大麦种质资源成株期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

干旱是影响大麦生产的主要因素之一。在鉴定大麦种质资源成株期抗旱性的基础上,筛选抗旱指标,可为培育抗旱品种提供依据。本研究在2016和2017年在大麦生长主要需水期平均降雨量不足40 mm的甘肃省武威市进行田间试验,以30份大麦种质资源为研究对象,设置正常灌水和干旱胁迫处理,测定大麦株高、穗长、分蘖数、单株粒数、单株粒重、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,采用抗旱性度量值(D)、综合抗旱系数(CDC)、加权抗旱系数(WDC)、相关分析、频次分析、主成分分析、灰色关联度分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析和逐步回归分析相结合的办法,对其进行抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标的筛选。干旱胁迫对测定的各指标均有极显著影响。频次分析表明,各指标对干旱胁迫反应的敏感程度依次为产量、株高、单株粒重、穗长、单株粒数、分蘖数、穗粒数和千粒重。相关分析表明,产量与株高、穗长、分蘖数、单株粒数和单株粒重呈极显著正相关,与穗粒数呈显著正相关、与千粒重呈不显著正相关。主成分分析表明,5个主成分可以代表大麦抗旱性86.39%的原始数据信息量。基于D值、CDC值和WDC值的大麦种质资源抗旱性排序基本一致。灰色关联度分析表明,各指标单项抗旱系数值与D值间的关联度依次为产量、单株粒重、单株粒数、穗长、株高、分蘖、穗粒数和千粒重,各指标DC值与WDC值间的关联大小依次为单株粒重、产量、单株粒数、分蘖、穗长、穗粒数、株高和千粒重。根据D值进行聚类分析,将供试大麦种质资源依据抗旱性从强到弱分为5个抗旱等级,其中1级5份、2级1份、3级11份、4级10份、5级3份。除分蘖和千粒重外,其余指标的隶属函数值、CDC值、D值和WDC值均随着抗旱级别的升高而增大。回归分析表明, 5个测定指标均与D值密切相关。干旱胁迫对大麦种质资源成株期各指标均有极显著影响。确定了D值为适宜的抗旱鉴定指标。筛选出成株期抗旱性强的大麦种质资源甘啤7号、Z06-278-9、MERIT、NEVADA和西藏25,可为大麦抗旱育种、抗旱机制以及干旱调控缓解机制的研究提供技术支持。穗长、单株粒数、单株粒重、穗粒数、产量可作为大麦种质资源成株期简单、直观的抗旱评价指标。     

不同粒色大麦萌发期抗旱性鉴定

为考察大麦种子颜色与抗旱性的相关性,本研究以16份有色大麦为材料,通过测定正常和15%PEG胁迫下的发芽势、发芽率、萌发活力指数、发芽指数、苗长、根长和种皮颜色指标Y (颜色亮度)和U (颜色浓度)值,利用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法进行抗旱性综合比较。结果表明,发芽势和萌发活力指数对干旱胁迫最敏感,根长和芽长的变化量最小;种皮颜色亮度与抗旱性综合F值呈负相关关系,颜色浓度与综合抗旱性F值呈正相关关系;综合各指标信息分析表明：16份材料呈现出籽粒颜色越浓、越亮抗旱性越强的趋势;深色大麦萌发期抗旱性大于浅色大麦;发现强耐旱性材料包括‘黄青稞’和‘乌西金青稞’,中度抗旱的材料包括‘普巴村农家种’和‘琼结野生大麦’,抗旱性相对最弱的材料为‘康青3号’、‘紫青稞’、‘日喀则17’等共12份。本研究将为有色大麦抗逆性研究提供最新理论参考。     

大麦β-淀粉酶活性对其种子在干旱胁迫下萌发影响的研究

为了鉴选出抗旱性较强的大麦品种,并以期找出β-淀粉酶活性对大麦抗旱性的影响,对β-淀粉酶活性不同的9个啤酒大麦品（系）种进行聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,通过对种子发芽率及发芽势的测定来评价参试品种的抗旱性,并对β-淀粉酶活性与不同PEG浓度下的发芽率进行相关分析。结果表明,大麦β-淀粉酶活性与大麦抗旱性在PEG浓度为15%时,在0.01水平上达显著正相关。大麦种子发芽率随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而降低。5%浓度的PEG对大麦种子的萌发影响较小,10%、15%浓度显著抑制大麦种子萌发,20%浓度下,大麦个别品种发芽停止。处理样品间,‘沪麦16’综合表现出较好的抗旱性,其次A7-30,而‘邯98-58’、‘盐95137’为最差。由此得出,10%的PEG干旱胁迫剂浓度可作为大麦发芽期判断大麦抗旱性的适宜胁迫浓度,β-淀粉酶活性可作为大麦抗旱性早期筛选的指标之一。     

甘蔗抗旱性遗传育种的研究进展

本综述结合目前对植物生物膜结构、渗透调节及干旱诱导蛋白等方面的研究,概括了干旱胁迫对甘蔗的伤害及甘蔗抗旱性的生物学机理。通过对甘蔗形态结构特征、生理生化特性等的分析及对抗旱性指标进行的综合分析可以较好地评价甘蔗的抗旱性。进一步扩大对甘蔗野生近缘种的研究和利用,挖掘更多的抗旱基因。继续加强甘蔗抗旱性在生理生化功能方面和分子水平的研究,并进一步利用基因工程技术培育出甘蔗抗旱新品种。     

青藏高原近缘野生大麦优异种质

近１０年国家组织了野生大麦资源综合鉴定，已筛选出具有极早熟、熟相好、矮秆、大粒、多粒、优质、高耐盐、强抗旱、抗大麦条纹病、抗和耐大麦黄矮病等一批优异种质，从而为遗传和育种工程提供了物质基础和科学依据     

雀麦属3种多年生牧草在PEG胁迫下种子活力与抗旱性研究

用不同浓度的PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,比较雀麦属3种多年生牧草（缘毛雀麦、无芒雀麦、沙地雀麦）种子萌发期的种子活力与抗旱性。在5％PEG的干旱胁迫下,Bnutzynska、Bezenchukii无芒雀麦的种子活力较低,但在10％-20％PEG的干旱胁迫下,两者的种子活力较高,而内蒙古正镶蓝旗野生沙地雀麦和内蒙古克什克腾旗野生沙地雀麦种子活力较低。采用隶属函数法对各材料的相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数和抗旱指数进行了抗旱性综合评价。结果显示,内蒙古正镶蓝旗野生无芒雀麦、内蒙古克什克腾旗野生缘毛雀麦抗旱性较强,Brudzynska无芒雀麦、缘毛雀麦9708品系、Bezenchukii无芒雀麦居中,内蒙古正镶蓝旗野生沙地雀麦、内蒙古克什克腾旗野生沙地雀麦抗旱性较弱。     

野生玫瑰抗旱性地理变异的初步研究

以吉林珲春,山东牟平,山东荣成3个地理种源的野生玫瑰为材料进行盆栽试验,研究了干旱胁迫下玫瑰的生理生化变化与抗旱性强弱。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下, 3个种源野生玫瑰的5个抗旱生理生化指标的变化趋势基本一致,但各指标的变化程度因种源不同而异。通过“坐标综合评定方法”对5个生理生化指标进行综合评定,得到3个种源野生玫瑰的抗旱性强弱等级依次为吉林珲春,山东牟平,山东荣成。     

小麦种质资源抗旱性鉴定评价

培育抗旱节水小麦品种是保障我国粮食安全的重要途径之一, 优异抗旱种质资源筛选及抗旱性评价方法的研究对于提高抗旱育种效率具有关键作用。本研究采用反复干旱法和田间直接鉴定法分别鉴定323份小麦种质苗期和成株期的抗旱性。结果表明, 随着干旱次数的增加幼苗存活率逐渐下降, 而其变异系数和广义遗传力增加。成株期单株产量抗旱系数与综合抗旱性度量值D显著正相关(R ² = 0.609), 采用综合抗旱性度量值D有利于区分干旱对不同种质产量的影响力。苗期反复干旱存活率(DS)与单株产量的抗旱系数及综合抗旱性度量值D均无显著相关。基于反复干旱存活率筛选得到28份苗期强抗旱种质, 基于单株产量抗旱系数和综合抗旱性度量值D分别得到25和30份成株期强抗旱种质, 其中, 9份种质用2种评价方法均表现强抗旱; 21份种质在苗期和成株期均表现抗旱或强抗旱。本研究为小麦抗旱性评价方法及抗旱亲本的合理选择提供理论指导和信息支撑。     

水分胁迫对多棱大麦与二棱大麦影响的比较

本文通过对不同水分条件下二棱与多棱大麦的影响，分析表明多棱大麦抗旱性普遍较强；但二棱大麦也具有抗旱性较强品种，育种与栽培时要注意抗旱性的选择。     

向日葵抗旱性鉴定评价方法及其相关QTL定位研究进展

向日葵是中国五大油料作物之一,具有一定的经济价值,随着全球气候的变暖,干旱缺水成为影响其生长及产量的一个主要的非生物逆境因素,严重阻碍了向日葵的生产和可持续发展。想要从根本上缓解干旱危机给向日葵带来的减产危机,提高向日葵的抗旱性、培育抗旱品种是最经济有效的解决办法。为了给向日葵抗旱育种提供参考,本研究阐述了向日葵抗旱机制、向日葵抗旱性鉴定指标研究、向日葵抗旱性鉴定与评价方法,以及向日葵抗旱相关性状的QTL定位的研究进展,并展望了向日葵抗旱性研究的发展方向,以期为今后深入探究向日葵抗旱分子机制、加快向日葵抗旱分子遗传育种提供帮助。     

Molecular characterization and sequence polymorphism of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1 gene in Hordeum vulgare L.

Partial sequences (appr. 900bp) spanning from exon 2 to 4 of the gene encoding alcohol dehydrogenase 1 were obtained from four varieties of cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare, and from 21 accessions of its wild progenitor, H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum. Sequence diversity was low and restricted to the non-coding intron sequences. In the 648–660bp long intron 3 both a microsatellite locus and a major duplication (153/156bp) were found. Sequence diversity in H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum was slightly higher than in cultivated barley. In general the Adh1 gene displays only limited polymorphism and is not appropriate for seeking correlations between molecular and eco-geographical data. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Net blotch resistance in wild species of Hordeum

Resistance to net blotch was evaluated in 175 Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum (H. spontaneum) accessions and 149 accessions of thirteen species or subspecies of wild Hordeum. Most H. spontaneum accessions showed resistance to each of the four Pyrenophora teres f. teres (P. teres) isolates tested. However, H. spontaneum accessions showed different resistance reactions, depending upon their origin. In particular, some accessions from Afghanistan and Russia showed a high level of resistance, and accessions from Morocco were susceptible. Among the four P. teres isolates, the virulence spectra on the H. spontaneum accessions were more different between isolates from different countries than between those from the same country. Hordeum spontaneum accessions susceptible to the Canadian isolate WRS102, but resistant to the other three isolates were found in Iraq suggesting the geographical differentiation of resistance genes in H. spontaneum. All accessions of the other wild Hordeum species, especially some accessions of H. marinum subsp. gussoneanum, showed high levels of resistance. These resistance genes may be useful candidates for incorporation into cultivated barley. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

富氢水对干旱胁迫下大麦种子萌发及幼苗生物量分配的影响

为探讨富氢水对干旱胁迫下大麦种子萌发期抗旱性与幼苗生物量分配的影响,以大麦品种“新啤6号”为试材,采用20%聚乙二醇（PEG）-6000模拟干旱胁迫,比较不同浓度富氢水浸种处理后大麦种子的发芽率和幼苗根冠比等16个指标的差异。结果表明,适宜浓度的富氢水处理能显著提高干旱胁迫下大麦种子的发芽率、干物质转移量、转移率及转化效率,并减少呼吸消耗干物质量,还可以降低干旱胁迫下大麦幼苗根冠比,增加幼苗根和芽的干重,促进幼苗可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及叶绿素累积。由此可知,一定浓度的富氢水能通过调控种子干物质转运的途径提升干旱胁迫下大麦种子的萌发率,并可通过调节可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量降低干旱胁迫对大麦幼苗根和芽生物量分配的不利影响。     

割手密SsWRKY1基因的克隆与表达分析

为了克隆割手密SsWRKY1基因,并对其生物信息学和表达模式进行分析。本研究通过转录组测序和RT-PCR方法相结合首次从割手密中克隆到一个WRKY基因,利用生物信息学工具对其进行分析,并利用荧光定量PCR分析其在干旱胁迫下的表达模式。从割手密中克隆到一个全长1083 bp编码360个氨基酸的WRKY转录因子的基因,含有一个WRKY基因保守结构域和一个Cx4-5Cx22-23HxH的锌指结构域,属于WRKY基因家族的第Ⅱ类成员,命名为SsWRKY1,GenBank登录号为MH687932。荧光定量分析表明,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,其表达量呈持续上调的表达模式,说明该基因是干旱胁迫诱导型基因。SsWRKY1基因在割手密应答干旱胁迫等非生物胁迫中可能起重要的调控作用,为进一步研究割手密的抗旱机制和甘蔗抗旱新品种的选育提供了科学依据。     

Agronomic performance of crosses between Nordic and exotic barleys

Exotic germplasm may be useful for the improvement of agronomic performance of barley breeding material. This study was conducted in order 1) to evaluate if it is possible to improve performance of Nordic barley breeding material by utilizing exotic germplasm sources (unadapted landraces and H. spontaneum), 2) to evaluate incorporation of exotic germplasm into a genetic base widely adapted to the agro-ecological conditions of the extreme Scandinavian north as well as to the base adapted to the conditions of the south of this geographical region, and 3) to evaluate whether an index composed of several traits corresponded to 'breeder's phenotypic evaluation' of the progenies. Earliness, straw length, number of ears/plant, yield/plant, seed shattering, persistence of awns and an index computed from these traits were studied in Swedish and Finnish 4-way crosses along with their adapted parents. Most of the crosses headed earlier than their adapted parents and none of the crosses outyielded the adapted parents. The most favorable frequency distributions for the index were found in the crosses with only cultivated barleys as parents. Transgressive segregates were also found in progenies with H. spontaneum parents. Incorporation of exotic barleys was most successful into the local genetic base. Comparisons between indices and breeder's phenotypic evaluation suggested reconsideration of evaluation methods early in parent development.     

Genetic resources of salt tolerance in wild Hordeum species

Salt tolerance was evaluated in 340 accessions of Hordeum, consisting of 41 brittle-rachis forms of Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare (H. agriocrithon) accessions, 154 H. vulgare L. subsp. spontaneum (H. spontaneum) accessions, and 145 accessions of ten other species or subspecies of wild Hordeum. Germination was carried out at concentrations of 171, 257, and 342 mM NaCl. The levels of salt tolerance for seed germination in wild Hordeum species were generally lower than those found by Mano et al. (1996) in cultivated barley; the NaCl tolerance level of the different species were as follows: H. agriocrithon > H. spontaneum > other wild Hordeum species. In addition, leaf injury index was used to assess tolerance at the seedling stage after treatment with 500 mM NaCl solution for four weeks. The levels of salt tolerance at the seedling stage in wild Hordeum species were generally higher than those found by Mano & Takeda (1995) in cultivated barley. Most wild Hordeum species showed high NaCl tolerance at the seedling stage and are considered good sources of germplasm for salt tolerance breeding. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fungal Endophytes Enhance Agronomically Important Traits in Severely Drought‐Stressed Barley

Crops often face severe and damaging local drought events, and in some regions, these episodes are predicted to become more frequent due to climate change. Some micro‐organisms have been shown to improve drought tolerance and improve yield in crop plants. Here, we show that fungal root endophytes isolated from a wild barley species (Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum) induced significant improvements in agronomic traits for a severely drought‐stressed barley cultivar grown in a controlled environment, including number of tillers, grain yield and shoot biomass. Five endophyte strains were tested, and the trait that showed the greatest significant difference in the drought‐stressed plants was the number of tillers, where all of the endophyte treatments induced a greater number of tillers per plant. However, except in one case, the mean dry root weight for all plants was greater in the control plants, indicating preferential allocation of resources to aboveground parts in the endophyte treatments. Results were not consistent across all endophyte treatments, with some endophytes performing much better than others. As these growth studies were conducted using soil‐based compost, the results may translate to the field and suggest that some of these endophytes have potential as barley inoculants in arid growing conditions.     

青稞的特性及其应用现状

介绍了青稞、青稞特性、青稞主要成分、青稞在食品中的应用及青稞产品的加工利用现状;指出青稞食品加工利用中需要进一步研究和解决的问题。     

Barley lines showing prominent high green shoot regeneration in cultures derived from immature embryos

Eighty‐four cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and 95 wild strains (82 of H. spontaneum and 13 of H. agriocrithon) were surveyed for the production of callus, callus growth, and shoot regeneration in cultures derived from immature embryos. All cultivars except for ‘Turkey 381′, induced calli from more than 90% of embryos. On the other hand, the wild lines showed a large variation in the percentage of callus induction from 0 to 100%. Among the cultivars, those with the brittle rachis genotype, bt Bt₂, on chromosome 3H, regenerated shoots with a significantly higher percentage than the cultivars with the Bt bt₂ genotype. Green shoots were produced in a higher ratio (0.84) in the cultivars than in the wild lines (0.52). Among the lines examined,‘Lenins’ regenerated shoots efficiently (90.4%) and produced the highest number of calli with green shoots per embryo (4.77) followed by ‘Golden Promise’ (3.15). Examination of callus growth and shoot regeneration from embryos at different developmental stages revealed that scutellum development affected the quantity and quality of callus and shoot regeneration.     

Barley Autotoxicity as Influenced by Varietal and Seasonal Variation

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely cultivated in the semi-arid region of Tunisia for grain production and grazing, which often occurs during the same season. We previously demonstrated autotoxic effects of barley among varieties. The present study was conducted to test the effects of barley variety and seasonal variation on the expression of autotoxicity by barley. Four barley varieties were grown in a field experiment over three growing seasons (1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02). In the laboratory, germination and seedling growth bioassays were used to assess autotoxicity potential of field-harvested barley. Barley autotoxicity was fully expressed based on inhibition of radicle growth detected in seedling bioassays. Stems were often the most allelopathic plant component. Allelopathic activity of the barley varieties differed across growing seasons suggesting the influence of a seasonal effect due to the extent of water deficit during the dry season and monthly rainfall variability. The results suggest that when planning to integrate barley within cropping sequences, barley producers should carefully select appropriate barley varieties to minimize autotoxicity, which can be more severe under drought conditions.