in the 0–30 cm soil layer of native grassland were reduced by 31 and 54% after 30 years of crop cultivation. After 4 years of conversion from cropland to perennial grass growing total and particulate organic C pools were increased by 29 and 56%, whereas 4 year cropping abandonment increased particulate organic C by 36%. Rapid increases in total and particulate N were also found in perennial grass growing and cropping abandonment soils. The native grassland soil and soils of cropping abandonment and perennial grass growing had higher carbohydrate C concentrations in the 0–10 cm layer than the cropped soil. The rapid recovery of particulate organic fraction and carbohydrates in the re‐vegetated soils were probably due to higher plant biomass inputs and lower organic matter decomposition compared with those in the cropped soil. Aggregate stability of the 0–30 cm soil layer was significantly decreased by crop cultivation but showed a good recovery after 4 year re‐vegetations. This study suggests that reduction of soil organic matter and aggregate stability under crop cultivation may be remedied by cropping abandonment or perennial grass growing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同修复措施下红壤水稳性团聚体中有机质分布特征

试验设置作物对照(CK)、作物+PAM(聚丙烯乙酰)(C1)、作物+稻草覆盖(C2)、作物+带状牧草(C3)、作物+PAM+带状牧草(C4)和作物+稻草覆盖+带状牧草(C5)6个处理,分别于种植花生前(A)、花生收获后(B)和小麦收获后(C)采集表层土样,研究不同修复措施下鄂东南侵蚀红壤团聚体的稳定性及水稳性团聚体中有机质的分布特征。结果表明,C时期各处理>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量的平均值比A时期提高了24.78%,以C2处理的水稳性团聚体含量最高。不同时期土壤和各级水稳性团聚体中有机质含量表现为B>C>A。随着团聚体粒径(>4mm,4～2mm,2～1mm,1～0.5mm,0.5～0.25mm)减小,水稳性团聚体中有机质含量逐渐降低。土壤有机质含量与各粒径水稳性团聚体有机质含量呈线性正相关,小粒径(2～0.25mm)水稳性团聚体的有机质含量与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关(相关系数为0.779 2～0.828 6)。综合考虑土壤有机质含量和团聚体稳定性2个因素,稻草覆盖措施对侵蚀红壤的修复效果较好。     

Assessment of soil organic matter mineralization under various management practices

ABSTRACT

Mineralization is the main organic matter conversion process, which leads not only to preservation of organic matter in the soil but also to its sequestration. Soil organic matter has equal value as mineral part if we want to improve soil quality or increase the yield. Because of intensive farming, irresponsible use of mineral fertilizers and natural factors, soil organic matter is decreasing. To counteract this process, different soil-friendly management practices and techniques, such as shallow tillage, no-tillage or direct drilling and application of additional organic matter are used. The objective of the present study was to assess the changes in the intensity of soil organic matter mineralization as influenced by primary soil tillage of different intensity in combination with organic matter incorporation. Long-term studies showed that land management practices differentiated the soil into two layers: upper (0–10?cm) layer containing more moisture and nutrients and lower (10–20?cm) layer comprising less moisture and nutrients. The conditions of aeration in the arable soil layer did not change under the effect of ploughing. In this soil, the rate of mineralization was lower than that in the ploughless tillage treatment. The most active mineralization of soil organic matter in the ploughless tillage treatment occurred in the autumn period, when high level of rainfall promoted the loss of nutrients from the topsoil layer.     

秸秆覆盖和有机质输入对紫色土土壤可蚀性的影响

以紫色土坡耕地为研究对象开展野外径流小区定位监测试验,设置有机质(OM)、秸秆覆盖(SW)、有机质+秸秆覆盖(OM+SW)和对照(无秸秆覆盖,不增施有机质,CK)4个处理,对2014年侵蚀性降雨条件下不同处理小区径流及产沙特征进行分析,以单位径流冲刷侵蚀量(K_w)作为土壤可蚀性指标,研究四川省中江县紫色土区秸秆覆盖和有机质输入对坡耕地土壤可蚀性的影响。结果表明:秸秆和有机质输入能显著降低紫色土区坡耕地产流量,4个处理减小径流的效果表现为OM+SWSWOMCK;有机质、秸秆覆盖均显著降低单位径流侵蚀量,从而减小土壤可蚀性,OM、SW、OM+SW处理对土壤可蚀性的平均消减率分别为22.30%、29.76%、35.04%,秸秆覆盖处理(SW)对土壤可蚀性的减小效应略高于有机质处理(OM),但二者差异不显著。综合分析得出,增施有机质的同时进行秸秆覆盖可作为紫色土区坡耕地减小土壤可蚀性的有效措施。