高精度温压检定系统的研制与试验

目前在低温（＜0℃）状态下尚无能同时对温度、压力、湿度进行标定的现成产品,基于双温双压原理该文研制了一套温、压检定系统,以实现对传感器和仪器设备同时进行温度和压力的标定;在给出系统结构、工作原理的基础上,建立了温度系统和压力系统的数学模型,给出了bang-bang控制和改进PID（proportional-integral-differential）的复合控制方法,最后进行了现场试验,试验结果表明：在系统的绝对压力为30～130 kPa,温度为-70～80℃时,温度测量绝对误差＜0.02℃,压力测量绝对误差≤15 Pa,温度控制绝对误差＜0.03℃,压力控制绝对误差≤18 Pa,温度和压力的目标确定度分别为0.06℃和10 Pa,结果表明该检定系统具有控制精度高、稳定性强和可靠性高的特点,可用于检定、地面仪器考核、探空仪器考核。该研究为进一步研究温、湿、压综合检定系统提供技术手段和试验数据。     

基于DPF主动再生温度需求的柴油机进气节流控制策略

为得到DPF主动再生温度控制的全工况区域内进气节流控制策略,选取大、中、小负荷下的3种典型工况研究进气节流阀开度对柴油机泵气损失、排气热状态、缸内燃烧及排放特性的影响规律。台架稳态试验结果表明:随着节流阀开度的减小,节流作用增强,各工况下进气量逐渐降低,过量空气系数减小,最大燃烧压力下降,比油耗、CO、NO_X及烟度排放升高;但进气量的减少使得燃烧始点推迟,滞燃期延长,缸内燃烧温度及排气温度升高,抑制了HC的生成。当进气节流阀开度减小至20%时,低速小负荷工况进气流量减少率较大,排气温度提升更为显著,增幅可达62.7%,而高负荷工况排温略有升高,但泵气损失较大,增幅高达19.2%,严重恶化了发动机的经济性。因此该文综合3种代表工况下的排温提升潜力及主要性能变化规律,将A、B、C工况进气节流阀开度分别控制在35%~45%,50%~60%和70%~80%范围内,并依据排温分布特点得出发动机全工况范围内进气节流控制策略,即小负荷工况采用较小的节流阀开度,随负荷增大节流阀开度增大直至全开。     

液压检测中流量测量的探讨

该文阐述了国内外流量检测的现状，介绍了一种新颖、独特的流量测试装置，并对该电感插入式流量传感器的原理、电路、标定方法和ＹＣ－Ａ型液压测试仪的流量测定电路进行了综合分析。     

乙醇柴油混合燃料发动机EGR系统的标定

对燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料的DL190-12发动机的废气再循环（EGR）系统进行标定。采用真空度控制EGR阀开度的方法,实现废气再循环量的调节。提出了发动机负荷特性试验获取最佳EGR阀真空度的线工况标定方法。运用价值工程原理对发动机台架试验标定数据进行优化处理,建立发动机性能评价模型,设定了发动机性能评价指标,设计了评价指标的权重,并采用二级评价方法得出EGR阀最佳真空度MAP图,结果合理,可用于EGR的控制。     

平面激光诱导荧光法测量射流混药浓度场研究

为了验证平面激光诱导荧光(planar laser induced fluorescence,PLIF)方法测量射流混药浓度场的可行性,该文在考察射流混药浓度场随压力变化特性基础上,开展基于PLIF的射流混药浓度场测量试验。研制了射流混药装置及辅助测量装置。配制6种不同浓度的罗丹明6G均匀混合液进行浓度标定,采用平滑滤波消除测量噪声影响。对比总体灰度值标定和分栅格标定2种方法的标定效果,结果表明:采用分栅格标定可以获得较平均的分区域浓度,在标定浓度为1.000 mg/L时,分栅格标定的最大最小平均值之差仅为总体标定的25.22%。开展3种吸入浓度、进水口压力0.1~0.6 MPa时的浓度场测量试验,结果表明:总体上混合管末端变异系数偏大,靠近管壁的变异系数偏大;在压力0.1和0.2MPa时,在测量区域末端的混合液浓度偏大,变异系数较大,混合均匀性较差。该文试验结果表明PLIF方法可用于射流混药浓度场测量,试验方法和结果可为其他液液混合浓度场测量提供参考。     

重型拖拉机电液提升器插装式比例提升阀性能仿真与试验

为更准确地反映重型拖拉机电液提升器比例提升阀的本质特性,该文剖析了比例提升阀中各液压组件的内部结构和工作机理,并应用现代控制理论状态空间法建立了基于边界条件的比例提升阀非线性数学模型,应用MATLAB/Simulink搭建其仿真模型,基于四阶龙格库塔算法对其动、静态性能进行了仿真分析,揭示了其内部阀芯的运动规律。仿真结果表明:在静态性能方面,比例提升阀平均负载补偿压力约为1.5MPa,流量基本稳定在62L/min附近,具有良好的负载压力补偿和稳态调速特性;在动态性能方面,比例提升阀系统输出流量波动受负载变化影响小,且具有良好的动态调速性能。基于闭心式负载敏感液压系统试验平台,开展了比例提升阀稳态流量特性和动态性能试验,试验结果表明:比例提升阀静态流量输出平稳,回程误差小于5%,当负载阶跃变化时,比例提升阀可实时进行压力补偿,补偿压力约为1.5 MPa,液压冲击小,具有良好的稳态调速特性,满足重型拖拉机电液提升器田间作业需求,该研究可为拖拉机液压系统关键零部件建模仿真和试验分析提供参考。     

再生稻联合收获机清选装置内部气流场分析与试验

为了高效完成再生稻脱出物的清选工作，有效利用气流对物料进行吹散分层，并提高水稻籽粒透筛效率，该研究对沃得旋龙4LZ-3.0E型水稻联合收获机清选装置进行了改进，改进的清选装置采用六叶片离心风机作为清选风机，振动筛上筛使用百叶窗筛，其筛片为平整未经冲压的平板状结构。首先运用CFD软件对风机转速1050 r/min、筛片开度分别为20、25和30 mm工作参数下的清选装置内部气流场进行了数值模拟和对比分析，数值模拟结果表明筛片开度为20 mm时筛面上方气流速度的分布均匀，筛片开度越大，筛片之间越容易产生小型涡流，从而造成气流混乱；使用热线式风速仪在试验样机上进行了气流速度测量，对比实测气流速度和仿真的气流波动规律一致，验证了数值模拟结果的准确性；进一步通过田间试验对静态的模拟试验结果进行了补充，分别选取清选筛振动频率为6、7、8 Hz，得出清选筛振动频率6 Hz配合筛片最佳开度20 mm时清选效果最好的结论，其籽粒含杂率为1.52%，损失率为1.11%；且由结果分析可知，百叶窗筛筛片开度大小对清选损失率的影响无主效应。该研究表明百叶窗筛适用于针对再生稻的清选工作，提出了针对再生稻物料的风筛清选装置的设计思路，为进一步研究打下了基础。     

超高压增大食品物料的导热系数

食品物料在超高压下的导热系数是研究超高压加工过程中传热与温度变化的必要参数,但有关超高压下食品物料的导热系数数据和测量方法还十分缺乏。该文基于线热源法设计了适用于超高压力环境下食品物料导热系数的测量探针和聚甲醛样品容器,利用1.5%琼脂凝胶对热探针在25℃不同压力下(0.1~400 MPa)进行标定试验,结果表明测量值与纯水导热系数的参考值非常接近且呈良好的线性相关关系(R2=0.9997),据此得到探针的标定系数为0.9944。在25℃测量了蛋清、蛋黄、火腿肠和奶油在0.1~400 MPa压力下的导热系数值。结果发现:在25℃条件下,超高压下食品物料的导热系数较常压下均有一定程度的增大(最大达到28%),且有随压力增大而增大的趋势;一定压力条件下,食品物料的导热系数随着含水量的增大而增大。建立了25℃条件食品物料在一定压力范围内(0.1~400 MPa)导热系数预测的经验公式,对研究的几种食品物料拟合得到的方程回归系数在0.91以上。     

机械负载敏感定量泵系统性能分析

为了解定量泵液压传动系统的特点,该文针对负载敏感定量泵液压回路中的负载压力变化和主控多路阀阀芯移动,深入研究了定量泵出口压力、负载压力和补偿阀口开度、主控阀芯位移之间的数学关联性,得出了补偿阀口开度变化量与主控阀芯阀口开度变化量之间的解析关系式。研究表明,随着定量泵出口压力增加,出现负载压力波动时补偿阀芯的运动幅度会变小,泵输出压力为6、9和12 MPa时,位移变化率分别为0.081、0.142和0.183（输出压力6 MPa）;0.058、0.110和0.139(输出压力9MPa);0.042、0.079和0.112（输出压力12 MPa）;而对同一输出压力,随着负载压力变化增加,补偿阀芯位移变化率的变化减小,负载压力变化1、2和3 MPa时,补偿阀芯位移变化率依次减小为0.081、0.072和0.064（输出压力6 MPa）;0.057、0.051和0.046（输出压力9MPa）;0.043、0.038和0.034（输出压力12 MPa）,与试验结果吻合。主控阀芯移动时补偿阀芯的运动分析表明,在定量泵出口压力不变时,补偿阀口开度变化和主控阀等效节流面积改变成正比。研究结果对于机械负载敏感定量泵系统的设计具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于CFD模型的大跨度温室自然通风热环境模拟

大跨度温室作为一种新型南北走向的钢骨架覆膜温室,解决了传统日光温室土地利用率低、空间狭小的问题。为了研究在自然通风条件下大跨度温室的温度和气流场的分布规律,以及不同室外风速条件下通风口开度对大跨度温室温度和气流场的影响,利用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件构建三维稳态大跨度温室模型,模拟自然通风条件下大跨度温室内的温度场和气流场,并采集典型晴天下通风口开启50%时大跨度温室内13个测点的温度,将各测点的测量值与模拟值进行比较,最后利用已验证模型模拟分析通风口开度(25%、50%、75%、100%)在不同室外风速(1、2、3、4 m·s~(-1))条件下的大跨度温室温度和气流场。验证结果表明:模型模拟值与实测值的绝对误差在0.2~2.8℃,均方根误差为1.6℃,最大相对误差为9.9%,平均相对误差为4.1%,表明模拟值与实测值吻合良好。模拟结果显示,温室顶部温度高,底部温度低;室外冷空气从西侧通风口进入,温室内西侧温度低于东侧;温室内平均风速从南到北逐渐减小;温室中部风速明显小于东西两侧。大跨度温室上通风口及侧通风口全开时,温室内温度分布较均匀。温室通风口开度一定时,温室内通风率与室外风速呈显著线性正相关。考虑温室内温度及风速对作物的影响,以降温为主要目的时,建议通风口开度取75%~100%,若室外风速大于3m·s-1且室内温度能满足作物生长,则建议通风口开度75%。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.