Microbial degradation of penoxsulam in flooded rice field soils

The degradation of penoxsulam [2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-N-5,8-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-C]pyrimidin-2-yl-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-sulfonamide] was studied in flasks simulating flooded rice field conditions using four representative rice field soils from the Sacramento Valley. Degradation half-lives (t(1/2) values) ranged between 2 and 13 days. Increased degradation rates were observed in flask systems with steeper redox gradients between the flooded soil layer and the overlaying water. Two transient metabolites were identified that were temporarily formed in amounts exceeding 5% of the total initial mass of penoxsulam. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography/(14)C radiodetection studies indicate that the degradation of the triazolopyrimidine system and its substituents is the main pathway of microbial transformation processes. Microbial activity, as measured by dehydrogenase activity, was not affected by penoxsulam concentrations corresponding to the proposed maximum annual use rate of 40 g active ingredient/ha.     

Microbial community structure varies in different soil zones of a potato field

Analyses of phosholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid etherlipids (PLEL) revealed differences in size and structure of microbial communities in the three soil zones of a potato field: ridge (RS), uncompacted interrow (IS), and tractor‐compacted interrow soil (CS). The quantity of phosholipid biomarker concentrations (= microbial biomass) showed large differences among different zones, when lipid contents were related to fresh soil volume instead of soil dry matter. Compaction of interrow soil caused an increase in bacterial and eukaryotic biomass, expressed as total PLFA concentration, as well as an increase in total archaeal biomass, expressed as total PLEL concentration and caused a decrease in the fungi‐to‐bacteria ratio. Due to the higher waterfilled pore space (an indirect measure for reduced O₂ availability) in CS, a more pronounced anaerobic microbial community was estimated than in IS, which serves as an explanation for the elevated N₂O fluxes in this soil zone. Apart from the effect of O₂ availability, microbial communities, especially populations of aerobic bacteria, ascinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa, and aerobic archaea responded to organic matter composition in the individual zones. Only in RS PLEL derived cyclic isoprenoids were found, which presumably indicate root‐colonizing archaea. Following principal component analyses of specific biomarker profiles, the assumed substrate effect had the strongest influence on the differences in microbial community structure between the three soil zones.     

土壤中多环芳烃的微生物降解: 降解途径及其影响影子

Adverse effects on the environment and high persistence in the microbial degradation and environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are motivating interest. Many soil microorganisms can degrade PAHs and use various metabolic pathways to do so. However, both the physio-chemical characteristics of compounds as well as the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils can drastically influence the degradation capacity of naturally occurring microorganisms for field bioremediation. Modern biological techniques have been widely used to promote the efficiency of microbial PAH-degradation and make the biodegradation metabolic pathways more clear. In this review microbial degradation of PAHs in soil is discussed, with emphasis placed on the main degradation pathways and the environmental factors affecting biodegradation.     

Molecular identification of methane oxidizing bacteria in a Japanese rice field soil

By using cultivation-independent techniques, community changes of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in rice bulk soils were investigated under field conditions in a Japanese rice field. The representative soil samples were collected during the typical rice growing season and nonrice growing period all year round. Statistical characterization of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) community patterns of MOB pmoA/amoA functional gene fragments showed that MOB community structures in the rice bulk soils remained largely unchanged throughout the investigated period. The total intensity of six common DGGE bands that appeared consistently throughout the investigated period accounted for 64% of the total intensity of all 18 different DGGE bands detected. The low squared distance of the Ward cluster analysis of the DGGE pattern and the high Sorensen similarity coefficient (81%) also implied the high similarity of the MOB community structures. The stable MOB community structure did not couple well with the wide variation of soil water contents all year round. Sequencing analysis of the nine characteristic bands including six common bands revealed the presence of Type I, Type II methanotrophs, and β-proteobacterial ammonia oxidizers in rice bulk soils. In comparison with MOB type species, three DGGE bands showed a wide variation of the highly conserved amino acid residues, implying the presence of novel MOB bacteria inhabiting the rice bulk soil. The high diversity of MOB composition suggested that rice bulk soils might serve as an ideal reservoir for the dynamic changes of MOB in a rice field ecosystem in response to environment changes.     

稻田节肢动物群落对3 种土壤改良剂的响应

试验研究了竹炭、凹凸棒石、木炭3 种土壤改良剂在吸附土壤污染物质、改善土壤物理性状时, 对稻田节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明: 3 种土壤改良剂均显著提高了蜘蛛类个体数量, 特别是优势种八斑球腹蛛(Coleosoma octomaculatum)的个体数量, 竹炭、凹凸棒石处理田八斑球腹蛛的个体数量为对照田的5 倍多,木炭处理田为对照田的4 倍多; 3 种土壤改良剂均显著降低了植食类昆虫的个体数量, 竹炭、凹凸棒石和木炭处理田的目标害虫稻褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)数量分别为对照田的15%、10%和20%; 3 种土壤改良剂均显著提高了蜘蛛类的优势度, 显著降低了植食昆虫类的优势度; 竹炭和凹凸棒石处理的第1 年可显著提高节肢动物群落多样性, 第2 年对节肢动物群落多样性无显著影响, 木炭处理的每年都显著提高了稻田节肢动物群落多样性与复杂度, 增加了稻田生态系统的稳定性。     

Modeling within field variation of the compaction layer in a paddy rice field using a proximal soil sensing system

A key characteristic of flooded paddy fields is the plough pan. This is a sub‐soil layer of greater compaction and bulk density, which restricts water losses through percolation. However, the thickness of this compacted layer can be inconsistent, with consequences such as variable percolation and leaching losses of nutrients, which therefore requires precision management of soil water. Our objective was to evaluate a methodology to model the thickness of the compacted soil layer using a non‐invasive electromagnetic induction sensor (EM38‐MK2). A 2.7 ha alluvial non‐saline paddy rice field was measured with a proximal soil sensing system using the EM38‐MK2 and the apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) of the wet paddy soil was recorded at a high‐resolution (1.0 × 0.5 m). Soil bulk density (n = 10) was measured using undisturbed soil cores, which covered locations with large and small EC_a values. At the same locations (within 1 m²) the depth of the different soil layers was determined by penetrometer. Then a fitting procedure was used to model the EC_a – depth response functions of the EM38‐MK2, which involved solving a system of non‐linear equations and a R² value of 0.89 was found. These predictions were evaluated using independent observations (n = 18) where a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.87 with an RMSEE value of 0.03 m was found. The EC_a measurements allowed the detail estimation of the compacted layer thickness. The link between water percolation losses and thickness of the compacted layer was confirmed by independent observations with an inverse relationship having a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.89. This rapid, non‐invasive and cost‐effective technique offers new opportunities to measure differences in the thickness of compacted layers in water‐saturated soils. This has potential for site‐specific soil management in paddy rice fields.     

水稻土的先期固结压力测定与分析

土壤先期固结压力的大小通常采用受周向约束柱状土样的快速单轴压缩测试方法获取,该值的确定不仅是土壤结构保护的基础参考,还为确定合理的作业机械轴重、农业机械的设计及其田间运用提供理论依据。该试验通过对江浦农场水稻土的实际测试,得到未受压实耕层土壤的先期固结压力范围为58.84～69.19 kPa,而用拖拉机碾压处理后的先期固结压力区间上升为69.15～100.1 kPa,表明拖拉机的碾压导致土壤先期固结压力的增加,即破坏了土壤的原始结构。目前的农业机械接地压力通常在70 kPa以上,而大田所测的土壤先期固结压力却在60 kPa左右,因此机械的使用必会造成土壤的压实及其结构的破坏。     

稻-萍-鱼体系对稻田土壤环境的影响

稻-萍-鱼体系的基本技术是在单一以水稻为主体的生物群体中加入红萍和鱼类，通过对红萍和鱼的人工调控而影响整个稻田生态体系，在综合技术作用下，稻-萍-鱼体系中可混养多种鱼类，产量达4000-9800kg/hm^2，在少用50%-60%化肥、30%-50%农药、鱼沟及鱼坑占地10%-15%情况下，水稻产量比常规种稻略增，且土壤有机质、全N、全P等上升15.6%-38.5%，水稻病虫草害发生下降40.8%-99.5%，土壤甲烷（CH4）排放量减少34.6%，显著改善了稻田生态环境。     

水稻脆性秸秆降解特性及其对土壤团聚体的影响

水稻秸秆降解效率是衡量秸秆还田利用率的重要指标,脆秆水稻秸秆易破碎,在秸秆还田中具有重要应用价值.以脆秆水稻品种科辐粳7号的秸秆为研究对象,以扬粳113为对照,通过土壤降解(有氧+厌氧)和酸碱酶解处理揭示脆性秸秆的降解特征,明确降解后的秸秆对土壤结构的影响,为脆秆水稻的应用提供理论支持.研究发现通过酸性降解处理,科辐粳...     

Microbial Degradation of Dimethylsilanediol in Soil

Dimethylsilanediol (DMSD) is the ultimate hydrolysis product of silicone (polydimethylsiloxane = PDMS) polymer in soil. Our previous paper showed that it would volatilize from soil, and the present study investigates the importance of microbial degradation in removing DMSD from soil. DMSD (¹⁴C-labeled) was thus incubated (1 mg kg^-1) for 30 wk at 25 °C in soils from a permanent grass field, a corn field, a deciduous woodland, and a pine woodland. Release of¹⁴ CO₂ varied from 0.4 to 1.6% wk^-1. For 3 of the soils, ¹⁴CO₂ increased with higher microbial biomass, while organisms in the deciduous woodland soil were more active in degrading DMSD than organisms in the other soils. After 30 weeks, most of the remaining ¹⁴C in the soil had moved from freely available water extractable to less available acid and base extractable fractions. Similar incubations with 2% plant litter showed extensive transfer of the DMSD into the litter layer. Incubations with a microbial inhibitor showed less DMSD degradation, while cold storage of soils almost completely stopped degradation. These results suggest that microbial degradation is an important mechanism of DMSD loss from soil.     

Influence of phosphate and copper on reductive dechlorination of thiobencarb in California rice field soils

The potential for reductive dechlorination of the herbicide thiobencarb (TB) by microbes and its prevention in saturated anaerobic rice field soils was examined in laboratory microcosms. TB is effective in controlling both annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. In anoxic microcosms, TB was effectively degraded within 30 days to its dechlorinated product, deschlorothiobencarb (DTB), in two Sacramento Valley rice field soils. TB dechlorination, and subsequent degradation, followed pseudo-zero- (lag phase) and first-order (degradation phase) kinetics. Logistic regression analysis (r2 > 0.841) produced a half-life (t(1/2)) in nonsterile soils ranging from 10 to 15 days, which was also observed when microcosms were amended with low concentrations (<3 mg L(-1)) of copper (Cu2+; as the fungicides Cu(OH)2 and CuSO4.5H2O). High Cu2+ concentrations (>40 mg L(-1)) were added to the microcosms to determine if copper toxicity to dechlorinating microbes is concentration dependent within the range used. After 30 days, the low-copper-amended soils closely resembled the nonsterile experiments to which no Cu2+ was added while the high-copper-amended microcosms were similar to the sterile experiment. Microcosms were also separately amended with 5.7 g L(-1) phosphate (PO4(2-); as KH2PO4), a nutrient regularly applied to rice fields. Phosphate-amended experiments also showed TB degradation, but no DTB formation, indicating the phosphate played a role, possibly as a microbial inhibitor or an alternative electron acceptor, in limiting the dechlorination of TB. In summary, TB dechlorination was inhibited at high Cu(OH)2, CuSO4.5H2O, and KH2PO4 concentrations.     

Cyanobacterial communities of rice straw left on the soil surface of a paddy field

To estimate diversity, seasonal variation, and phylogeny of the cyanobacterial communities in rice straw placed in nylon mesh bags and left on the soil surface of a paddy field, total DNA was extracted from straw, amplified by polymerase chain reaction targeting 16S rRNA genes of cyanobacteria, and the amplicons were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). These DGGE bands were sequenced. The paddy field was under flooded condition after transplanting of rice (Experiment 1) and under drained conditions after harvest (Experiment 2). The residual samples on the soil surface under upland conditions were collected just before spring plowing and were placed again on the soil surface after transplanting under flooded conditions. DGGE band patterns of cyanobacterial communities of rice straw were different under drained conditions, under flooded conditions when fresh rice straw samples were placed (Experiment 1), and under flooded conditions when residual rice straw samples were replaced (Experiment 2), indicating that the communities were influenced by both water regime of the paddy field and the degree of the rice straw decomposition. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands indicated that most of the cyanobacteria in rice straw on the soil surface in the paddy field were filamentous members belonging to Subsections III and IV. Filamentous cyanobacterial cells were observed in rice straw under flooded conditions by epifluorescence microscopy.     

Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

微生物对几种水溶性聚合物的降解作用

针对缓/控释肥料包裹材料的广泛应用,通过实验室微生物培养,对几种水溶性聚合材料生物降解作用进行了测定。结果表明,纳米-亚微米级聚乙醇混聚物、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯混聚物在第4周最先开始降解,废弃聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料混聚物第8周才开始降解;聚乙烯醇混聚物、聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料混聚物、丙烯酸酯类混聚物在11-20周完全降解,苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯混聚物第20周后降解达98%,试验所用纳米-亚微米级聚乙醇混聚物等7种水溶性聚合物均可作为环境友好型缓释肥料包裹材料。     

不同还原条件下多环芳烃厌氧微生物降解研究：基于文献计量的剖析

厌氧微生物降解是环境中多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）污染削减的重要途径。为系统、全面地了解PAHs厌氧微生物降解的研究现状,以Web of Science核心数据库为数据源,对该领域已发表文献进行文献计量分析,并以厌氧环境中不同还原条件对应的电子受体还原体系为切入点,分别论述反硝化体系、金属离子还原体系、硫酸盐还原体系和产甲烷体系中的PAHs厌氧微生物降解的研究进展,在此基础上重点对土壤中PAHs厌氧微生物降解研究的现存理论空白和未来发展趋势进行探讨。分析结果表明,PAHs厌氧微生物降解领域的研究整体较少,其中,绝大多数仅针对低环PAHs;不同还原条件中对产甲烷和金属离子还原体系的关注也较少;已有研究多侧重纯培养物或水体、沉积物等环境介质,较少基于土壤展开,且新兴技术在该领域尚未得到广泛应用。因此,目前针对土壤中PAHs厌氧微生物降解的认识尚存在诸多理论空白。土壤是环境中PAHs汇集和积累的重要场所,未来应当尝试将单体稳定同位素分析、稳定同位素核酸探针、组学等多种新兴技术与传统研究方法相结合,从多种的角度深入探究土壤PAHs厌氧微生物降解的机制,并将已有的理论和经验在土壤中进行验证,以填补现存理论空白,推进厌氧土壤中PAHs污染微生物修复工作的开展。     

秸秆育苗容器在土壤中降解对微生物区系的影响

为了阐明秸秆育苗容器降解过程中对土壤及容器残体酶活性及微生物的影响,选择淀粉胶秸秆育苗容器(MSGC)和豆胶秸秆育苗容器(MBGC)两类容器的片状试材进行土培试验,设计不含容器试材土壤为对照组(CK),试验持续45 d,采用常规分析和BiologEco微平板计数技术手段测定了容器残体及土壤中的酶活变化、微生物群落多样性、菌群数量及功能多样性。结果表明:土培过程中,容器和土壤中酶活总体呈上升趋势,MSGC淀粉酶活与MBGC无显著差异,纤维素酶活初期显著高于MBGC,中后期则无显著差异。蛋白酶活MBGC全过程显著高于MSGC;秸秆容器可显著提高土壤磷酸酶和脲酶酶活,与MBGC相比,MSGC土壤中磷酸酶和脲酶酶活更高。Biolog~(Eco)分析显示,秸秆容器能够显著提高土壤中微生物碳源利用活性,土壤平均颜色变化率(AWCD)值先增大后减少,MBGC与MSGC差异在于后者土壤AWCD值下降速率显著快于前者。两种容器残体微生物功能多样性初期差异显著,后期差异减少。与MSGC比,MBGC土壤微生物对氨基酸、聚合物及胺类利用具有更强活性,这种差异主要与容器胶粘剂不同有关。本研究结果将为秸秆育苗容器田间应用与生态效应评价提供理论依据。     

改良剂对反酸田土壤性质与水稻产量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同改良剂在反酸田土壤上的应用效果。结果表明,土壤pH在3.47~4.90范围内,pH与交换性H+和交换性Al3+呈极显著线性负相关关系,而与土壤有效铁和有效硫含量呈显著正相关。不同改良处理在提高作物产量和改良土壤性质方面较对照处理与NPK处理效果明显,且钙镁磷肥、自研改良剂、石灰及碱渣等无机改良剂改良效果显著高于添加腐植酸、精制有机肥、碱性有机肥处理。其改良效果主要体现在提高土壤pH,显著降低土壤交换性H+和交换性Al3+含量,明显增加土壤有效钙和有效镁的含量,改善根系生长环境,增加水稻地上部养分吸收和水稻籽粒产量。综上,初步认为酸害(包括活性酸和潜在酸)是反酸田土壤最主要的限制因子,钙镁磷肥、自研改良剂和石灰等偏碱性且富含有效钙或磷的无机矿物质是农业生产中改良反酸田的适宜改良剂。