中国小麦微核心种质及地方品种籽粒休眠特性的分子标记鉴定

为探索我国小麦微核心种质及地方品种籽粒休眠的遗传基础,利用已报道的4个3AS上的SSR标记(Xbarc57、Xbarc294、Xbarc310和Xbarc321)和1个3BL上的Viviparous-1基因标记Vp1-b2对107份我国小麦微核心种质及31份地方品种进行籽粒休眠的分子标记鉴定。结果表明,5个分子标记在试验材料中表现出丰富的等位变异,具有5～6种等位类型,与籽粒萌芽指数(GI)密切相关。根据一般线性模型分析结果,各位点的等位变异显著影响籽粒休眠,其中Vp1-b2和Xbarc294对籽粒休眠作用较其他标记大,可分别解释65.8%和61.2%的表型变异;其次是Xbarc310(56.3%)和Xbarc57(55.8%),最小的是Xbarc321(53.3%)。而5个标记联合可解释95.9%的性状变异,其次是Vp1-b2和Xbarc294的组合(89.1%),解释变异最小的标记组合是Vp1-b2和Xbarc321(79.4%)。5个分子标记即可解释籽粒休眠的绝大部分表型变异,说明我国小麦微核心种质及地方品种籽粒休眠特性受3AS和3BL上的2个主效基因控制。     

多种类型小麦种质资源的鉴定筛选

对１８０９份材料进行鉴定，评选出抗穗发芽、早熟、矮秆、大穗大粒、抗病、抗虫、高蛋白、抗寒耐旱、综合丰产等９个类型６４９份材料。其中有些材料可推荐给大田生产或做育种亲本利用     

优质弱筋小麦高效栽培技术

为实现优质弱筋小麦品种产量、品质同步优化,制定了包括品种选择、播种、施肥、病虫害防治等高效栽培管理技术措施。     

改良睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌降解鸡粪甾体化合物的研究

微生物对有机污染物的降解速率受到环境因素的影响。利用经改良的睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas testosterone C.t)的3种菌株降解鸡粪中的甾类物质污染,探讨建立改良菌降解鸡粪中甾类物质污染的最佳条件。试验结果表明,经过基因改造的3种菌株Pktac-A8、C.test+Pa、C.test+Pb中,以C.test+Pa菌株对胆固醇降解率最大,且与其他菌株之间差异达到极显著水平。各菌株降解胆固醇的最适温度为30℃;最佳降解时间为15天;鸡粪含水量为66.7%时是降解胆固醇的最适宜湿度。     

西藏发展弱筋小麦的策略

介绍了西藏小麦生产情况和品质现状,并根据弱筋小麦的生产需求,分析了西藏发展弱筋小麦具有独特的自然资源以及品种,并初步探讨了弱筋小麦生产的发展策略。     

关于发展四川弱筋小麦的思考

本文根据四川小麦品质现状和品种基础,分析了发展四川弱筋小麦的可行性、产业化发展情况及前景,提出了发展四川弱筋小麦的几点建议。     

中国小麦微核心种质低分子量麦谷蛋白Glu-A3位点等位基因的PCR检测

低分子量麦谷蛋白在麦谷蛋白中约占75%,对小麦品质具有重要的作用。目前对LMW-GS组成与小麦品质的关系尚无统一的、标准的、综合的结论,中国小麦LMW-GS的分布现状尚很少研究。本研究利用7对低分子量麦谷蛋白Glu-A3位点等位基因的特异引物标记,对200份中国小麦微核心种质的Glu-A3位点的分布状况进行PCR分析,结果表明:中国微核心种质中以c、a、d三个等位亚基的品种数目为多,近一半的品种含Glu-A3c,1/4的品种含Glu-A3a,14.5%的品种含Glu-A3d,三者占总品种数的85%。含Glu-A3b和Glu-A3e的品种各占5%左右,含Glu-A3f的只占1%,因此,对面筋强度作用较大的b、d亚基的数目较少,而对面筋强度作用最小的c亚基却占44.5%。可见通过调整LMW-GS亚基的组成将是改良我国小麦品质的一条重要的途径。     

长6154弱筋小麦主要栽培技术

该品种是山西省农科院谷子研究所选育的抗旱高产小麦新品种。2003年9月通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

优质弱筋小麦扬麦13原种繁育体系的构建与应用

弱筋小麦是近年来我国和江苏省重点发展的优质小麦之一，目前生产量、生产水平已取得了一定进展，江苏省已建成全国最大的弱筋小麦生产基地和全国重点的弱筋小麦企业集中采购点。然而弱筋小麦进一步扩大规模，种质来源是其重要限制条件之一，主要是由于近年来优质小麦的育种和生产又注重高蛋白、高面筋含量的高筋力小麦，忽视弱筋小麦的培育和生产，甚至将低蛋白、低面筋含量的低筋力小麦视为“劣质”小麦，全国未能建立较大规模原种生产基地而无法形成基地生产力，加上以往生产中对专用小麦认识的不充分，以致弱筋专用小麦生产明显落后，集中表现在产量不足、质量不高、营销不畅。近年来，江苏省有一批优质弱筋专用小麦品种育成应用于生产，但因弱筋小麦品质要求与以往生产中推广应用的中、强筋小麦品质差异较大，必须在适宜的优势生态区域、应用相配套的栽培调控技术，才能生产出品质符合加工企业要求的产品，而目前在生产中由于弱筋小麦种子大多为农民自收自留自用种，未能建立弱筋小麦原原种和原种繁育基地，给生产、销售、加工带来诸多困难，致使优质弱筋小麦品质潜力不能充分发挥。笔者在近几年承担相关的弱筋小麦课题、建立弱筋小麦原种生产基地过程中，对新近育成的弱筋小麦新品种扬麦13原种繁育体系构建进行了有益的探索，已基本建成弱筋小麦扬麦13原种繁育体系并应用。     

四川省北部酿酒专用弱筋小麦生产技术

弱筋小麦是白酒酿造的主要原粮之一,四川是白酒生产大省,随着白酒产业发展,对酿酒专用弱筋小麦的需求量不断增加。四川省北部丘陵、平坝区域适合弱筋小麦生产,针对性配套集成弱筋小麦生产技术较为重要。介绍了品种选择、精细整地、精量播种、科学施肥、田间管理、收获与烘干等技术要点,助力实现四川北部酿酒专用弱筋小麦优质绿色、丰产高效的生产目标。     

Genetic variability of drought-avoidance root traits in the mini-core germplasm collection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).

Extensive and deep root systems have been recognized as one of the most important traits for improving chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) productivity under progressively receding soil moisture conditions. However, available information on the range of variation for root traits is still limited. Genetic variability for the root traits was investigated using a cylinder culture system during two consecutive growth seasons in the mini-core germplasm collection of ICRISAT plus several wild relatives of chickpea. The largest genetic variability was observed at 35 days after sowing for root length density (RLD) (heritability, h ² = 0.51 and 0.54) across seasons, and followed by the ratio of plant dry weight to root length density with h ² of 0.37 and 0.50 for first and second season, respectively. The root growth of chickpea wild relatives was relatively poor compared to C. arietinum, except in case of C. reticulatum. An outstanding genotype, ICC 8261, which had the largest RLD and one of the deepest root system, was identified in chickpea mini-core germplasm collection. The accession ICC 4958 which was previously characterized as a source for drought avoidance in chickpea was confirmed as one with the most prolific and deep root system, although many superior accessions were also identified. The chickpea landraces collected from the Mediterranean and the west Asian region showed a significantly larger RLD than those from the south Asian region. In addition, the landraces originating from central Asia (former Soviet Union), characterized by arid agro-climatic conditions, also showed relatively larger RLD. As these regions are under-represented in the chickpea collection, they might be interesting areas for further germplasm exploration to identify new landraces with large RLD. The information on the genetic variability of chickpea root traits provides valuable baseline knowledge for further progress on the selection and breeding for drought avoidance root traits in chickpea.     

黄淮海地区优质小麦节水高产栽培技术

黄淮海地区优质小麦生产必须走节水高产之路。分析了节水与优质、高产的关系,并提出了优质小麦节水高产栽培技术体系     

Crossability percentages of bread wheat collections from Tibet,China with rye

Summary The crossability percentages of 282 accessions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected in Tibet, China with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. Five collections have a similar to and 277 accessions have a lower crossability percentage than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. The accessions with high crossability percentage occur along the highway near Lhasa. No landraces with higher crossability than Chinese Spring and rare landraces with similar crossability to Chinese Spring indicated that the landraces in Tibet region are different from those in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Henan provinces in the distribution frequency of high crossability, and there is no distribution of recessive kr4 alleles.     

Characterization of a mini core collection of Japanese wheat varieties using single-nucleotide polymorphisms generated by genotyping-by-sequencing

A core collection of Japanese wheat varieties (JWC) consisting of 96 accessions was established based on their passport data and breeding pedigrees. To clarify the molecular basis of the JWC collection, genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed using the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach. Phylogenetic tree and population structure analyses using these SNP data revealed the genetic diversity and relationships among the JWC accessions, classifying them into four groups; “varieties in the Hokkaido area”, “modern varieties in the northeast part of Japan”, “modern varieties in the southwest part of Japan” and “classical varieties including landraces”. This clustering closely reflected the history of wheat breeding in Japan. Furthermore, to demonstrate the utility of the JWC collection, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for three traits, namely, “days to heading in autumn sowing”, “days to heading in spring sowing” and “culm length”. We found significantly associated SNP markers with each trait, and some of these were closely linked to known major genes for heading date or culm length on the genetic map. Our study indicates that this JWC collection is a useful set of germplasm for basic and applied research aimed at understanding and utilizing the genetic diversity among Japanese wheat varieties.     

中国地方稻种资源初级核心种质取样策略研究

以国家品种资源库编目入库的中国地方稻种资源50526份的26个数量和质量性状为基本数据, 研究了中国地方稻种资源的初级核心种质取样策略, 包括分组原则、组内取样比例和组内取样方法. 分组原则为按丁颖分类体系、按中国稻作生态区划、按中国稻作生态区内分籼粳两亚种、按中国行政省或自治区、按中国行政省或自治区内分籼粳两     

Suitability of Chinese wheat cultivars for production of northern style Chinese steamed bread

Fifty-six bread wheat cultivars and advanced lines from major Chinese wheat growing regions and 10 Australian cultivars were grown in Anyang located in Yellow and Huai Valleys and Chengdu located in Yangtze region. The genotypes were examined for their suitability to produce northern style Chinese steamed bread (CSB) and used to investigate the association between wheat quality traits and performance of northern style CSB under manual and mechanized processing conditions. Anyang-sown wheat samples showed better grain quality characteristics and CSB quality than the Chengdu-sown materials. These differences were largely due to adverse climatic conditions prevailing in Chengdu that resulted in the deterioration of flour whiteness, Farinograph stability, and starch quality. Therefore, Chengdu was generally unfavorable for producing good quality wheat. However, significant variability among cultivars was observed in Chengdu, and Batavia, Dollar bird, and Tasman from Australia and Jing 411, Xiaoyan6, and Shaan 229 from China showed very good CSB quality under manual conditions, and Hartog, Batavia, Tasman, and Vulcan from Australia, and Jing 411 and Dongfeng 1from China were identified to confer good CSB quality under mechanized conditions. The wide range of CSB quality variations indicates that genetic improvement of CSB quality is possible in both environments. Protein content, gluten strength, and extensibility were positively associated with loaf volume and steamed bread elasticity. The relationship between gluten strength, extensibility, and appearance and stickiness were highly dependent on processing methods, i.e., negatively using a manual method and positively or slightly negatively using a mechanized process. Therefore, wheat quality requirement for CSB depends on CSB processing conditions. Medium protein content and medium-to-strong gluten strength with good extensibility is desirable for mechanized methods, but weak-to-medium gluten type for manual methods. High flour whiteness and RVA peak viscosity was found desirable for CSB quality regardless of the processing method used. Flour whiteness, falling number, and peak viscosity appeared to be more crucial in determining CSB quality in Chengdu, although protein content and Farinograph stability also contributed to appearance, elasticity, and stickiness. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中草药提取物对桃褐腐菌抑制作用增效组合筛选

用菌丝生长速率法测定了虎杖、黄柏、厚朴、松萝等4种中草药提取物对桃褐腐菌的抑制作 用,经线性回归计算50％抑制时的有效浓度(EC50)分别为133．8μ g/ml、40.6μ g/ml、90．6μ g/ml、 3．4p g/ml。根据EC50,用等效线法相加作用线的6等分点设置配比,共毒因子法判断增效标准。结果 表明,各种配比的混配剂中黄柏 松萝为最佳增效作用组合,其中以8:1增效作用最显著。     

中草药提取物对桃褐腐菌（Monilinia fructicola）抑制作用增效组合筛选

用菌丝生长速率法测定了虎杖、黄柏、厚朴、松萝等4种中草药提取物对桃褐腐菌的抑制作用，经线性回归计算50%抑制时的有效浓度（EC50）分别为133.8μg/ml、40.6μg/ml、90.6μg/ml、3.4μg/ml。根据EC50，用等效线法相加作用线的6等分点设置配比，共毒因子法判断增效标准。结果表明，各种配比的混配剂中黄柏+松萝为最佳增效作用组合，其中以8：1增效作用最显著。     

Relationship between electrophoretic pattern of storage proteins and gluten strength in durum wheat landraces from Turkey

A collection of 180 Triticum durum lines from Turkey and 22 Italian cultivars were investigated by electrophoretic techniques and evaluated for grain parameters such as protein content and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-sedimentation test. A total of 14 different patterns were observed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits resulting from the combination of three alleles from the A genome and seven from the B genome. Three new allelic variants, one at Glu-A1 and two at Glu-B1, were found. Five different alleles were detected at the Glu-B1 locus. Genotypes with the same allelic variant at Gli-B1 showed inconsistency of composition in B group of low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits. A total of 11 different B-subunit patterns were identified in the material analysed. A substantial proportion (78%) of the variation in gluten properties could be explained in terms of protein composition, with the LMW glutenin subunits making the largest contribution (54%). Results indicate that, in addition to Glu-B3 encoded proteins, variation at other loci coding for some intermediate and fastest B subunits might also influence rheological properties.