外源NO供体对小麦叶片中顺乌头酸酶活性和H_2O_2含量的影响

最近的初步研究表明 ,NO可能也是一种新的植物生长调节物质 ,且调节效应部分与NO对活性氧 (reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS)代谢的调控有关[1～ 3] 。顺乌头酸酶 (aconitase,EC4 .2 .1 .3)催化顺乌头酸生成柠檬酸或异柠檬酸的可逆反应 ,在NO信号转导的非cGMP途径中 ,顺乌头酸酶也是NO的一个重要靶酶 ,其活性可被NO和H2 O2 抑制[4～ 6 ] ;在动物中顺乌头酸酶胞浆同工酶被NO抑制后即转变成与mRNA结合的铁调节蛋白 (iron regulatoryprotein ,IRP) ,并通过调节体内铁蛋白 (ferritin)和转铁受体 (transferrinreceptor,TfR)蛋白基因的表达…     

两品种小麦叶片衰老过程中清除H2O2能力的差异

引入Ｒｈｔ３矮秆基因的宁矮１号小麦叶片,在全展初期,ＣＡＴ,ＡＰＸ和ＧＲ活力琢ＡｓＡ,ＧＳＨ含量比其亲本苏麦３号高,而在全展后期则不如苏麦３号,这与叶片的光合功能变化相对应。宁矮１号叶片中Ｈ２Ｏ２的累积早于苏麦３号,与其叶片较早地进入衰老相一致。较低浓度的外源Ｈ２Ｏ２对叶片衰老早期的ＣＡＴ,ＡＰＸ和ＧＲ活力有正调节作用、但随着衰老程度的加深,这种调节作用减弱。     

外源NO对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶片光合机构的保护作用

为了探明N0对高温强光胁迫下灌浆期小麦叶片氧化损伤及光合机构的保护作用,研究了0．1mmol／L的外源NO供体硝普钠（SNP）处理对叶片保护酶活性、氧化损伤及D1蛋白含量的影响。结果表明0．1mmol／LSNP处理显著提高了高温强光下抗氧化酶SOD、APX的活性,减轻了活性氧（ROS）对D1蛋白的破坏,从而保护了光合机构,提高了小麦对高温强光的适应性。     

外源一氧化氮供体对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶系统的影响

研究了外源一氧化氮（NO）供体SNP对150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明，与单独盐胁迫相比，0.1 mmol/L的SNP处理明显提高了小麦幼苗叶片还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量，略微降低了氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）的含量，明显提高了GSH/GSSG，这可能与其诱导谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性有部分关     

外源硒对水稻抗氧化酶活性、产量及其体内硒含量影响的研究

为研究两种不同外源硒施用对'富源4号'水稻抗氧化酶活性、产量及其体内硒含量的影响,明确最佳的施硒方式,为富硒农产品发展提供理论指导.在宁夏低硒区(永宁县),以'富源4号'水稻为试验材料,利用富硒微肥胶囊作土壤基施,螯合硒叶面肥结合在水稻关键生育时期作叶面喷施,采用数理统计等方法,比较分析不同外源施硒对水稻抗氧化酶活性、...     

花后短期高温胁迫对小麦叶片光合性能的影响

温度是小麦生长发育的主要生态因子之一.在华北地区,小麦生育后期温度回升较快,常出现高温天气,致使小麦植株衰老加速,灌浆期缩短,粒重和产量显著下降[1].据对河南省气象资料分析,小麦灌浆后期(5月22～28日)出现日均温26℃、日最高气温超过32℃天气的年份占35%～55%,其中西部地区高于北部和南部地区[2].     

外源H202对百合小鳞茎生根发芽和内源激素含量的影响

拟探究外源H202对西伯利亚百合小鳞茎生根发芽的影响和对内源激素含量的调节,分别用0、0.5%、3%、5%、10%五种不同浓度梯度的双氧水(H202水溶液)及0.5mmol/LDMTU(外源H202抑制剂)分别处理百合鳞片生小鳞茎,种植30d后统计分析。结果表明：5%浓度梯度双氧水处理下的百合小鳞茎生根发芽效果最好;0.5mmol/LDMTU(外源H202抑制剂)处理效果最不理想;在百合小鳞茎生根发芽过程中内源激素脱落酸(ABA)的含量呈降低趋势,而赤霉素(GA)和生长素(IAA)的含量不断升高,且变化幅度较对照明显。     

磷对小麦旗叶氮代谢有关酶活性和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

选用中筋品种鲁麦22和强筋品种济南17在大田条件下研究了不同磷素水平（P₀,不施磷;P₁,每公顷施P₂O₅ 105 kg;P₂,每公顷施P₂O₅ 210 kg）对小麦旗叶氮代谢有关酶活性、籽粒蛋白质积累和蛋白质组分含量的影响。结果表明,磷提高了灌浆前期和中期小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）的活性,以及灌浆中期旗叶内肽酶（EP）的活性,其中对济南17的促进作用大于鲁麦22,而同一品种的P₁和P₂之间无显著差异;施磷亦提高了开花后14 d之前旗叶可溶性蛋白质含量和7 d之前游离氨基酸含量,与P₀相比,P₁有利于旗叶灌浆前期游离氨基酸的积累以及灌浆期间向籽粒的再分配,而过高的磷素水平（P₂）对于灌浆后期旗叶游离氨基酸向籽粒再分配的影响较小;磷对籽粒蛋白质合成积累的促进作用在灌浆前期较大,后期较小,表现为前期施磷处理籽粒蛋白质含量显著高于P₀,随着灌浆进程,差异逐渐缩小,最终2个品种P₁处理成熟籽粒中蛋白质含量最高;不同磷素水平对2个小麦品种蛋白质组分的影响不一,对于2个小麦品种籽粒中清蛋白和球蛋白含量之和P₁与P₀无显著差异,而P₁水平下籽粒谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量显著在鲁麦22中提高,在济南17中提高幅度较小,说明P₁水平对改善小麦的营养品质意义不大,但能够改善其加工品质;P₂水平下,济南17的加工品质有变劣的趋势。磷对小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分含量影响的复杂性要求在生产中,应针对不同品质类型小麦品种制定不同的优化栽培措施。     

苄基腺嘌呤对小麦幼苗乙醇酸氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

本研究结果表明,用２０－１４０ｍｇ／Ｌ的苄基腺嘌呤（ＢＡ）喷施小麦幼苗２天后,体内乙醇酸氧化酶活性比对照提高１０．７８－６４．７１％,其正相关系数是ｒ＝０．９８３９,其直线回归方程是Ｙ＝０．１００７＋０．０００４８Ｘ。用２０－１４０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＢＡ喷施小麦２天后,体内过氧化氢酶活性比对照提高１３．６２－２４．２７％,正相关ｒ＝０．９０１５,２０－１００ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＢＡ处理２天后,蛋白质含量升高１４．６     

外源NO和H2S对谷子种子萌发的影响

为研究一氧化氮(NO)、硫化氢(H₂S)及其交互作用对谷子种子萌发的影响,分别以不同浓度的硝普钠和硫氢化钠作为NO和H₂S的供体,对种子进行不同时间的浸种处理,通过测定根长、芽长和发芽指数等6个指标,研究NO和H₂S对谷子种子萌发的影响以及二者之间的交互作用。结果表明,低浓度的NO和H₂S均能促进谷子种子萌发,而高浓度的NO和H₂S对种子萌发产生抑制作用;NO和H₂S在谷子种子萌发过程中具有交互作用,但该交互作用在不同处理方式和不同浓度条件下存在差异。     

Water Stress Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Variations in Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation and Antioxidant Activity in Tolerant and Susceptible Genotypes

An experiment was conducted on five wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, C 306, PBW 175 (tolerant to water stress), DL 153-2 (moderately tolerant to water stress), HD 2428 and HD 2329 (recommended for irrigated conditions, susceptible to water stress), under pot culture conditions to study the effect of water stress on oxidative injury and antioxidant activity. Water stress significantly decreased relative water content (RWC), ascorbic acid content and membrane stability, and increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content, a measure of lipid peroxidation, and activities of antioxidant enzymes in all the genotypes at 7, 17 and 27 days after anthesis (DAA). Water stress tolerant genotypes C 306 and PBW 175, closely followed by DL 153-2, were superior to HD 2428 and HD 2329 in maintaining high RWC, ascorbic acid content and membrane stability and lower hydrogen peroxide content and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) under water stress at the three stages. The highest activities of glutathione reductase and catalase under water stress were observed in C 306, PBW 175 and DL 153-2 and the lowest activities in HD 2428 and HD 2329 at all the stages. Superoxide dismutase activity at all stages under irrigated conditions and at the first and second stages under water stress conditions did not show significant variation among the different genotypes, but at the last stage under water stress the enzyme activity was highest in C 306, closely followed by PBW 175 and DL 153-2, and lowest in HD 2428 and HD 2329. It is apparent that water stress induces an increase in hydrogen peroxide content and consequently lipid peroxidation and membrane injury (reduced membrane stability). The degree of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity seems to be closely associated with the tolerance/susceptibility of a genotype to water stress.     

源库改变对小麦籽粒蛋白质,淀粉含量及产量的影响

利用蛋白质含量及产量各不相同3个春小麦品种．研究了源库改变对淀粉、蛋白质沉术；及单侏产量的影响．结果表明：源库改变明显地影响着籽粒蛋白质的含量，而对淀粉、可溶性糖含量影响不大；品种间蛋白质含量对源库变化的反应不同；千粒重的增减也因品种而异；淀粉的沉积主要受库的限制，而源库都影响着蛋白含量；旗叶在产量和蛋白形成中起着同样重要作用。     

Physiology of Drought Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Correlation between lysine, tryptophan and prolamine contents during maturation of the maize kernel
Changes in the contents of total nitrogen, prolamine, tryptophan and protein bound lysine, and the relative nutritive quality of proteins were studied during the maturation of three normal maize varieties, grown under the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions, in two successive crop years.
Total nitrogen was determined according to Kjeldahl's method, prolamine by the turbidity test, lysine by Carpenter's method and tryptophan was assessed fluorometrically.
A significant decrease (p = 0.01) in total nitrogen, tryptophan and bound lysine content in the dry grain matter was found in the late milk and early dough ripeness stages of the maize kernel. Parallel with the decrease in these components, the relative nutritive quality of proteins also decreased during maturation. Prolamine, which was present in the early milk stage in low quantities, increased significantly (p = 0.01) with kernel maturity, reaching the highest level in the early dough ripeness stage. During further kernel maturation no significant changes in the components studied were observed. The correlation coefficients between the contents of prolamine and total nitrogen, lysine and tryptophan, during the ripening of maize kernel were highly significant (p = 0.001): -0.891, -0.938, -0.856, respectively in the first crop year and –0.844, -0.833, -0.867, respectively in the second crop year.     

花后短暂高温对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量的影响及其生理机制

采用人工气候室控温, 研究花后短暂高温对弱筋小麦扬麦9号和中筋小麦扬麦12籽粒蛋白质含量的影响及其生理机制。结果表明,开花至花后33 d,35℃以上高温处理使籽粒蛋白质含量显著高于对照, 温度越高上升越显著;花后33 d以后遇高温胁迫对蛋白质含量影响相对较轻。籽粒灌浆前期,花后6~8 d 35℃以上高温胁迫对蛋白质含量的影响最大,花后1~3 d处理影响次之;在灌浆中后期,花后19~21 d高温胁迫对蛋白质含量影响较大,花后36~38 d处理的影响较小,且灌浆前期籽粒蛋白质含量受高温胁迫的影响较灌浆中后期大。剑叶硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性以25℃处理较高,随温度的升高而降低, 与籽粒蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关。高温胁迫导致粒重下降,籽粒蛋白质含量相对上升。花后短暂高温胁迫导致弱、中筋小麦籽粒蛋白质品质变劣。     

小麦供锌状况对叶片结构及叶绿体超微结构的影响

锌缺乏或过量使小麦叶肉细胞变小,多环复式细胞显著减少。缺锌植株的叶绿体中基粒垛数少,基粒垛叠片层少,基质片层少,部分片层膨胀;叶绿体内包含较大的液泡和淀粉“泡”;叶绿体被膜模糊,甚至消失.锌过量则使小麦的叶绿体变小,基粒和基质片层明显减少,部分片层膨胀,亲锇颗粒多;在叶绿体周围线粒体出现较多.     

干旱胁迫对小麦叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量的影响及染色体调控

以中国春-Synthetic 6x小麦染色体代换系及其亲本为材料,在不同生育时期对其叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量进行测定.结果表明,正常水分条件下(对照),5A、5B代换系叶片的叶绿素含量与5B代换系叶片的类胡萝卜素含量在孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期均显著或极显著高于中国春.干旱胁迫下,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量低于对照,3A、4D代换系叶片的叶绿素含量与2A、4D代换系的类胡萝卜素含量始终显著或极显著高于中国春.由此表明,正常水分条件下,Synthetic 6x的5A、5B染色体上可能存在诱导叶绿素含量增高的有利基因,5B染色体上可能存在诱导类胡萝卜素含量增高的有利基因.干旱胁迫下,Synthetic 6x的3A、4D染色体上可能存在诱导叶绿素含量增高的有利基因,2A、4D染色体上可能存在诱导类胡萝卜素含量增高的有利基因.     

Effect of Mutagenic Treatments on Somaclonal Variation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Different wheat genotypes were treated with gamma-rays, sodium azide (SA) and EMS before tissue culture and immature embryos from M₁ plants or plants shortly after exposure to gamma-rays were used to initiate callus culture. Thousands of plants were regenerated and used to investigate the effect of mutagenic treatments on the regenerated plants and somaclonal variation in the M₃R₂ and M₂R₂ generations. The results showed that mutagen-induced damage in terms of reduction in plant height, fertility and spike length were not outstanding in the regenerated plants as compared with the untreated control. In the M₃R₂ generation, only SA treatment had significantly higher frequencies of somaclonal variations than the control. Increases in the variation frequencies were observed when explant embryos were irradiated with 2.5 and 5 gy gamma-rays and the highest frequency appeared when embryos were exposed to 5 gy gamma-rays on the 5th day after anthesis. Increased variation spectra also resulted from mutagenic treatments and most of the variants recovered were unsuitable for plant improvement.     

花后灌水对小麦籽粒品质性状及产量的影响

在池栽防雨条件下,研究了小麦花后不同灌水时期、不同灌水次数对籽粒产量及品质性状的影响。结果表明,在花前限量灌水条件下（135 mm）,花后灌水（45～90 mm）可显著提高小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质产量;虽然多数品质性状在花后不灌水（CK）条件下获得最大值,但灌1水未引起品质性状的明显变化;随灌水次数增加,各品质性状变劣