Development and validation of an ELISA to detect antibodies to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in ovine sera

Several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed for the detection of antibodies to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA). However, none are commercially available in the UK. It was therefore necessary to develop a new, economic ELISA for use in a research project studying the epidemiology of CLA in UK sheep. The ELISA with its diagnostic qualities is presented. The ELISA was developed using sonicated C. pseudotuberculosis and optimised to detect total antibody or IgG class antibody in serum. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained and the area under the ROC curve was used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the two ELISAs. Both versions of the ELISA were evaluated on a panel of 150 positive reference sera and 103 negative reference sera. Using the test at 100% specificity, the sensitivity of detection of total antibody was 71% (95% confidence interval 63-78%), and the sensitivity of detection of IgG antibody to C. pseudotuberculosis was 83% (76-89%), which compares favourably with other reported ELISA tests for CLA in sheep. The sensitivity of the IgG antibody assay may be higher because of the greater affinity of IgG class antibodies compared with the IgM antibodies also detected by the total antibody ELISA. The results of ROC analysis indicated that the IgG isotype ELISA was more accurate than the total antibody ELISA. The efficiency of the test was greatest when serum samples were run in a dilution series than when any single serum dilution was used. The ELISA is considered to be suitable for application in field studies of CLA in UK sheep.     

Development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of bovine serum antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea virus

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in bovine serum. The ELISA results were compared with those of the serum neutralisation test (SNT) using serums from 6 experimentally infected calves bled at intervals from 0 to 154 days postinfection and 886 field samples. The optical density (OD) produced by a single dilution of test serum was compared with a standard curve and the result expressed in ELISA units. Despite wide variation between absolute ELISA and SNT results, an agreement of 97% was obtained when reciprocal SNT titres greater than or equal to 8 and ELISA units greater than or equal to 10 were taken as indicative of a specific reaction. The ELISA was shown to be an efficient method of measuring antibody in bovine serum samples and would assist in any large scale screening of cattle herds for BVDV antibody.     

基因重组抗原酶联免疫法检测兔出血症病毒抗体及其标准化

以重组兔出血症病毒(RHDV)VP60蛋白为抗原，建立了RHDV抗体间接ELISA检测方法。优化的试验反应务件为：重组VP60的包被质量浓度为1．0mg／L，用10％牛血清封闭，以大肠杆菌提取物稀释被检血清以消除非特异性反应。将所建立的ELISA与现行血凝抑制(HI)试验比较发现，不同免疫状态的兔血清的RHDV ELISA抗体与HI抗体均呈正相关。对11个RHD免疫兔场1130份血清样品的抗体检测表明，各免疫兔群血清RHDV抗体水平不完全一致，D值在1．09～1．76之间，显著高于非免疫兔(0．05)及SPF兔(0．02)，低于高免兔(2．34)。在此基础上，研制了RHDV抗体酶联免疫检测试剂盒，测定了其主要指标，制定了各成分的质量控制标准，为兔群进行免疫学监测及评价疫苗的免疫效果提供了便利。     

不同抗原对猪瘟病毒抗体ELISA检测效果的影响

为研究不同抗原对猪瘟病毒抗体ELISA检测效果的影响,通过原核表达获取猪瘟病毒重组E2蛋白、E0蛋白、C蛋白和NS5B蛋白,大小分别约为35 kD、42 kD、16 kD和80 kD。经Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化并利用BandScan软件进行计算,纯度均在90%以上,满足ELISA检测包被用原料纯度的要求。将上述4种蛋白作为包被抗原进行ELISA,以10份企业阳性质控品血清和10份企业阴性质控品血清为检验指标比较不同抗原对猪瘟病毒抗体ELISA检测效果的影响。结果以E2蛋白为原料的包被板检测质控血清时,灵敏度和特异性均达到80%以上,能够满足猪瘟病毒抗体ELISA检测的要求,故选择E2蛋白作为包被抗原并进行相关检测试剂的研制。用研制的试剂与国际知名度高、产品质量好的美国IDEXX同类试剂对432份临床猪血清进行符合性检测,结果与美国IDEXX试剂的阳性符合率为95.53%,阴性符合率为86.56%,总符合率为91.67%,两种试剂检测结果具有较高的一致性。试验表明,用E2蛋白为包被抗原对猪瘟病毒抗体进行ELISA检测的效果最好,制备的检测试剂可用于临床猪瘟病毒血清抗体的检测,为今后猪瘟病毒抗体ELISA检测试剂的进一步研制奠定了基础。     

不同方法检测鸡白痢沙门氏菌抗体消长规律的比较研究

为比较不同方法检测鸡白痢沙门氏菌抗体消长的规律，以便为种鸡场净化提供科学指导，本研究以鸡白痢沙门氏菌活菌和灭活免疫原分别接种SPF鸡，采用平板凝集、微量凝集和ELISA试验定期检测血清中的特异性抗体，并以Kappa检验判定不同检测方法之间的一致性程度。结果显示，平板凝集试验在接种后检出抗体阳转的时间早于ELISA，但ELISA检出抗体阳性的持续时间更长，且更符合抗体消长规律；3种检测方法的结果之间仅具有微弱一致性（Kappa系数为0.002~0.295）。本研究结果表明，不同鸡白痢沙门氏菌抗体检测方法之间存在较大差异，但从总体来看，ELISA无假阳性干扰，检出抗体的持续时间较长，更符合抗体消长规律，在单一鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染的情况下，更有利于种鸡场对该病进行净化。     

Production of a highly group-specific monoclonal antibody against zearalenone and its application in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) against zearalenone (ZEN) was produced using ZEN-carboxymethoxylamine and -BSA conjugates. Antibody produced by one clone showing a very high binding ability was selected and found to have a higher affinity for ZEN compared to a commerciall ZEN antibody. We developed two direct competitive ELISA systems using the selected antibody (ZEN-coated and anti-ZEN antibody-coated ELISA). Quantitative ranges for the anti-ZEN antibody-coated ELISA and ZEN-coated ELISA were from 25 to 750 ppb and from 12.5 to 100 ppb, respectively. The detection limit of both methods as measured with standard solutions was 10 ppb. The intra-plate and inter-well variation of both ELISAs were less than 10%. The IC₅₀ values for α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol compared to ZEN were 108.1, 119.3, 114.1, and 130.3% for the ZEN-coated ELISA. These values were 100.7, 120.7, 121.6, and 151.6% for the anti-ZEN antibody-coated ELISA. According to the anti-ZEN antibody-coated ELISA, the average recovery rates of ZEN from spiked animal feed containing 150 to 600 ng/mL of ZEN ranged from 106.07 to 123.00% with 0.93 to 2.28% coefficients of variation. Our results demonstrate that the mAb developed in this study could be used to simultaneously screen for ZEN and its metabolites in feed.     

Development and comparison of serologic methods for diagnosing chicken anemia virus infection.

This paper describes the development of an indirect immunoperoxidase assay (IIP) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies to chicken anemia virus (VAC). The IIP assay developed used CAV-infected MDCC-MSB1 cells for detecting antibody to CAV, whereas the ELISA utilized gradient-purified immunoadsorbed CAV as the target antigen. The IIP and ELISA were compared with the standard indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assay, which is more conventionally used to screen chicken serum for antibodies against CAV. Comparative test results of 185 field samples of chicken serum by these three methods were in agreement 84% of the time. Both IFA and IIP assays yielded fewer positive tests than did the ELISA. IFA and IIP assays were in agreement 93% of the time, as compared with 91% agreement of IIP and ELISA results, or 84% agreement for comparative IFA and ELISA results.     

重组N蛋白抗原检测PPRV抗体ELISA的研究——试剂盒阴阳性临界值的测定及其与OIE参考实验室试剂盒的比较

对临床上采集的244份不同背景的羊血清样本,用纯化的重组N蛋白为包被抗原建立的检测小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)抗体的间接ELISA进行检测,运用统计学方法摸清了检测结果的分布规律,并同时用OIE参考实验室抗体检测试剂盒进行检测,结果表明,两种检测方法的符合率为91.73%。利用TG-ROC软件分析了ELISA抗体检测临界值,该试剂盒与国外试剂盒相比,其相对特异性和敏感性分别为98.6%和85.4%。     

Serodiagnosis of canine herpesvirus infection--development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its comparison with two improved methods of serum neutralization test

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of canine herpesvirus (CHV) infection using antigen prepared by solubilizing infected cells was developed. The ELISA and two improved methods of serum neutralization test, the microplate serum neutralization test (MSNT) with complement and the 50% plaque reduction (PR) assay with complement, were compared for the results of antibody detection from a total of 557 field canine sera. Of 529 sample sera that were negative in the MSNT with complement, 119 were ELISA positive, and this result together with time course of serum antibody detection in a dog experimentally infected with CHV strongly suggested that the MSNT with complement is less sensitive for the detection of antibody in CHV infected dogs, especially those in early stages of infection. A correlation was found between the titers measured by the ELISA and 50% PR assay with complement, however, for field use, the ELISA is recommended as a highly sensitive test method of serodiagnosis of CHV infection adequate for dealing with a large number of samples with less demand on time and effort.     

猪圆环病毒2型间接ELISA抗体检测方法的建立与初步应用

本研究利用原核表达的猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）Cap蛋白作为标准抗原蛋白建立PCV2抗体检测方法,同时对建立的检测方法的相关条件进行了优化。通过优化确定抗原的最佳包被浓度为10 μg/mL,血清的最佳稀释度为1∶160,最佳封闭试剂为10%牛血清,二抗的使用浓度为1∶1000,血清及二抗的最佳反应条件为37 ℃孵育60 min,底物的最佳反应条件为37 ℃反应10 min,cutoff值为0.25。通过批内及批间重复性的评价,变异系数均小于0.1,表明本检测方法具有较高的可重复性。与标准的检测试剂盒相比,检测临床样本时,本检测方法与对照试剂盒检测结果符合率为91.7%。结果表明,建立的检测方法可用于临床PCV2抗体的检测。     

鹿副结核病抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

本研究以副结核杆菌亲和层析抗原为检测抗原,检测以草分枝杆菌抗原吸收的待检鹿血清,建立检测鹿副结核病血清抗体的间接酶联免疫吸附试验,确定其抗原最佳包被浓度为40μg/mL,血清样品稀释度为1:80,兔抗鹿IgG辣根过氧化物酶标记抗体稀释度为1:8000。经特异性试验和重复性试验证明该方法特异性高、重复性好。对不同地区4个鹿场的760头份鹿血清进行副结核病抗体检测,其中阳性61头份,阳性率为8%,获得副结核病在我国鹿群中的血清流行病学资料,从而为防制鹿副结核病提供一定的依据。     

布鲁氏菌4种高通量抗体检测方法的比较研究

旨在科学选择和使用布鲁氏菌抗体检测方法,推动布病诊断试剂标准化。本研究用布病阳性血清标准品测定了国家/OIE布鲁氏菌病参考实验室开发的布鲁氏菌荧光偏振（FPA）抗体检测试剂盒、动物布鲁氏菌病竞争ELSIA （cELISA）抗体检测试剂盒、牛布鲁氏菌病间接ELISA （iELISA）抗体检测试剂盒和改进的微量补体结合试验（mCFT）等4种方法的灵敏度。通过对已知阴、阳性血清样品的检测,比较了各检测方法的敏感性和特异性,并用临床样本进一步比较了各种方法检测结果的吻合性。结果表明,4种方法检测的灵敏度基本一致,当布病阳性血清标准品按1∶20稀释（即50 IU·mL^-1）时均检测为阳性,1∶40稀释（即25 IU·mL^-1）时均检测为阴性。FPA、cELISA、iELISA和mCFT方法的敏感性分别为97.14%、100.00%、100.00%、98.57%,特异性分别为96.34%、95.12%、97.56%、100.00%。对315份临床样本的检测结果显示,各方法之间的符合率均高于90.00%,其中iELISA、FPA、cELISA与mCFT符合率分别为97.14%、96.83%、92.70%;FPA、cELISA与iELISA符合率分别为95.24%、93.65%;FPA与cELISA符合率为91.43%。iELISA、FPA、mCFT 3种方法之间吻合性最高,cELISA与其他3种方法之间的吻合性略低。     

SPF鸡感染网状内皮组织增生症病毒后血清和卵黄的抗体反应相关性比较

为进一步研究采用卵黄抗体检测代替血清抗体检测的可行性,采用已建立的卵黄抗体ELISA检测方法,比较同一时期卵黄抗体与血清抗体的相关性。人工感染23周龄无特定病原体（SPF）鸡,每周采集全血分离血清,每天收集种蛋,ELISA方法检测血清、种蛋中的REV抗体,并进行比较,结果表明：攻毒后第2周开始血清抗体和卵黄抗体呈阳性,并达到峰值,之后抗体水平缓慢下降,两者具有相似的消长规律;对同一时期的卵黄抗体和血清抗体S/P比值进行统计学比较,P值小于0.05,相关系数为0.931,表明两者差异性不显著,相关性很好;阴阳性符合率比较,阳性符合率为97.8%,阴性符合率为100%,总体符合率为98.4%,阴阳性复合率很高。试验证明,同一时期的卵黄抗体和血清抗体的相关性很好,可用卵黄抗体检测方法代替血清抗体检测,从而为监测SPF鸡群感染REV提供新的技术手段。     

Development of an Indirect ELISA for the Detection of Antibodies against Peste-des-petits-ruminants Virus in Small Ruminants

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, febrile, highly contagious and economically important viral disease of small ruminants. A polyclonal antibody based indirect ELISA was developed for detection of antibodies to PPR virus in the serum samples of goats and sheep using purified PPR viral antigen propogated in Vero cell culture. A threshold (cut-off) value was set as twice the mean of the negative population based on the distribution of known negative serum samples in respect of PPR virus antibodies in the test. A total of 1544 serum samples from goats and sheep were screened by indirect ELISA and competitive ELISA. The indirect ELISA compared very well with competitive ELISA, with a high degree of specificity (95.09%) and sensitivity (90.81%). When compared with virus neutralization test, the present assay had 100% specificity and 80% sensitivity. With serum samples, the assay could clearly differentiate animals from the infected population from uninfected ones. These results suggest that the indirect ELISA may be a good alternative tool to competitive ELISA for seroepidemiological surveys.     

猪O型口蹄疫免疫抗体检测方法的比较

试验采用口蹄疫O型间接血凝试验和O型口蹄疫抗体液相阻断ELISA 2种试验方法检测了60份血清中猪O型口蹄疫免疫抗体.研究结果显示,60份被检血清口蹄疫O型间接血凝试验检测合格率为93.3％,O型口蹄疫抗体液相阻断ELISA试验检测的合格率为73.3％,口蹄疫O型间接血凝试验检测合格率明显高于O型口蹄疫抗体液相阻断ELISA试验检测的合格率（相差20个百分点）;2种方法的总符合率为66.7％、＜25（＜2^6）的符合率为28.6％,≥2^5（≥2^6）的符合率为82.1％.2种方法检测出的整体免疫效果较好,平均合格率远高于农业部规定的70％.     

猪脑心肌炎病毒抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

以猪脑心肌炎病毒(Encephalomyocarditis virus,EMCV)VP1重组蛋白为包被抗原,建立了检测EMCV血清抗体的间接酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA).经优化,获得间接ELISA的最佳反应条件为抗原包被浓度0.625 μg/mL,待...     

Developing a double-antigen sandwich ELISA for effective detection of human hepatitis B core antibody

A new double-antigen sandwich ELISA for detecting antibody against the human hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) was developed, with recombinant HBc (rHBcAg) immobilized on the solid phase of the plate and a HRP–rHBcAg conjugation for detection. The rHBcAg was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by a monoclonal antibody (against HBcAg) specific affinity chromatography. This sandwich ELISA could give a semi-quantitative measurement of anti-HBc concentration in the specimen and was 32–256-folds more sensitive than the competitive ELISA. Total of 942 clinical serum samples were tested in parallel by the sandwich ELISA and the commercially competitive ELISA kit. Overall agreement of 98.4% (927 of 942 cases) was obtained. Ten of 15 (67%) discordant specimens reactive by the sandwich assay but negative by the competitive ELISA resulted from the increased sensitivity of the sandwich assay, as other hepatitis B markers present indicated previously or currently being exposed to HBV.     

Comparison of whole blood dried on filter paper and serum for measurement of the temporal antibody response to avian infectious bronchitis virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Two methods for collecting specimens for measuring sequential antibody activity of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were compared. Whole blood was collected on filter-paper strips, dried for 2 hr at 37 C, and then stored in plastic bags at 4 C or eluted overnight and tested immediately. Eluates of whole blood were paired with serum samples and tested for IBV antibody activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at four weekly intervals. Both sampling methods yielded ELISA antibody levels that were detectable at 7 days postinfection (PI), peaked at 21 days PI, and then began to decline by 28 days PI. The paired samples showed no significant difference (P less than 0.05) between ELISA titers at any time tested. Whole blood dried on filter paper could be stored sealed in plastic bags at 4 C for at least 2 weeks with no appreciable loss of antibody titers. Virus-neutralizing antibodies, measured in serum only, were not detectable until 14 days PI but then continued to rise through 28 days PI. It was concluded that eluates of whole blood dried on filter paper may be used as an alternative to sera in ELISA for measuring IBV antibodies.     

Performance studies of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Staphylococcus aureus antibody in bovine milk

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting Staphylococcus aureus antibody in bovine milk samples was examined for repeatability. A set of 51 bovine milk samples from 4 universities with confirmed culture results was assembled, and a panel of 30 milk samples was randomly selected. When the selected panel was tested at the collection laboratory, there was 97% agreement between the ELISA and the culture test. The panel was tested with the ELISA by the 4 university laboratories. Results were scored by both visual and optical density reader methods. When compared to reference ELISA results, the university laboratory ELISA results showed an agreement of 99.8% for negative samples, 98% for positive samples, and 99% for all samples. Additional studies on 19 milk samples that cultured positive for bacteria other than S. aureus showed 100% specificity. Overall comparison of ELISA and culture results showed high agreement between the 2 techniques. Disagreement appeared to result from explainable differences in antibody and bacterial levels and not from errors in either of the 2 techniques.     

Comparison of a commercial H1N1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition test in detecting serum antibody against swine influenza viruses.

Recently a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for detecting antibody against H1N1 swine influenza virus (SIV) has been made available to diagnosticians and veterinary practitioners. Because the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test has been considered the standard test for SIV serology, diagnostic performance of the new ELISA was evaluated using positive (n = 60) and negative (n = 188) serum samples from young pigs with known status of SIV infection and compared with that of the HI test. Both ELISA and HI test identified all negative animals correctly. None of the serum samples (n = 64) from pigs inoculated with H3N2 SIV was positive by ELISA for SIV antibody. The H1N1 SIV antibody detectable by ELISA appears to develop more slowly in comparison with antibody detectable by HI test. Although antibody was detected by HI test in all inoculated animals (n = 20) by day 7 postinoculation (PI), antibody was detected by ELISA in 0%, 75%, and 100% of the inoculated animals on days 7, 14, and 28 PI, respectively. Discrepancy in test results between the 2 serologic tests appeared to be because of differences in antibody isotypes detected by each test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay mainly detected IgG antibody, whereas the HI test detects IgM antibody very efficiently as well as IgG antibody. Collectively, the commercial ELISA is highly specific for antibody to H1N1 SIV but may not identify positive animals at the early stage of infection as effectively as the HI test, particularly when SIV is introduced to a na?ve swine population.