小麦花培材料的筛选和利用

花培育种是一条快速有效的育种途径，采用两种培养基对20个小麦组合材料进行花培分析，结果表明：小麦花培愈伤组织诱导培养基K优于C17，绿苗产率是C17的3.5倍多。不同基因型材料花药培养差异较大，筛选出一批不同类型的高培养力基因型材料，为有目的组配杂交组合提供依据，提高花培育种效率。     

小麦花培育种技术研究

对5个小麦不同组合基因型的F1,F2,F3花药进行培养,结果表明:不同组合基因型在同一杂种世代的花药愈伤组织诱导率、愈伤组织鲜重和绿苗分化率等方面存在较大差异,而同一组合基因型在不同杂种世代的花药愈伤组织诱导率、愈伤组织鲜重和绿苗分化率等方面差异较小。花药愈伤组织诱导率与绿苗分化率具有显著的相关性(r2=0.903)。以石4185为亲本配制的两个组合基因型,在F1,F2,F3都表现出较高的花药愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率,说明石4185是理想的花培育种桥梁亲本。     

黑花生中花9号适宜播种密度研究

在露地栽培条件下,通过设置5个密度处理探讨黑花生中花9号的适宜种植密度,结果表明三峡库区露地栽培中花9号的适宜种植密度为2.4万株/667m2,每667m2产荚果可达316.2kg,饱果290.9kg,子仁221.3kg,饱满子仁可达178.4kg,荚果饱满度为56.4%。     

黑花生中花9号的适宜播种密度研究

摘要：在露地栽培条件下,通过设置5个密度处理探讨黑花生“中花9号”的适宜种植密度,结果表明三峡库区露地栽培“中花9号”的适宜种植密度为2.4万株/亩,亩产荚果可达316.2公斤,亩产饱果290.9公斤,亩产籽仁221.3公斤,亩产饱满籽仁可达178.4公斤,荚果饱满度为56.4%。     

提高小麦花培育种效率的研讨

提高小麦花培育种效率的研讨叶兴国，徐惠君，杜丽璞，赵乐莲（中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所北京１０００８ｌ）小麦花药培养已逐步发展成为小麦的育种途径，它具有缩短育种年限、扩大变异范围、提高选择效率等许多优点，对加速小麦新品种选育具有重要意义。小麦花药...     

玉米自交系适宜密度研究

田间试验表明,不同玉米自交系不同密度处理对其农艺经济性状均有不同程度的影响.玉米自交系9058和郑58的适宜密度范围均为7.5～10.5万株/hm2,在此范围内产量差异不显著;二者产量表现的最适密度为9.0～9.75万株/hm2.建议种子繁殖中因地因品种调整好密度,在高水肥条件下以9.0万株/hm2宜;在低水肥条件下以9.75万株/hm2为宜.     

国审小麦花培5号特点及栽培技术

花培5号是河南省农科院生物技术研究所遗传育种研究室利用豫麦18-64／花4-3的花粉离体培养而选育的优质高产小麦新品种。2006年通过国家审定,审定编号：国审麦2006005。     

江淮地区鲜食糯玉米适宜密度研究

以糯玉米皖糯5号为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,在江淮地区研究密度对糯玉米产量、穗部性状和农艺性状等的影响,为江淮地区鲜食糯玉米合理密植提供理论依据。结果表明玉米产量随着密度增加呈先增后降变化趋势。2014年度以60 000株/hm ²时产量最高,但60 000和75 000株/hm ²处理玉米产量无显著差异;2015年度以75 000株/hm ²处理玉米产量最高,且显著高于30 000和120 000株/hm ²处理的玉米产量。产量–密度关系符合等比型产量–密度关系的基本特征,2014年玉米产量y(kg/hm ²)与密度x(株/hm ²)方程为y=0.40591xe ^{(-0.0000135x)},最高产量密度范围为54 185~98 290株/hm ²;2015年玉米产量y(kg/hm ²)与密度x(株/hm ²)方程为y=0.43136xe ^{(-0.0000137x)},最高产量密度范围为52 494~98 238株/hm ²。随着种植密度增加,总体上玉米的穗位高、秃尖长、空秆率增加;穗粗、穗长、穗行数、鲜百粒重下降。江淮地区糯玉米的种植密度以52 494~54 185株/hm ²为宜。     

杂交小麦新品种绵杂麦168适宜播期与密度研究

采用三元二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了密度、施氮量及追肥时期对杂交小麦新品种绵杂麦168的产量效应。结果表明,氮肥是影响产量的最主要因素,其次是密度,它们对产量的影响达极显著水平,追肥时期对产量影响较小,未达到显著水平。三因素对产量的影响顺序为:氮肥(密度((追肥时期。同时经过模拟寻优得到,绵杂麦168获得高产(产量大于475kg/667m2)的优化栽培技术措施为:密度为(17.52~19.90)×104/667m2基本苗,纯氮量13.99~16.72kg/667m2。通过播期试验得出绵杂麦168的最适播期为10月26日—11月1日。     

加工型辣椒花药培养技术研究

为了满足重庆辣椒高效育种与良种创新的需要,以2个加工型辣椒材料578和186及一个甜椒品种‘海丰28’为试材进行花药培养研究。研究了预处理与预培养的时间与温度,并通过正交试验设计,探讨了基本培养基、植物生长调节物质、活性炭、硝酸银、碳源等主要因子对辣椒花药培养的影响。结果表明,高温预培养35℃7天时辣椒578、186、甜椒‘海丰28’的植株诱导率分别为4.86%、2.50%、0.56%,是对3种材料都适合的预培养条件。通过正交试验分析得到对2个基因型特异的优化培养基配方,并且通过比较得到一个对2个基因型都较适合的培养基配方。对花药培养再生的植株进行倍性鉴定,证明3个基因型均得到了具有12条染色体的单倍体植株。以饱和对二氯苯与0.2%秋水仙素浸泡生长点24 h进行加倍,成功获得了双单倍体植株。     

培养基及琼脂浓度对小麦花药出愈率的影响

为了探讨不同小麦品种（系）的抗旱性,通过在N6和C17培养基中加入不同浓度的琼脂,选用抗旱性不同的5个冬小麦品种进行花药培养,调查花药出愈率。结果表明,供试的5个冬小麦品种在N6和C17培养基(6 g/L)下出愈率相当,随琼脂浓度的升高(6~18 g/L),小麦花药出愈率有降低的趋势,可以用C17培养基来间接判断小麦品种的抗旱能力。     

小麦花药培养的基因型效应及优良基因型筛选

为进一步提高小麦花药培养的效率,从而加快花培育种的进程,对140份不同基因型的小麦亲本及其杂种F1和F3代进行花药培养,并对各世代不同基因型小麦的花药培养力进行研究。结果表明：小麦不同基因型及亲本的花药愈伤组织诱导率在2.89%~41.25%之间,平均为3.55%,绿苗分化率在0%~70.00%之间,平均为33.05%;114份不同基因型小麦F1代杂种材料中,有107份材料能够诱导出愈伤组织,愈伤组织诱导率最低为0%,最高为76.25%,平均为11.59%,绿苗分化率在0%~160.00%之间,平均为29.20%;F3代材料均能诱导出愈伤组织,愈伤诱导率在4.58%~80.83%之间,平均为16.39%,绿苗分化率在0%~71.43%之间,平均为34.99%。因此,不同基因型小麦材料的愈伤组织诱导率、绿苗分化率和绿苗产率在各材料间差异很大。依据高培养力组合亲本组配的规律,筛选到可作为桥梁亲本的材料（品种）有：‘宁春4号’、Jinghong No.2、‘鉴63’、Chuanmai 18、Synthderiv.29589、S111、D-27、‘晋匽746-9’和K6-39等。     

Aneuploid Analysis of Anther Culture Response in Wheat

Genetic stocks of Triticum aestivum including the disomic, 8 ditelosomic and 3 nullisomic-tetrasomic ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat lines were employed to ascertain the chromosomal arm locations of the genes acting on the production of embryos from micro-spores and on the regeneration capacity (green and albina) of the microspore-derived embryos. All these aneuploid lines differed significantly from the parental line ‘Chinese Spring’ for embryo production. Our results confirmed or in most cases established that genes affecting embryo production are located on several chromosomal arms: IBS, 1BL, 3AS, 3AL, 5AS, SAL, 5BS, 5BL, 7DS, 7DL. Whereas most of the chromosomal arms stimulate the production of embryos from the microspores, IBS and 1BL reduce it. The results of plant production from microspore-derived embryos suggest that the genes increasing regeneration ability are located on CS5A chromosome and are likely associated to a gene increasing green plant frequency. On the contrary, the 1BL arm increases the albina frequency.     

小麦花药培养的基因型差异与亲本选配分析

对104份不同基因型材料进行花药培养,结果表明：F1代愈伤组织诱导率为13.28%,高于F3代的6.02%; 绿苗产率F1代为2.88%,F3代为1.10%,F1相当于F3的2.6倍。同样的培养条件下,不同基因型材料间花药培养力差异很大,愈伤诱导率在 0～111.43% 之间、绿苗产率在 0～49.29% 之间;愈伤诱导率、绿苗分化率与绿苗产率三者之间成正相关关系。同时筛选出了一批如宁春4号等具有高培养力、高产和优质基因的花培桥梁亲本,为有目的配制杂交组合提供依据。     

Tal小麦花药培养出愈和分化的研究

采用Ｔａｌ小麦轮回选择集团４个不同的可育株和Ｔａｌ、矮败小麦多父本复合杂交３个世代的可育株，分别进行花药培养。结果表明：１．Ｔａｌ小麦高世代具有较高的出愈率和绿苗分化率，但与常规品种间杂交一样，出愈率和绿苗分化率有随世代提高而降低的趋势。２．不同交配方式花培效果有明显差异，其中以轮选群体的出愈率最高，其次是多父本复合杂交后代；回交转育稳定的Ｔａｌ小麦的单交出愈率最低。３．基因型对出愈率、绿苗分化率     

Studies of the Genetic Relationship between Anther Culture and Somatic Tissue Culture Abilities in Wheat

A population of thirty-eight doubled haploid lines, developed from the F₁ between two wheat parents differing in anther culture and somatic tissue culture responses, ‘was used to examine the genetical control of responses to these in vitro systems. During anther culture genetic variation between lines was exhibited for frequencies of callus induction., embryo production and embryo regeneration rates. In addition the relative frequencies of green and albino plants was shown to be genotype dependent. However, there was no correlation, between the frequencies of embryo production and the regeneration rate of those embryos suggesting an independent genetic control of these two components. Transgressive segregation for performance was observed for all components indicating that at least two genes are involved in the response of each, and lines for improved performance, combining high ernoryo production rates and good regeneration capacity were identified. No genetic variation for frequencies of callus induction from immature embryos was observed in this cross. However, genetic variation for the regeneration frequencies of plants was observed. Lines with an improved tissue culture response over the two parents were identified. There was no correlation between the performance of lines in anther culture and somatic tissue culture, indicating separate genetical control, and lines with alternative levels of response to the two systems were identified.     

Production of Doubled Haploids by Anther Culture and Wheat X Maize Method in a Wheat Breeding Programme

Utilization of the doubled haploid method of breeding usually shortens the time to cultivar release, and methods of haploid production need evaluation in a breeding programme. Thirty-eight different three-way crosses were tested for anther culture response. On average 5.8 percent of the anthers cultured produced calli. Three crosses were found recalcitrant for callus induction. Overall, the anther culture method produced 0.6 plantlet per 100 anthers cultured. Five crosses with an average of 5.8 and 2.8 percent of anthers producing calli and plantlets, respectively, were compared using anther culture and wheat × maize crosses. Non-responsive genotypes for callus induction and plantlet formation in the anther culture method proved to be good parental material in wheat × maize crosses. The average percentages of embryo formation and plantlet production in wheat × maize crosses were 10.3 and 4.7, respectively. Anther-derived plants were cytologically unstable, whereas all the plants regenerated from wheat × maize crosses were haploids (n = 21 chromosomes). The chromosome numbers of the polyhaploids were doubled with a colchicine treatment. Improvement of the two haploid production methods to facilitate their efficient use in a breeding programme is discussed.     

基因型和环境条件对小麦花药培养效果的影响

为进一步提高小麦花培育种效率,明确花药培养力的遗传控制基础,以11个小麦品种及其组配的20个F₁杂种为材料,探讨了基因型、培养基和环境条件对愈伤组织诱导率的影响。在W14D、W14gD、W14GD培养基上,Alondra、Verry、石4185、新春9号和百农3217的花药易被诱导产生愈伤组织,诱导率为25.3%~51.9%,其中石4185是目前公认的花培育种优良亲本,新春9号为新发现的优良花培基因型。以宁春4号配制的部分F₁杂种的愈伤组织诱导率较高,大多数组合高于10.0%,表明宁春4号与供试品种间具有较高的花药培养配合力。小麦花培育种技术要求亲本之一具有较高的花药愈伤组织诱导率或较高的花药培养配合力。小麦花药培养力的遗传控制复杂,表现为数量性状遗传,亲本花药培养力很高,其F₁组合花药培养力不一定很高,这与双亲配合力有关。小麦花药培养中,供体植株生长和愈伤组织诱导的适宜条件为较长的营养生长期、适宜的前期(分蘖期)温度和较高的中期(拔节后期)温度。在添加低浓度生长素和葡萄糖的液体培养基中发现小麦花药直接成苗现象,2,4-D诱导花药直接成苗效果优于Dicamba。随着年度间气候升高的影响,相同基因型花药愈伤组织诱导率呈现增加趋势。     

Addition of Colchicine to Wheat Anther Culture Media to Increase Doubled Haploid Plant Production

Chromosome doubling is critical for obtaining doubled-haploid plants from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture. The most common doubling method applies colchicine to the plant. However, colchicine is phytotoxic and can induce a high frequency of plant death. In this experiment, anthers from two wheat genotypes (“Pavon 76” and ‘Centurk’) were placed on nine embryoid initiation media having three sugar sources (maltose, sucrose, and maltose + glucose) with three colchicine concentrations (0.0, 0.1, and 0.2 g · l^-1). Wheat starch was used as a gelling agent. After three days, the anthers were washed and moved to fresh media without colchicine. Increasing the colchicine concentration decreased the number of embryoids produced from 77.4 embryoids/100 anthers to 29.9 embryoids/100 anthers, but did not significantly affect the frequency of plant regeneration (0.49 green plants/embryoid to 0.40 green plants/embryoid), and increased the frequency of doubled-haploid plants (19.0 doubled-haploid plants/100 green plants to 72.3 doubled-haploid plants/100 green plants). Considering the total number of doubled-haploid plants produced, low levels of colchicine added to the initiation media were very effective.