实验动物设施常用消毒剂的中和剂验证试验

为了筛选出针对动物实验设施的几种常用消毒剂的中和剂,试验依据2002年版《消毒技术规范》中的中和剂中和效果验证方法,每组消毒剂设置相应的中和剂,设置6个试验组进行验证试验。结果表明:75%乙醇溶液可以选择含1%吐温80的PBS溶液作为中和剂,84消毒液可以选择含4%硫代硫酸钠的PBS溶液作为中和剂,苯扎溴铵溶液可以选择含1%吐温80、0. 5%卵磷脂的PBS溶液作为中和剂,戊二醛溶液可以选择含1%甘氨酸、0. 5%吐温80的PBS溶液作为中和剂。使用0. 5%或2%硫代硫酸钠溶液作为过氧乙酸和过氧化氢消毒液的中和剂时未能完全达到中和试验结果的要求。     

甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的中和剂筛选及杀菌效果观察

为研究甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的杀菌效果,采用中和剂悬液定量鉴定方法,对3种中和剂:3%吐温-80磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、0.5%硫代硫酸钠PBS、1%吐温-80+1%卵磷脂+0.5%硫代硫酸钠PBS中和甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的效果进行了筛选,然后利用筛选出的中和剂和悬液定量杀菌试验方法,观察了甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的杀菌效果。结果表明:3%吐温-80 PBS对试验菌及培养基无不良影响,可作为甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的适宜中和剂;甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的杀菌效果随着消毒剂浓度的升高和作用时间的延长而增强,2%和2.5%的消毒剂对细菌分别作用5 min以上、3%的消毒剂作用1 min以上,杀灭对数值均已大于5,消毒合格。结果提示,甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的杀菌效果好,适宜于在兽医临床中推广应用。     

甲酚微乳消毒剂的中和剂鉴定筛选试验

为了从3种中和剂3%吐温-80磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、0.5%硫代硫酸钠PBS、1%吐温-80+1%卵磷脂+0.5%硫代硫酸钠PBS中鉴定筛选出一种甲酚微乳消毒剂的适宜中和剂,研究通过悬液定量鉴定试验,对3种中和剂中和甲酚微乳消毒剂的效果进行了研究。结果表明:用3%吐温-80 PBS中和甲酚微乳消毒剂时,对大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌的组间菌落数误差率均小于15.00%。说明3%吐温-80 PBS对试验菌及培养基无不良影响,可作为甲酚微乳消毒剂的适宜中和剂。     

四种常用化学消毒剂对猪2型圆环病毒杀灭效果研究

试验应用复合碘制剂、2%戊二醛消毒液、优氯净消毒粉(二氯异氰尿酸钠)、苯扎溴铵四种常用的化学消毒剂对猪2型圆环病毒杀灭效果进行研究,采用病毒滴定、中和剂鉴定及病毒灭活试验进行检测。结果表明,二氯异氰尿酸钠的杀灭效果最好,其次是戊二醛,复合碘制剂也有一定的杀毒作用,苯扎溴铵消毒液的杀灭效果最差,建议将二氯异氰尿酸钠和戊二醛作为控制猪2型圆环病毒的消毒剂,可有效防止猪2型圆环病毒的传播。     

“喷雾灵”消毒剂定量鉴定试验

对用具器械、畜禽舍、地面土壤、粪便、污水和其他物品进行常规和现场消毒是控制畜禽疫病发生和流行的有效措施。复合碘制剂是新一代高效消毒剂，对人畜无毒、无刺激、无腐蚀，在畜禽生产中得到广泛应用。上海市1995年牧业丰收计划项目产品"喷雾灵"（5％聚维酮碘溶液）是新一代复合碘制剂消毒剂，为了进一步证实其效果，特进行本试验。1材料与方法1．1消毒剂"喷雾灵"消毒剂，批号19990301，由上海康利得动物药品有限公司生产。1．2试验用试剂0．03MPBS，0.1％"喷雾灵"消毒剂，0．1％硫代硫酸钠溶液作为中和剂。1．3试验用菌种大肠杆菌C83-…     

不同消毒剂对PRV、PPV和TGEV的灭活效果试验

为了确定癸甲溴铵-碘溶液消毒剂和癸甲溴铵消毒剂对猪主要疫病病原如猪细小病毒(PPV)、伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)和猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)的灭活效果,通过细胞观察法,用不同浓度的癸甲溴铵-碘溶液消毒剂和癸甲溴铵消毒剂对PRV、PPV和TGEV进行灭活来观察其灭活效果。结果表明,癸甲溴铵-碘溶液和癸甲溴铵溶液对细胞的最大无毒剂量分别为1∶80和1∶10。1∶320的癸甲溴铵-碘溶液消毒剂,1∶80的癸甲溴铵消毒剂与相应浓度的中和剂的反应产物已无毒副作用。癸甲溴铵-碘溶液消毒剂1∶800稀释时可使PRV TCID₅₀降低5个滴度,TGEV TCID₅₀降低4个滴度;癸甲溴铵消毒剂稀释到1∶400时,可使PRV和TGEV的TCID₅₀均降低约3个滴度。两种消毒剂对PPV的灭活效果均不理想。     

复方戊二醛消毒剂对H9N2禽流感病毒的现场消毒效果

<正>1材料与方法1.1材料禽流感病毒(AIV)H9N2型,自一些产蛋下降鸡群中分离并鉴定;化学药品及试剂:复方戊二醛消毒剂(含5%戊二醛和5%双链季铵盐);中和剂(甘氨酸和吐温     

消菌灵现场消毒试验

消菌灵 (氯溴异氰尿酸 )是国内近期新研制的含氯消毒剂 ,已广泛用于农作物及蔬菜等方面的消毒。实验室消菌灵对畜禽病原微生物作用的研究显示 ,该产品有与同类有机氯消毒剂相比 ,作用相类似或较强。本试验在此基础上 ,观察了消菌灵对禽舍表面消毒及空气消毒的效果 ,为消菌灵在畜牧生产及兽医临床上推广应用提供依据。1　试验材料和方法1 1　试验药物及试剂消菌灵由南京农业大学实验农药厂常州分厂提供 ;对照用消毒剂毒菌净为市售产品 ,主要成分为二氯异氰尿酸钠。培养基用含 10 %血清的马丁琼脂培养基 ;中和剂为 0 5 %硫代硫酸钠 ;采样液为…     

单增李斯特菌inlK基因缺失株的构建及其生物被膜与消毒剂抗力分析

【目的】 研究inlK基因对Lm90SB2菌株生物被膜形成能力的影响及其生物被膜与消毒剂抗力的关系,以期为有效防控单增李斯特菌污染提供参考。【方法】 以单增李斯特菌Lm90SB2为试验菌,根据GenBank中公布的单增李斯特菌F2365 inlK基因序列(登录号:AE017262),应用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计用于扩增inlK基因上、下游同源臂片段及验证缺失株的特异性引物,以同源重组技术构建inlK基因缺失株,并通过旁外侧引物运用PCR方法进行缺失株检测。将标准菌株Lm90SB2和构建的缺失株分别培养8、12、24、48 h后进行结晶紫染色,在倒置显微镜下观察形态变化,并用酶标仪测定生物被膜形成能力;用含3 g/L卵磷脂+3 g/L吐温80的PBS溶液和含10 g/L卵磷脂+20 g/L吐温80的PBS溶液作为新洁尔灭消毒剂的中和剂,含5 g/L硫代硫酸钠+5 g/L卵磷脂+20 g/L吐温80的PBS溶液和含10 g/L硫代硫酸钠+30 g/L卵磷脂+20 g/L吐温80的PBS溶液84消毒剂的中和剂,设消毒剂+菌悬液、消毒剂+菌悬液+中和剂、中和剂+菌悬液、消毒剂+中和剂+菌悬液、稀释液+菌悬液(阳性对照)、稀释液+中和剂+培养基(阴性对照)6个试验组,进行中和剂的筛选,并检测不同浓度新洁尔灭(1∶15、1∶30)和84消毒剂(1∶50、1∶100)分别作用1、5、10、20 min时对2株菌的灭菌率。【结果】 PCR结果表明,成功构建了缺失株Lm90SB2ΔinlK,且inlK基因的缺失导致Lm90SB2菌株生物被膜形成能力显著或极显著下降(P<0.05;P<0.01);含3 g/L卵磷脂+3 g/L吐温80的PBS溶液构成的中和剂可有效中和新洁尔灭消毒剂,5 g/L硫代硫酸钠+5 g/L卵磷脂+20 g/L吐温80的PBS溶液可有效中和84消毒剂。不同比例的新洁尔灭(1∶15、1∶30)和84消毒剂(1∶50、1∶100)消毒剂在1、5、10 min对Lm90SB2ΔinlK株的灭菌率均显著或极显著高于Lm90SB2株(P<0.05;P<0.01),且在20 min时灭菌率均为100%。【结论】 inlK基因的缺失导致Lm90SB2菌株生物被膜形成能力下降,且对消毒剂抗力减弱。     

“菌毒杀”消毒剂的消毒效果试验

“菌毒杀”消毒剂是根据消毒原理设计 ,由多种酚类、酸类、表面活性剂等物质经化学反应而成的一种畜禽环境卫生消毒药 ,它通过使微生物原浆蛋白质变性、沉淀而产生杀菌或抑菌作用。本试验的目的在于检验其消毒效果。1　实验室消毒试验1 .1　材料( 1 )菌毒杀 ,由上海神宝动物保健品厂提供 ,批号 :99830。 ( 2 )大肠杆菌菌液 ,由宝山区畜牧兽医站化验室提供。 ( 3)稀释液 :0 .0 3Ｍ磷酸盐缓冲液 ,自配。 ( 4)中和剂 :吐温 80 ,自配。1 .2　试验方法1 .2 .1　定量试验 :将菌液稀释成含菌 1 0 6～ 1 0 7个 /ｍｌ的试验菌液 ,吸取 0 .5ｍｌ置 1∶…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein