鲜食玉米引进品种适应性评价

鲜食玉米适口性好、风味独特、富含人体所必需的多种营养成分,深受广大消费者喜爱。为筛选出适宜本地区种植的高产优质鲜食玉米品种,运用相关性和主成分分析等方法对引进的10个鲜食玉米品种主要农艺性状进行分析,综合评价其适应性、丰产性和品质。结果表明:参试的10个鲜食玉米品种按物候期分为早熟、中熟、晚熟三类,11个农艺性状中变异系数最大的是穗轴直径、穗直径和单穗鲜重,分别为18.11%、13.45%、9.25%,鲜穗产量和行粒数呈显著正相关(P0.05),主成分分析中前3个主成分累积贡献率达85.421%。综合鲜穗产量和品质,筛选出的甜玉米品种为‘美珍206’、‘美珍204’、‘澳甜8210’,甜糯玉米品种为‘珍甜糯3号’、‘早甜糯70’,糯玉米品种为‘迪糯278’,筛选出的品种将进行推广种植。该研究为干旱半干旱地区主栽鲜食玉米品种的评价提供依据。     

播期和种植方式对轮作模式下设施鲜食玉米相关性状的影响

为探明设施蔬菜—鲜食玉米轮作模式下鲜食玉米的适宜播期、种植方式和品种,采用随机区组设计,以6个鲜食玉米品种为试验材料,设2个播期(05-30、06-20),2种种植方式(等行距种植和宽窄行种植),研究分析播期和种植方式对不同鲜食玉米品种农艺性状、产量、品质和产值的影响。结果表明：品种是影响鲜食玉米相关性状的首要因素,播期显著影响鲜食玉米生育期、穗行数、行粒数、去苞叶单穗质量、去苞叶产量和产值,而种植方式则对各项测定指标无显著影响。在西昌市设施蔬菜—鲜食玉米轮作模式下,选择鲜甜糯88和华鲜玉890,在6月20日左右播种,可获得较好的外观商品性、食味品质、产量和经济效益。     

播期、播种密度及肥料运筹对青稞产量及产量性状的影响

以13个来自西藏不同生态区的青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.var.nudum HK.f.)品种为材料,研究播期、播种密度、肥料运筹及其互作对青稞籽粒产量和产量性状的影响。结果表明:参试青稞品种的籽粒产量与产量性状在品种间、播期间均存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)差异;春播青稞籽粒产量显著低于秋播(P<0.05)。播种密度和肥料运筹对参试品种籽粒产量影响不显著。每穗粒数在播种密度和肥料运筹间差异显著(P<0.05),千粒质量在肥料运筹间差异显著(P<0.05)。     

密度和肥料对玉米新品种科大16群体质量和产量的影响

以高产玉米新品种科大16为试验材料,采用双因素裂区设计,研究了不同密度和肥料处理对其群体质量指标和产量的影响。结果表明：密度的增产效应大于肥料的增产效应;秃尖长受肥料和密度的影响明显;株高、穗位高受密度的影响变化复杂;棒三叶叶长、叶宽、叶面积变化相对稳定;棒三叶夹角则随密度的增加呈现先增后降的趋势。     

不同类型夏玉米主要性状及产量的分析

以4种不同类型的夏玉米品种为材料,研究了不同时期其主要性状、干物质积累和分配及产量。结果表明：4种类型夏玉米的产量存在显著差异,在不同密度下产量也表现显著差异,其中大株特大穗型玉米品种CF2187的产量最高,具有相当大的生产潜力;4种类型夏玉米的LAI发展受密度和株型影响,高密度较低密度拥有更大的LAI及持续期,大株大穗型玉米品种的叶面积持续期最长;大株大穗型玉米品种的干物质积累最多,中株中大穗型玉米品种的经济系数最大。     

密度对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

以4个青贮玉米品种为试验材料,研究了4个种植密度对青贮玉米生物产量、干物质产量和品质的影响。结果表明:不同品种之间生物产量和干物质产量差异极显著;不同密度下品种的生物产量和干物质产量差异极显著;不同密度对不同品种品质影响较大,增加密度有助于青贮玉米品质的提高。青贮玉米品种的生育期、株高、穗位高、茎粗、收获期、绿叶数差异不大,品种间差异主要由品种自身特性决定。     

播期、密度及肥料运筹对张杂谷13号产量及农艺性状的影响

为明确早熟优质谷子品种张杂谷13号的高产栽培技术,2019年在河北张家口研究了播期、密度及肥料运筹对该品种的生长发育、产量、分蘖及抗倒性的影响.结果显示:随播种时期的推迟,张杂谷13号的全生育期缩短,同一播期下不同密度和肥料运筹处理的谷子在各生育期无明显差别;同一播期和施肥处理下,随密度的增加,谷子株高、穗长、穗粗、分...     

化控条件下密度对夏玉米产量及产量性状的影响

品种、密度、化控剂三因素试验表明,密度是影响玉米产量的主要因素,化控条件下,不同类型玉米品种产量随密度的增加均呈先增后减的趋势。郑单958适宜密度75 000～82 500株/hm²,先玉335为67 500～75 000株/hm²,化控剂的使用并不能改变品种的适宜密度;化控条件下穗长、穗粗、行粒数与密度呈负相关,秃尖长与密度呈正相关;先玉335穗行数、千粒重随密度增加而减少,郑单958穗行数、千粒重随密度增加先增后减;化控条件下,随密度的增加穗位高增高、植株重心高度先增后降;先玉335株高降低,郑单958株高先增后降。化控剂可有效降低穗位高、植株重心、株高,降低穗位高进而降低植株重心高度增强抗倒能力是密植稳产关键因素。     

玉米不同种植密度对主要农艺性状和产量的影响

选取具有代表性的6个玉米品种为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,研究种植密度对主要农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明,随密度不断提高,行数、行粒数、穗长、穗粗、子粒长、百粒重和茎粗逐渐减小;秃尖长、株高和穗位高逐渐增加;出籽率和产量先增加后减小;容重先减小后增加。因此,选择适宜品种并结合品种自身特性,合理提高种植密度才能促进玉米产量的提高。     

密植条件下不同玉米品种产量及子粒营养品质相关性状研究

试验以陕单609、榆玉3号、先玉335、郑单958、秋润100、陕单636为供试品种,在67 500株/hm2和82 500株/hm2两种种植密度下,研究增密对不同玉米品种子粒产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,随着密度的增加,子粒产量、收获穗数、群体干重和LAI显著增加,穗粒数、百粒重和子粒蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,淀粉含量和粗脂肪含量不同品种间呈现不规律变化。密植条件下,品种间子粒产量差异更为明显,陕单609、先玉335和榆玉3号的产量显著高于其他品种,分别较郑单958增产1.98%、11.26%和2.37%。陕单636增密后影响产量的主要因素是粒重,先玉335和郑单958增密后影响产量的主要因素是穗粒数,陕单609、榆玉3号和秋润100增密后影响产量的因素是穗粒数和粒重。因此,选择优良品种,适当增加玉米种植密度,加强田间管理,保证穗粒数和粒重稳定,是实现玉米密植高产优质的重要途径。     

优质蛋白玉米育种研究进展

普通玉米蛋白质品质差,以改良玉米蛋白质品质为目标的优质蛋白玉米(QPM)育种一直是玉米研究的重要课题。本文简要回顾了利用o2基因改善玉米蛋白质品质的育种历程,重点介绍了QPM的营养价值、遗传基础、种质选育和应用以及分子标记应用于QPM辅助育种,分析了目前QPM种质遗传基础狭窄、杂种优势研究滞后和QPM品种抗逆性差、适应性窄等问题,提出了针对这些问题的解决策略,并展望了QPM的重大应用前景。     

Quality Protein Maize: Overcoming the Hurdles

SUMMARY

Quality Protein Maize (QPM), a nutritionally enhanced maize, was developed by researchers from CIMMYT using too genetic systems–opaque-2 and genetic modifiers. The use of these two genetic systems overcame the highly complex problems that were inherent in the original soft endosperm opaques. This review describes the ever-evolving breeding options and strategies for the development of QPM with examples from the CIMMYT maize program, where much of the research and practical breeding work has been done. The soft endosperm opaque-2 materials developed earlier had poor agronomic performances and lacked producer and consumer acceptance. To overcome these constraints, subsequent research explored various options, with and without high lysine mutants. Like other institutions, CIMMYT researchers tried and critically examined the merits and demerits of different strategies. Of all the strategies available, the selection for modified kernels in which CIMMYT scientists had gained information, experience, and confidence seemed viable. To implement this strategy, modified opaque-2 donor stocks were built and were subsequently used for expanding the QPM developmental efforts. A large volume of QPM germplasm was developed using different breeding options, which were later merged and reorganized into a fixed number of pools and populations to permit working in homozygous opaque-2 genetic backgrounds. The development of QPM hybrids was the next turning point in the mid-80s. During the QPM developmental process, serious problems inherent in the opaques were circumvented and since then, rapid progress has been made. There is a renewed interest in QPM and several countries have recently released QPM varieties and hybrids. To further accelerate the QPM developmental process, to enhance its popularity amongst nations and its farmers, and to meet future challenges, innovative ideas and the tools of biotechnology will be needed.     

青饲(贮)玉米育种与优质蛋白玉米种质的商业化创新利用

结合近30年来我国优质蛋白玉米(QPM)的发展演变,通过对国外青饲(贮)玉米部分标准的分析与国内优质蛋白玉米(QPM)、青饲(贮)玉米发展现状的研究,提出促进我国优质蛋白玉米种质的经济实用化(商业化)创新利用,加快青饲(贮)玉米、粮饲型玉米育种发展步伐的优先序:青饲(贮)玉米--粮饲型玉米--优质玉米--优质蛋白玉米。     

国家玉米主产区预试品种的SSR分析Ⅱ. 预试品种的遗传多样性

应用SSR分子标记方法对2005年国家玉米主产区预试参试品种进行了聚类分析,并根据聚类分析结果分析了参试品种的遗传多样性。结果表明,参试品种被分成6类,88.6%的品种分布在相邻的第三和第四类中,这两类囊括了全部优良参照品种和12/13的优良新组合,反映出最新育成的和生产上正在广泛种植的玉米品种存在严重的种质趋同现象;黄改系种质成为当前国内应用最多、在新品种遗传组成中占比重最大的种质。研究还表明,采用SSR方法进行杂交种的聚类分析能够客观地分析和评价我国玉米种质遗传多样性的现状。     

Evaluation of the Lime-Cooking and Tortilla Making Properties of Quality Protein Maize Hybrids Grown in Mexico

Eleven experimental and three commercial white quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids and two regular endosperm controls were planted at Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico with the aim of comparing grain physical characteristics, protein quality, lime-cooking and tortilla making properties. All genotypes were planted under irrigation using a density of 80,000 plants/ha and fertilized with 250 kg N-60 P-60 K per hectare. When compared with the controls these QPM genotypes had lower test (77.4 vs. 76.5 kg/hL) and 1,000 kernel weights (327 vs. 307 g), softer endosperm texture (2.5 vs. 1.8 where 1 = soft, 2 intermediate and 3 hard endosperm), lower protein (10.0 vs. 8.0%), higher nixtamal water uptake after 30 min lime-cooking (50.0 vs. 53.1% moisture) and lower pericarp removal scores. The lower thousand-kernel weight and softer endosperm texture observed in the QPM genotypes lowered the optimum lime-cooking time as estimated with regression equations. Most QPM genotypes had higher amounts of lysine, tryptophan and albumins/globulins when compared with the controls. QPMs HEC 424973, HEC 774986 and HEC 734286 had the best grain traits for nixtamalization and therefore the best potential for industrial utilization. The commercial use of these QPM hybrids should benefit Mexicans who depend on tortillas as the main staple.     

辅助选择优质蛋白玉米种质的ELISA方法

基于玉米胚乳中赖氨酸含量与EF-1α含量呈显著正相关,利用ELISA技术定量检测胚乳中EF-1α含量,进而估测胚乳中赖氨酸含量,建立了辅助选择优质蛋白玉米种质的ELISA技术体系.通过对653份QPM家系的检测,表明该方法具有简便、快速、准确的特点,可有效辅助选择优质蛋白玉米种质。     

Protein quality and endosperm modification of quality protein maize (Zea mays L.) under two contrasting soil nitrogen environments

Quality protein maize (QPM) breeding involves the combined use of the opaque-2 (o2) gene and the genetic modifiers of the o2 locus to develop cultivars with modified kernel endosperm, and increased concentrations of lysine and tryptophan. This study was designed to assess grain yield performance, endosperm modification, and protein quality and quantity under two contrasting soil nitrogen environments. A 15-parent diallel cross was evaluated under one low nitrogen stress and one optimal nitrogen environment each at Harare (Zimbabwe) and Bako (Ethiopia). Most QPM hybrids showed higher protein quality levels than the best non-QPM check under both conditions. Protein concentration tended to vary across nitrogen levels, but not endosperm type. Significant differences were found for the test of main effect (nitrogen-level) for endosperm modification and tryptophan concentration. This indicated that QPM maintains quality even under low soil nitrogen, a widespread condition in Africa. General combining ability (GCA) mean squares were highly significant for most protein quality traits for each environment and across environments whereas specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were not significant in most cases. This indicated that additive gene effects were primarily responsible for variation of most traits evaluated and hence progeny performance can adequately be predicted on the basis of parental performance. Inbred lines P2, P4 and P12 had desirable GCA effects for endosperm modification while P1 and P3 had the best GCA for tryptophan concentration in grain. The current study suggests that hybrids with desirable endosperm modification, protein quality and stable performance under low nitrogen stress and optimal conditions can be produced with careful selection.     

中国西南山区玉米杂交种的种质基础

通过对近30年来我国西南山区应用推广的20个玉米杂交种种质基础的分析,发现其中多数杂交种都直接或间接含有西南山区玉米地方种血缘,其中又有60%的杂交种直接或间接含有乌江玉米和贵州晴隆五穗白或其中之一的血缘.表明以西南山区玉米地方种质为基础,经选系或改良,并采用改良Lancaster或改良Reid系×地方种质直选系或改良系的组配方式,可能是我国西南山区用玉米杂交种选育的主要途径。     

山东省玉米杂种优势利用和种质创新研究

本文对1990～1999年山东省主要推广玉米杂交种的种质基础、杂种优势群、杂交优势模式以及种质改良创新研究进行分析.结果表明:生产用玉米杂交种种质基本上由Reid、塘四平头、外杂选、Lan.和旅大红骨五大核心种质类群组成,种质基础更趋狭窄.有6种杂交优势利用模式.但目前利用最多的有Reid×外杂选、Reid×旅大红骨和Reid×塘四平头3种模式.我省玉米种质的改良和创新研究取得了显著成效.对今后玉米种质的改良和创新研究提出了一些建议。     

在构建QPM近等基因系过程中对回交群体的SSR标记选择

优质蛋白玉米(QPM)遗传基础狭窄,以普通玉米自交系为遗传背景培育opaque-2近等基因系是QPM种质改良的重要途径。本文利用SSR标记技术,以opaque-2基因序列为背景开发的特异SSR引物phi057和umc1066作为标记,对构建中的95个QPM近等基因系回交群体BC1F1和BC2F1进行目标基因选择。结果表明,SSR标记phi057对大多数回交群体中的opaque-2基因的选择是有效的;在少数回交群体,如(多黄29×CA335)×多黄29,SSR标记phi057和umc1066不能区分单株间的基因型变异,针对这些材料,需要进行更深入的研究或开发新的SSR。