奶牛对热应激的适应性机制及牧场缓解热应激策略

热应激是限制奶牛生产最重要的因素之一,它对奶牛的生产力、健康、繁殖和整体福利都会产生重大影响,并且随着热应激程度的加深对奶牛造成致命性影响。全球变暖加剧了热应激的负面影响。动物会通过改变其表型和生理特征来应对不断变化的环境,动物的生存能力通常取决于其应对或适应现有条件的能力。奶牛是恒温动物,通过减少代谢热量产生与体温调节等来应对并适应热应激,但这会以牺牲掉部分生产性能为代价。本文综述了热应激对奶牛泌乳性能的影响、热应激下泌乳性能降低的原因、奶牛对热应激的适应机制以及牧场应对热应激的策略,为奶牛热应激的研究及生产中改善奶牛热应激等提供参考。     

奶牛热应激的发生与预防

长期以来，奶牛热应激直影响着奶牛业的发展，国内外专家很早就开始研究热应激对奶牛的影响，并取得了大量的研究成果。本文从热应激发生的原因及对母牛的影响、热应激对公牛生殖能力的影响、奶牛热应激的测定方法和奶牛热应激的综合调控措施四个方面综述了国内、外的研究进展。     

不同程度热应激对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

选取36头临床健康、头胎、泌乳中期奶牛,通过实时监控外界温湿度指数,结合奶牛呼吸、心率、肛温等生理指标,确定奶牛热应激状态,并测定奶牛产奶量和乳成分。结果,与无热应激相比,中度热应激使奶牛日均产奶量降低16.33%,轻度热应激对此影响不明显。中度热应激奶牛乳脂率较轻度热应激显著降低,但与无热应激组相比差别不显著。轻度热应激使奶牛乳蛋白水平极显著降低,但随热应激程度加深,乳蛋白水平有升高趋势。试验结果表明:不同程度热应激对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量和乳成分有不同影响。     

浅谈热应激对奶牛的影响及调控措施

在炎热的夏季,热应激会导致奶牛生理机能发生紊乱,采食量下降,生产性能降低,甚至导致奶牛发病,严重者造成死亡。预防夏季奶牛热应激的发生,为奶牛创造适宜的、良好的饲养环境,可使奶牛安全、顺利地度过炎热的夏季,防止热应激造成不必要的损失。笔者等从奶牛热应激发生的原因与生理机制入手,综合论述热应激对奶牛的危害和预防热应激的调控措施。     

热应激奶牛的生理变化及缓解措施

热应激是导致奶牛夏季产奶性能,繁殖性能和免疫能力下降的最主要原因之一。本文通过对奶牛热应激产生机理的阐述,总结了热应激对奶牛生产的危害及缓解热应激的预防措施。     

奶牛热应激及其防治对策

热应激给奶牛业造成很大的经济损失，为能有效地解决奶牛热应激问题，笔者综述了奶牛的热应激发病表现、发病机理及对奶牛生产性能、繁殖性能和免疫功能的影响的研究进展。旨在为开发热应激剂、诊断和防治奶牛热应激提供理论依据。     

热应激影响奶牛繁殖力及其应对措施

随着全球气候变暖,热应激对奶牛生产和繁殖性能的影响日显突出,明确热应激如何影响奶牛繁殖并采取应对措施将减少热应激对奶牛养殖业造成的损失。文章就国内外报道的热应激对奶牛发情鉴定、卵子质量、胚胎发育、妊娠率和产科疾病发生率的影响进行了综述,同时还介绍了监测热应激强度的方法和应对热应激影响奶牛繁殖力的措施。     

不同耐热性中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶量差异分析

本研究通过评定热应激条件下奶牛呼吸评分和流涎指数，将中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛划分为热应激耐受组（2 271头）和热应激易感组（2 024头），利用固定效应模型和混合效应模型考虑场、胎次和泌乳阶段等因素，比较热应激期奶牛直肠温度差异及奶牛在不同时期的产奶性能差异。结果表明，热应激耐受组奶牛直肠温度显著低于热应激易感组（P<0.05）；在非热应激期（5月），热应激耐受奶牛与热应激易感奶牛的平均日产奶量接近，热应激耐受奶牛的较低（低0.68 kg），但差异不显著（P>0.05）；在热应激期（7~8月），两组奶牛产奶量均有下降，热应激耐受组奶牛平均日产奶量下降幅度（与5月相比）低于热应激易感组，尤其是在热应激最严重的8月（下降幅度分别为18.06%与23.01%）。以上试验结果表明，热应激环境下通过呼吸评分与流涎指数可有效判断奶牛的耐热性。本试验结果可为奶牛热应激反应评价及奶牛养殖过程中通过量化奶牛热应激反应，及时采取措施降低热应激的损失提供一定理论依据。     

热应激对奶牛的影响及其缓解措施

奶牛热应激是世界性问题,不同程度地影响着各地的畜牧业生产。为此,文章阐述了影响奶牛热应激的因素及热应激对奶牛造成的各方面影响,并通过评估热应激的严重程度,提出了缓解热应激的具体措施。     

奶牛热应激及其营养调控研究进展

随着全球性气候变暖,奶牛生产规模化程度不断提高、高产奶牛不断选育,热应激已成为全球乳制品行业面临的重要挑战。热应激程度与外界环境因素和奶牛自身因素有关。夏季热应激会导致奶牛产奶量降低、乳成分改变和繁殖性能下降,还会给奶牛健康、免疫和福利带来负面影响。营养调控措施在缓解奶牛热应激方面起到重要作用。本文概述了奶牛热应激的产生及其对生产、繁殖、健康与福利的影响,总结了通过营养调控策略缓解奶牛热应激的研究进展,展望了奶牛热应激的未来研究方向。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …